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  • Articles  (102)
  • PAPER CURRENT  (102)
  • 2015-2019  (102)
  • 2015  (102)
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  • Articles  (102)
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  • PAPER CURRENT  (102)
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  • 2015-2019  (102)
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  • 1
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    DAIRY CATTLE MANURE EFFECTS ON SOIL QUALITY: POROSITY, EARTHWORMS, AGGREGATES AND SOIL ORGANIC CARBON FRACTIONS (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-30
    Description: In the European Union, the maintenance of soil quality is a key point in agricultural policy. The effect of additions of dairy cattle ( Bos taurus ) manure (DCM) during a period of 11 years were evaluated in a soil under irrigated maize ( Zea mays L.) monoculture. DCM was applied at sowing, at wet-weight rates of 30 or 60 Mg ha −1 yr −1 (30DCM or 60DCM). These were compared with a mineral-N treatment (300 kg N ha −1 , MNF), applied at 6–8 emerged leaves and with a control (no N, no manure). Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design. Factors analysed were stability against wetting stress disaggregation, porosity, soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and earthworm abundance, studied eight months after the last manure application. The application rate of 30DCM increased aggregate stability and the light SOC fraction, but not the pore volume, nor the earthworm abundance, compared with MNF. The DCM rates did not result in unbalanced agronomic advantages versus MNF, as high yields (17–18 Mg ha −1 yr −1 ) were obtained. In Mediterranean environments, the use of DCM should be encouraged mainly because of its contribution to the light SOC fraction which protects dry macro-aggregates from implosion (slaking) during the wetting process. Thus, in intensive agricultural systems, it protects soil from physical degradation.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    HISTORICAL LAND USE AND VEGETATION CHANGE IN NORTHERN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-17
    Description: ABSTRACT The role of anthropogenic activity is increasingly recognised as an agent of environmental change. Photographs, taken more than 130 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, show a very different landscape to that viewed today. In attempting to understand some of the dynamics behind the changes in the landscape, we explored the history of land-use in communal rangelands in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) from the arrival of Iron Age man through to modern practices. Communal farming is frequently cited as a major cause of environmental degradation. Traditional lifestyles have been eroded by social, political and economic changes since the arrival of European explorers and settlers in the early 1800s. This may have contributed to encroachment by woody plants into the open savannas and grasslands of KZN in recent times due to increased grazing pressure increased and, perhaps reduced fires. Furthermore, there is decreasing dependence on wood for everyday needs due to the increased availability of electricity. Interviews with a number of community members indicate that they have noted a change in climate and in vegetation structure. Their observations have been confirmed by climate data and historic photographs. Environmental planners need to view change in a holistic manner, taking cognisance not only of the physical changes, but also of the history of land-use and human needs and to give credence to community perceptions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
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    Long-Term Changes in Soil Carbon Stocks in the Brazilian Cerrado Under Commercial Soybean Farm (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-17
    Description: The net effect of agriculture on soil carbon is not yet fully understood. While a number of studies on shallow profiles have been published, evidence suggests that Carbon stock changes occur in deeper layers. In this study we analyzed the effect of agriculture in the Cerrado soil C looking at changes in 7 different profile depths from 0 to 100 cm in a commercial grain farm. We also used isotopic techniques to distinguish between the original Cerrado C 3 carbon and the C 4 carbon derived from the grasses used in agriculture. At 0-5 cm depth C stocks significantly decreased with cultivation time. The C stock did not change significantly when it was calculated using the 0-10, 0-20, 0-30, 0-50 or 0 -75 cm profile (p〉0.05) but increased with cultivation time when the profile considered was 0-100 cm (p〈0.05). A two-source isotope model revealed that there was a significant increase in carbon derived from C 4 grasses for all depths with cultivation time. Annual carbon sequestration rates for the upper 100 cm of soil were 1.1 Mg C ha -1 year -1 for total carbon and 0.8 Mg C 4 C ha -1 year -1 for C 4 carbon. The oldest area, with 23 years of cultivation, had a soil C stock increase compared to the native Cerrado soil of 17.6%. These findings suggest that commercial grain farms practices may increase soil C stock compared to native Cerrado soil, if a more complete soil profile down to 100 cm is used to assess C stocks. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
