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Funktionelle Dyspepsie

Functional dyspepsia

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Zusammenfassung

Bei Patienten mit Beschwerden, die auf den Oberbauch zentriert sind, ist die funktionelle Dyspepsie (FD) die häufigste Diagnose, nachdem spezifische organische Erkrankungen durch adäquate Diagnostik unter Einschluss einer endoskopischen Untersuchung ausgeschlossen wurden. Die FD wird in das übergeordnete Krankheitsbild der funktionellen gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen eingebunden und ist bei einem Drittel oder mehr der Patienten mit dem Reizdarmsyndrom vergesellschaftet. Die neuen Rom-IV-Kriterien ordnen die FD nicht mehr nach ihrem prädominanten Symptom in ulkus-, dysmotilitäts- oder refluxtypischen Clustern, sondern spannen einen „umbrella“ über 2 FD-Entitäten, die häufig überlappend sind: das postprandiale Disstress-Syndrom (PDS) und das epigastrische Schmerz(„pain“)-Syndrom (EPS). Es gibt neben der Fortführung bekannter Ansätze im Verständnis der Pathophysiologie, die sich mit der gastroduodenalen Motilität und der viszeralen Sensorik beschäftigen, wichtige neue Einblicke in Ursachen und Mechanismen, die an der Entstehung der FD beteiligt sind. Die Suche nach genetischen Risikofaktoren ist bislang nur spärlich vorangekommen, aber umso wichtiger haben sich die Rolle der Ernährung, durchgemachte Infektionen und das gastrointestinale Mikrobiom herauskristallisiert. Gemeinsam mit der Entschlüsselung zellulärer und molekularer Mechanismen wird dies die Grundlage für das Verständnis der FD erweitern und Ausgangspunkt für die Entwicklung neuer Therapien sein. Für die klinische Praxis wird es eine Herausforderung sein, die neuen Erkenntnisse zur FD zu nutzen und sie aus der diagnostischen und therapeutischen Lethargie zu befreien. Heute stehen Empfehlungen für Lebensstilinterventionen, Ernährungsverhalten, Säurehemmer, Prokinetika, Phytopharmaka, trizyklische Antidepressiva und im Ansatz mikrobiommodulierende Optionen zur Behandlung der FD zur Verfügung.

Abstract

In patients presenting with symptoms centered in the upper abdomen, functional dyspepsia (FD) is the most frequent diagnosis after exclusion of specific organic diseases by adequate diagnosis including endoscopy. FD is included in the overall clinical picture of functional gastrointestinal disease and is associated with one-third or more of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The new Rome IV criteria propose two distinct entities of FD: postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) according to predominant symptom grouping. In addition, the two entities frequently overlap with other functional gastrointestinal diseases. Important progress has been made in our understanding of underlying etiologies and mechanisms in FD. They include—beyond established disorders in gastroduodenal motility and visceral sensitivity—environmental and dietary factors, exposure to infectious and noninfectious inflammatory reactions, and to a minor extent also genetic factors. An essential aspect addresses the brain–gut axis and a new dimension is introduced by its interaction with the gastrointestinal microbiome. These advances will need to be taken into account in our diagnostic approach in the search for distinct structural and biochemical abnormalities that are not considered in routine clinical practice yet. Our advanced understanding of mechanisms will also be reflected by future developments of new targeted medications. Recommendations for lifestyle, nutrition, and medications including acid inhibitors, prokinetics, phytopharmaceuticals, antidepressants, and empirically microbiota modulators for the treatment of FD are currently available.

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Correspondence to P. Malfertheiner.

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K. Schütte und C. Schulz haben Honorare von Bayer Healthcare GmbH für Beratertätigkeit erhalten. P. Malfertheiner erhielt Unterstützung von den Firmen Alfasigma S.p.A., Bayer AG, Biocodex, Norgine GmbH.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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M. Ebert, Mannheim

M. Müller-Schilling, Regensburg

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Schütte, K., Schulz, C. & Malfertheiner, P. Funktionelle Dyspepsie. Gastroenterologe 13, 98–105 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-018-0237-x

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