Abstract
Laminated elastomeric bearings have been widely used for small-to-medium-span highway bridges in China, in which concrete shear keys are set transversely to prohibit large girder displacement. To evaluate bridge seismic responses more accurately, proper analytical models of bearings and shear keys should be developed. Based on a series of cyclic loading experiments and analyses, rational analytical models of laminated elastomeric bearings and shear keys, which can consider mechanical degradation, were developed. The effect of the mechanical degradation was investigated by examining the seismic response of a small-to-medium-span bridge in the transverse direction under a wide range of peak ground accelerations (PGA). The damage mechanism for small-to-medium-span highway bridges was determined, which can explain the seismic damage investigation during earthquakes in recent years. The experimental results show that the mechanical properties of laminated elastomeric bearings will degrade due to friction sliding, but the degree of decrease is dependent upon the influencing parameters. It can be concluded that the mechanical degradation of laminated elastomeric bearings and shear keys play an important role in the seismic response of bridges. The degradation of mechanical properties of laminated elastomeric bearings and shear keys should be included to evaluate more precise bridge seismic performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Mohti A and Pekcan G (2013), “Assessment of Seismic Performance of Skew Reinforced Concrete Box Girder Bridges,” International Journal of Advanced Structure Engineering, 5: 1–18.
Aviram A, Mackie KR and Stojadinovic B (2008), “Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis of Bridge Structures in California,” PEER Report 2008/03, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
Chen Lesheng, Zhuang Weilin, Zhao Heqing and Wan Zhenjiang (2012), Report on Highways’ Damage in the Wenchuan Earthquake–Bridge, China Communications Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
Chang KC, Lu CH and Liu KY (2011), “Displacement-Based Design for Highway Bridges with Functional Bearing System,” Report NCREE-11-015, Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE), Taiwan, China. (in Chinese)
Deng Yulin, Peng Tianbo and Li Jianzhong (2007), “Pounding Model of Bridge Structures and Parameters Analysis under Transverse Earthquakes,” Journal of Vibration and Shock, 26(9): 104–107. (in Chinese)
Filipov ET, Fahnestock LA, Steelman JS, Hajjar JF, LaFave JM and Foutch DA (2013), “Evaluation of Quasi-Isolated Seismic Bridge Behavior Using Nonlinear Bearing Models,” Engineering Structure, 49(4): 168–181.
Goel RK and Chopra AK(2008), “Role of Shear Keys in Seismic Behavior of Bridges Crossing Fault-Rupture Zones,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, 13(4): 398–408.
Konstantinidis D, Kelly JM and Makris N (2008), “Experimental investigations on the seismic response of bridge bearings,” Report No. EERC 2008-02, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Li Chong, Wang Kehai and Li Yue (2014), “Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Laminated Rubber Bearings with Friction Slipping,” Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 44(1): 162–167. (in Chinese)
Li Jianzhong, Peng Tianbo and Xu Yan (2008), “Damage Investigation of Girder Bridges under the Wenchuan Earthquake and Corresponding Seismic Design Recommendations,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 7(4): 337–344.
Liu KY, Chang KC and Cheng WC (2008), “Seismic Performance of Skewed Bridge with Friction Type Rubber Bearings,” Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12–17, 2008, Beijing, China.
Maleki S (2004), “Effect of Side Retainers on Seismic Response of Bridges with Elastomeric Bearings,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, 9(1): 95–100.
Mander JB, Priestley MJN and Park R (1988), “Theoretical stress -Strain Model for Confined Concrete,” Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(8): 1804–1826.
Mazzoni S, McKenna F, Scott MH and Fenves GL (2009), The OpenSees Command Language Manual, Version 2.0, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
Megally SH, Silva PF and Seible F (2001), “Seismic Response of Sacrificial Shear Keys in Bridge Abutments,” Report No. SSRP-2001/23, Structural Systems Research Project, San Diego: University of California, 177–188.
MOTC (2008), China Transportation Standard: Guidelines for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges (JTG/T B02-01-2008), China Ministry of Transportation and Communications Press: Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
MOTC (2004), China Transportation Standard: Code for Design of Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridges and Culverts (JTG D62-2004), China Ministry of Transportation and Communications Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
MOTC (2004), China Transportation Standard: Plate Type Elastomeric Pad Bearings for Highway Bridges (JT/T 4-2004), China Ministry of Transportation and Communications Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
Nailiang Xiang and Jianzhong Li (2016), “Seismic Performance of Highway Bridges with Different Transverse Unseating-Prevention Devices,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, 21(9): 04016045.