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    Geomorphological and hydrological effects of subsidence and land use change in industrial and urban areas (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-13
    Description: Land subsidence caused by mining activities is an example of human transformation of the natural environment and leads to changes in land use. The study covers an area of 958 ha in the Silesian Upland, southern Poland. Records from the period 1890-1990 document the presence of subsidence effects in 82.9% of the study area and the maximum displacement figure is more than 30 metres which translates to an average rate of 0.3 m per year. It was found that subsidence basins serve as the new local erosion base and new sedimentation basins. They are filled with sediments whose level of pollution ranges from moderate to heavy and extremely heavy. Subsidence has caused a dramatic change in the local hydrology, including the quality and quantity of the water. The specifics involve: the emergence of new closed drainage catchments with a total area of 651.1 ha; an increase in the total watercourse length (from 0.9 km to 5.7 km); an increase in the river network density (from 0.09 km/km 2 to 0.56 km/km 2 ); a decrease in the number (from 81 to 48) and an increase in the area (from 23.8 ha to 58.4 ha) of lakes and ponds; an increase in the lake coverage ratio (from 2.5% to 6.1%) and in water pollution. Subsidence has limited the potential land uses, which led to a decrease in arable land from 619.0 ha to 122.5 ha that gave way to other land uses, including those equivalent to wasteland. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    AMENDING SOIL WITH SLUDGE, MANURE, HUMIC ACID, ORTHOPHOSPHATE AND PHYTIC ACID: EFFECTS ON INFILTRATION, RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT LOSS (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-11
    Description: ABSTRACT Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers, but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of biosolids (composted manure [MC] and activated sludge [AS]), and specific biosolid components (orthophosphate [OP], phytic acid [PA] and humic acid [HA]) application to soils differing in texture (loamy sand [RH], loam [GL] and clay [BD]), on infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400x200x40 mm) and subjected to 6 consecutive simulated rain storms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy sand all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    EVOLUTION OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOSOLS IN AN AFFORESTED COAL MINE DUMP OVER A 20-YEAR PERIOD (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-01
    Description: ABSTRACT Coal mining in areas containing pyritic materials frequently leads to a remarkable impact on the environment due to sulfide oxidation. We studied the evolution of chemical characteristics of Technosols derived from sterile materials, in a lignite mine located in As Pontes (NW Spain), over a twenty-year period. Three plots, which had different management practices, were selected. The mine spoil was deposited randomly in two of the plots (CSP and CSA), while it was selectively managed in the other one (P206). Twenty years after the first sampling, CSA continued to show the highest acidity (pH water 3.7-3.9), whereas the lowest acidity was that of P206 (pH water 5.0). Regarding the surface layer, C increased 1.1% in P206, 0.3% in CSP, and 0.2% in CSA. Nitrogen increased 1% in P206. The C/N ratio increased in all plots. Phosphorus, Ca, Mg, K and eCEC decreased in 2002 and experienced a slight increase in 2012. Exchangeable Al and Al saturation increased in CSP and P206, and decreased in CSA. Electric conductivity levels, Ca, Mg, Na, Al and SO 4 2- concentrations, decreased in the soil solution in all plots during the 20 year period. 20 years after the first monitoring, the plots that were built based on selective management of the mine spoil, showed lower acidity and acidity-derived consequences. These facts confirm the necessity of an appropriate selection of sterile materials, avoiding the placement of pyrite-rich spoils on the surface or near-surface zones, which is essential to facilitate proper restoration of this kind of dumping areas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    Lead and Cadmium In Soils Of La Rioja Vineyards, Spain (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-27
    Description: Land degradation can be triggered by the abuse of chemicals that damage soil quality. Agriculture is changing the chemical and physical properties of soils, and in vineyards those changes due to the use of pesticides. In order to assess the Pb and Cd content, 212 soil samples from La Rioja D.O.Ca were analized. Concentrations of Pb in soil ranged from 0.96 to 64.31 mg kg −1 with a mean concentration of 21.26 mg kg −1 in the surface layer while they ranged from 7.97-43.93 mg kg −1 with a mean of 20.83 mg kg −1 in the subsurface layer. The mean content of bioavailable lead was 1.03 mg kg −1 in the surface layer and 0.76 mg kg −1 in the subsurface. Cd overall average concentration was 0.29 mg kg −1 in the surface; in the subsurface the mean was 0.31 mg kg −1 and ranged from 0.10 to 1.22 mg kg −1 . The values in the surface layers were 0.15 mg kg −1 and in the subsurface layer 0.01 of Cd bioavailability. On the basis of pedogeochemical Pb and Cd distribution, balanced fertilization will be of great importance for sustainable development of agricultural wine-producers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    A KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACH FOR MAPPING LAND DEGRADATION IN THE ARID RANGELANDS OF NORTH AFRICA (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-20
