Skip to main content
Log in

Oceanic micrometeorological field experiments: An historical perspective

  • Published:
Boundary-Layer Meteorology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper provides an historical perspective on micrometeorological field experiments designed to evaluate air-sea interaction processes. Of course, marine meteorology is much older, and air-sea interaction has always been an inevitable part of it. But only in this century have the tools been developed to go from qualitative understanding towards quantitative measurements of interactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Augstein, E., Schmidt, H., Ostapoff, F.: 1974, ‘The Vertical Structure of the Atmospheric Planetary Boundary Layer in Undisturbed Trade Winds over the Atlantic Ocean’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 6, 129–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackadar, A. K.: 1962, ‘The Vertical Distribution of Wind and Turbulent Exchange in a Neutral Atmosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 3095–3102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocks, K. and Krügermeyer, L.: 1972, ‘The Hydrodynamic Roughness of the Sea Surface’, in A. L. Gordon (ed.), Studies in Physical Oceanography, Vol. 1, Gordon and Breach, New York, pp. 75–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charnock, H., Francis, J. R. D., and Sheppard, P. A.: 1956, ‘An Investigation of Wind Structure in the Trades: Anegada 1953’, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 249, 179–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deacon, E. L.: 1959, ‘The Measurement of Turbulent Transfer in the Lower Atmosphere’, Academic Press, New York, Adv. Geophys. 6, 211–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittmer, K.: 1977, ‘The Hydrodynamic Roughness of the Sea Surface at Low Wind Speeds’, “Meteor”-Forschungsergeb. B12, 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunckel, M., Hasse, L., Krügermeyer, L., Schriever, D., and Wucknitz, J.: 1974, ‘Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum, Heat and Water Vapor in the Atmospheric Surface Layer at Sea During ATEX’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 6, 81–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ficker, H. von: 1936, ‘Bemerkungen über den Wärmeumsatz innerhalb der Passatinversion’, Verlag Akademische Wissenschaften, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gifford, F. Jr.: 1959, ‘The Interpretation of Meteorological Spectra and Correlations’, J. Meteorol. 16, 344–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasse, L.: 1986, ‘On Charnock's Relation for the Roughness at Sea’, in E. C. Monahan and G. MacNiocaill (eds.), Oceanic Whitecaps, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 49–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasse, L., Grünwald, M., and Hasselmann, D. E.: 1978a, ‘Field Observations of Air Flow above the Waves’, in A. Favre and K. Hasselmann (eds.), Turbulent Fluxes Through the Sea Surface, Wave Dynamics, and Prediction, Plenum, New York, pp. 483–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasse, L., Grünwald, M., Wucknitz, J., Dunckel, M., and Schriever, D.: 1978b, ‘Profile Derived Turbulent Fluxes in the Surface Layer under Disturbed and Undisturbed Conditions during GATE’, “Meteor”-Forschungserg. B13, 24–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselmann, K., Barnett, T. P., Bouws, E., Carlson, M., Cartwright, D. E., Enke, K., Ewing, J. A., Gienapp, M., Hasselmann, D. E., Kruseman, P., Meerburg, A., Müller, P., Olbers, D. J., Richter, K., Sell, W., and Waiden, M.: 1973, ‘Measurements of Wind-Wave Growth and Swell Decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP)’, Dtsch. Hydrogr. Zeitschr. Reihe A, Nr. 12, Ergänzungsheft.

  • Hasselmann, D., Bösenberg, J., Dunckel, M., Richter, K., Grünwald, M., and Carlson, H.: 1986, ‘Measurements of Wave-induced Pressure over Surface Gravity Waves’, in Phillips and Hasselmann (eds.). Wave Dynamics and Radio Probing on the Ocean Surface, Plenum Publ. Co., pp. 353–368.

  • Isemer, H. J. and Hasse, L.: 1987, ‘The Bunker Climate Atlas of the North Atlantic Ocean’, Vol. 2, Air Sea Interactions, Springer, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koss, K. and Thun-Hohenstein, E.: 1901, ‘Kimmtiefenbeobachtungen zu Verudella’, Denkschriften d. Kaiserlichen Akademie d. Wissenschaften, Wien, Math.-nat. Cl. Bd. 70, 347–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruspe, G.: 1977, ‘On Moisture-Flux Parametrization’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 11, 55–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Large, W. G. and Pond, S.: 1981, ‘Open Ocean Momentum Flux Measurements in Moderate to Strong Wind’, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 11, 324–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Large, W. G. and Pond, S.: 1982, ‘Sensible and Latent Heat Flux Measurements over the Ocean’, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 464–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lettau, H.: 1957, ‘Windprofil, Innere Reibung und Energieumsatz in den unteren 500 m über dem Meer’, Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 30, 78–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lettau, H. H.: 1959, ‘Windprofile, Surface Stress and Geostrophic Drag Coefficients in the Atmospheric Surface Layer’, Adv. Geophys. 6, Academic Press, New York, pp. 241–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panin, G. N.: 1990, ‘Some Experimental Results from Studies of Air-Sea Interactions’, Boundary Layer Meteorol. 50, 147–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, G. T. and Pond, S.: 1971, ‘Spectra of the Temperature and Humidity Fluctuations and of the Fluxes of Moisture and Heat in the Marine Boundary Layer’, J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 918–928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pond, S., Phelps, G. T., Paguin, J. E., McBean, G., and Stewart, R. W.: 1971, ‘Measurements of the Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum, Moisture and Sensible Heat over the Ocean’, J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 901–917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossby, C. G. and Montgomery, R.: 1935, ‘The Layer of Frictional Influence in Wind and Ocean Currents’, Papers Phys. Oceanogr. Meteorol. 3, No. 3, Mass. Inst. Techn. and Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., 101 pp.

  • Smith, S. D.: 1980, ‘Wind Stress and Heat Flux over the Ocean in Gale Force Winds’, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10, 709–726.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. D.: 1989, ‘Water Vapor Flux at the Sea Surface’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 47, 277–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, R. L., Dobson, F. W., Elliot, J. A., and Long, R. B.: 1981, ‘Array Measurements of Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations above Surface Gravity Waves’, J. Fluid. Mech. 102, 1–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutcliffe, R. C.: 1936, ‘Surface Resistance in Atmospheric Flow’, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 62, 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., and Fleming, R. H.: 1942, The Oceans, Prentice Hall, New York, pp. 1087.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkov, Yu. A., Augstein, E., and Hinzpeter, H.: 1982, ‘The Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer under Different Convective Conditions’, ICSU/WMO, Geneva, The GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) Monograph, GARP publ. ser. 25, pp. 345–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegener, A. and Kuhlbrodt, E.: 1922, ‘Pilotballonaufstiege auf einer Fahrt nach Mexiko, März bis Juni 1922’, Arch. Dtsch. Seewarte, Hamburg 40, 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, H. S. and Burling, R. W.: 1967, ‘Direct Measurements of Stress and Spectra of Turbulence in the Boundary Layer over the Sea’, J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 653–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wucknitz, J.: 1979, ‘The Influence of Anisotropy on Stress Estimation by the Indirect Dissipation Method’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 17, 119–131.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hasse, L. Oceanic micrometeorological field experiments: An historical perspective. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 50, 139–146 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120521

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120521

Keywords

Navigation