Nie Liying, Li Jianzhong and Fan Lichu (2002), “Effects of Dynamic Vertical Resistance Force of Sliding Bearing of Bridges,” Journal of Tongji University, 30(11): 1290–1294. (in Chinese)
Nie Liying, Li Jianzhong and Fan Lichu (2005), “Selection of Pounding Analysis Parameters and Its Effects on Structure under Earthquake,” Engineering Mechanics, 22(5): 142–146. (in Chinese)
Nie Liying, Li Jianzhong, Hu Shide and Fan Lichu (2006), “Dynamic Response Coupled by Rubber Bearing Sliding in Interchange Bridge under Earthquake,” Engineering Mechanics, 23(11): 14–20. (in Chinese)
Russo G and Pauletta M (2013), “Sliding Instability of Fiber-Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators in Unbonded Application,” Engineering Structures, 48(3): 70–80.
SAC (2007), China National Standard: Rubber Bearings-Part 1: Seismic-Protection Isolators Test Methods (GB/T 20688.1-2007), China Ministry of Transportation and Communications Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
Shen Xian, Wang Junwen, Li Jianzhong, Hu Yujuan and Wu Tianyu (2015), “Parametric Analysis for Deck’s Inplane Rotation Responses of Simply-supported Skewed Girder Bridges under Ground Motions,” Journal of Vibration and Shock, 34(5): 61–72. (in Chinese)
Silva PF, Megally S and Seible F (2009), “Seismic Performance of Sacrificial Exterior Shear Keys in Bridge Abutments,” Earthquake Spectra, 25(3): 643–664.
Steelman JS (2013), “Sacrificial Bearing Components for Quasi-Isolated Response of Bridges Subject to High-Magnitude, Low-Probability Seismic Hazard,” PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana, Illinois.
Steelman JS, Fahnestock LA, Filipov ET, LaFave JM, Hajjar JF and Foutch DA (2013), “Shear and Friction Response of Nonseismic Laminated Elastomeric Bridge Bearings Subject to Seismic Demands,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, 18(7): 612–623.
Tang Hu, Li Jianzhong and Shao Changyu (2016), “Seismic Performance of Small and Medium Span Girder Bridges with Plate Type Elastomeric Pad Bearings in the Transverse Direction,” China Journal of Highway and Transport, 29(3): 55–65. (in Chinese)
Tobias DH, Anderson RE, Hodel CE, Kramer WM, Wahab RM and Chaput RJ (2008), “Overview of Earthquake Resisting System Design and Retrofit Strategy for Bridges in Illinois,” Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 13(3): 47–158.
Wang Kehai (2014), Seismic research of Bridge (Second edition), China Railway publishing House, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
Wang Kehai, Wei Han, Li Qian and Li Yue (2012), “Philosophies on Seismic Design of Highway Bridges of Small or Medium Spans,” China Civil Engineering Journal, 45(9): 115–121. (in Chinese).
Wang Changfeng, Zhao JiKang, Zhu Long and Bao Yijun (2015), “Effects of Vertical Excitation on Seismic Performance of A Seismically Isolated Bridge with Sliding Friction Bearings,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 15(1): 187–196.
Xu Lveqin and Li Jianzhong (2016), “Design and Experimental Investigation of A New Type Sliding Retainer and Its Efficacy in Seismic Fortification,” Engineering Mechanics, 33(2): 111–118. (in Chinese)
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the Project of China International Science and Technology Cooperation (Grant No. 2009DFA82480) and Science and Technology Project of Communications’ Construction in Western China, MOC (No. 2009318223094). The authors are grateful for this support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by: Project of China International Science and Technology Cooperation under Grant No. 2009DFA82480, and Science and Technology Project of Communications’ Construction in Western China, MOC under Grant No. 2009318223094
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, G., Wang, K., Zhang, P. et al. Effect of mechanical degradation of laminated elastomeric bearings and shear keys upon seismic behaviors of small-to-medium-span highway bridges in transverse direction. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib. 17, 205–220 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-018-0435-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-018-0435-z