    Description: Rangelands cover about 82% of the arid area of Morocco. It is generally acknowledged that these areas are threatened by desertification. Monitoring desertification requires accurate knowledge about the current status of rangeland degradation. Remote sensing is widely used to assess changes in land cover, but its use in arid rangelands has limitations because of spectral confusion among various types of land cover. The objective of this study was to assess the severity and spatial extent of rangeland degradation in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco, using a knowledge-based approach combining remote sensing and ancillary data. This approach relies on analyzing datasets derived from Landsat TM satellite imagery, lithology, bioclimatic data and field measurements. The level of rangeland degradation was assessed using indicators such as vegetation parameters, grazing levels and cultivation intensity, which provided a high level of accuracy for mapping and monitoring the degradation of the arid rangelands. The results showed that the total area of degraded rangeland in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco is about 17,417 km 2 , accounting for 48% in the studied area. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    SMALL-SCALE GEODIVERSITY REGULATES FUNCTIONING, CONNECTIVITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SHRUBBY, SEMI-ARID RANGELANDS (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-20
    Description: ABSTRACT Geodiversity has recently been attracting increasing attention as a measure of diversity for the physical components of natural environments. It has shown positive relations with biodiversity, as well as with several ecosystem services. Yet, so far, geodiversity studies have focused on relatively large spatial scales, ranging between hillslope, basin, and landform scales. It is proposed that either natural- or anthropogenic-induced, small-scale (cm- to few decimeter-scale) geodiversity has a large impact on the hydrological connectivity and overall functioning of semi-arid rangelands and other shrubby and woody drylands. It is further proposed that greater small-scale geodiversity increases the on-site retention of water and soil resources, decreasing the vulnerability of rangelands to prolonged droughts and climatic changes. Particularly, positive impact of moderate grazing intensity on rangelands functioning is demonstrated by the formation of livestock trampling routes, which transect hillslopes, increase ecosystem geodiversity, and modify the spatial redistribution of scarce water and soil resources at the patch scale. Numerical simulations of a mathematical model for vegetation patterns in water-limited systems show that the trampling routes increase the survivability of vegetation patches under prolonged droughts. In practical terms, the concept of small-scale geodiversity is relevant for the determination, monitoring, and assessment of land degradation, as well as for restoration projects of eroded lands and degraded ecosystems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    LONG TERM DURUM WHEAT-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS RESULT IN THE RAPID SATURATION OF SOIL CARBON IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-04
    Description: Climate, soil physical-chemical characteristics, land management, and carbon (C) input from crop residues greatly affect soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. According to the concept of SOC saturation, the ability of SOC to increase with C input decreases as SOC increases and approaches a SOC saturation level. In a 12-year experiment, six semiarid cropping systems characterized by different rates of C input to soil were compared for ability to sequester SOC, SOC saturation level, and the time necessary to reach the SOC saturation level. SOC stocks, soil aggregate sizes, and C inputs were measured in durum wheat monocropping with (Ws) and without (W) return of aboveground residue to the soil and in the following cropping systems without return of aboveground residue to soil: durum wheat/fallow (Wfall), durum wheat/berseem clover (Wbc), durum wheat/barley/faba bean (Wbf), and durum wheat/ Hedysarum coronarium (WWhh). The C sequestration rate and SOC content were lowest in Wfall plots but did not differ among the other cropping systems. The C sequestration rate ranged from 0.47 Mg C ha −1 y −1 in Ws plots to 0.66 Mg C ha −1 y −1 in W plots but was negative (−0.06 Mg of C ha −1 y −1 ) in Wfall plots. Increases in SOC were related to C input up to a SOC saturation value; over this value, further C inputs did not lead to SOC increase. Across all cropping systems, the C saturation value for the experimental soil was 57.7 Mg ha −1 , which was reached with a cumulative C input of 15 Mg ha −1 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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