The gap analysis of observing systems presented in this report is focused on the evaluation of the continuum between coastal observations and open ocean observations (including the shelf-break transition region). Some recommendations are suggested with the aim of improving the efficiency of existing observing systems in coastal and open ocean regions.

Gaps in Observing networks, Data availability, Sustainability and Technology are considered.

Main recommendations following identified gaps can be summarized as:

-  The spatial coverage of observing networks need to be improved between the near-coast and open ocean observing systems.

-  The general lack of observations over the shelf break and the continental shelf can be improved based on opportunity measurements (e.g. Fishery Observing Systems).

-  Continuous monitoring of the shelf waters is crucial supporting the continuity and success of active operational numerical forecast models.

-  Biogeochemical or biological observations are lacking except near coast were regular sampling are performed.

-  Harmonization actions need to be extended to the whole range of observing networks (particularly diverse in coastal area) in coastal and open oceans.

-  Coastal data availability remains limited and international initiatives need to be supported.

-  Estimations of costs are necessary to show that observing ocean from coast to open ocean has a low cost to society compared with other infrastructures (e.g. roads), and how they provide benefits for the society.

-  There is a need for standardizing technological modules for continuous, affordable and efficient monitoring systems, particularly for the coastal ocean.