This paper reviews the phosphate phases in meteorites and those measured by landed spacecraft, what they reveal about past igneous and aqueous conditions on Mars, and important implications for potential prebiotic chemistry, past habitability, and potential biosignatures that could be detected in samples returned from Mars. A review of the 378 martian meteorites as of 2023 indicate that of the two most common phosphate minerals in Mars meteorites, merrillite and apatites, the apatite composition is largely F- and Cl-rich, with shergottites containing more OH. The phosphate concentrations examined across multiple missions show a relatively narrow range of phosphate, with higher concentrations observed in the Mount Sharp Group in Gale crater and Wishstone at Gusev crater and lower concentrations observed at Jezero crater floor and Jezero fan. Possible secondary phosphates detected on Mars, including Fe phosphates at Jezero crater and Gusev crater and Ca- and Al-bearing secondary phosphates, temperatures of formation of secondary phases and their dissolution rates and solubilities are reviewed and summarized. Despite this wealth of information about phosphates on Mars, due to their fine scale and relatively low concentrations, Mars Sample Return is needed to better understand phosphate and its implications for the igneous, aqueous, and astrobiological history of Mars. Full article

Active learning approaches, incorporating student engagement through experimentation and problem solving, effectively foster higher-level thinking abilities and enhance academic performance. Interactive tools like simulators align with these methodologies, but commercially available simulators have limitations; particularly, their high cost and lack of customization features pose significant challenges for many educational institutions. This article presents CORES, a web-based educational application designed to simulate controlled rectifier circuits. CORES eliminates the need for intricate circuit assembly and software installation by providing pre-built circuits so that users can concentrate on analyzing circuit behavior by manipulating the thyristor firing angle and load characteristics, while the application generates output voltage and current waveforms under steady-state conditions, minimizing computation time. CORES has proven to be a valuable pedagogical tool, surpassing commercial simulators in terms of accessibility, ease of use, and enriched learning experiences for power electronics students and educators. Full article

This study investigated core habitat areas for yellow-throated martens (Martes flavigula) and leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis), two endangered forest species sensitive to habitat fragmentation in Korea. Overlaying the InVEST-HQ and MaxEnt models, priority conservation areas were identified by analyzing gaps in currently protected areas. The InVEST-HQ model showed that habitat quality ranged from 0 to 0.86 on a scale from 0 to 1, and the majority of the most suitable areas on the Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map, designated as grade 1, were derived correctly. The MaxEnt model analysis accurately captured the ecological characteristics of the yellow-throated marten and the leopard cat and identified probable regions of occurrence. We analyzed the most suitable yellow-throated marten and leopard cat habitats by superimposing the two results. Gap analysis determined gaps in existing protected areas and identified priority conservation areas. The core area (14.7%) was mainly distributed in forests such as the Baekdudaegan Mountains Reserve in regions such as Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Gangwon; 12.9% was outside protected areas, and only 1.8% was protected. The overlap results between protected and non-protected areas were compared with different land use types. Conservation priority areas were identified as those with more than 95% forest cover, offering an appropriate habitat for the two species. These findings can be used to identify priority conservation areas through objective habitat analysis and as a basis for protected area designation and assessment of endangered species habitat conservation, thereby contributing to biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. Full article

With the continuous advancement of information technology in the agricultural field, a large amount of unstructured agricultural textual information has been generated. This information is crucial for supporting the development of smart agriculture, making the application of named entity recognition in the agricultural field more urgent. In order to enhance the accuracy of agricultural entity recognition, this study utilizes the pre-trained BERT-wwm model for word embedding into the text. Additionally, a channel attention mechanism (CA) is introduced in the BILSTM-CRF downstream feature extraction network to comprehensively capture the contextual features of the text. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the performance of named entity recognition, with increased accuracy, recall, and F1 value. The successful implementation of this method provides reliable support for downstream tasks such as agricultural knowledge graph construction and question and answer systems and establishes a foundation for better understanding and utilization of agricultural textual information. Full article

Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians working in community pharmacies are exposed to the risk of violence in their workplaces. Studies have shown that workplace violence is affecting their job satisfaction, productivity, and mental health. This study aims to identify the frequency of different types of violence, as well as the common perpetrators that community pharmacy staff in SEE (Southeast Europe) are dealing with. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire created for this purpose. Selected community pharmacies in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro participated in this study. In total, 732 responses were collected from 24 pharmacy chains or independent pharmacies including all community pharmacy staff. More than 80% of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians reported having been exposed to verbal violence at the workplace, while more than 20% of them reported physical and sexual violence in the preceding 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences between pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, gender, age groups, or countries in relation to exposure to physical, verbal, and sexual violence. The most common perpetrators were identified as patients/clients. More than 90% of pharmacy staff reported they did not receive any kind of support from their employer nor any other help after experiencing a robbery. There is a need for a structured approach to addressing violence in pharmacies including organized support for pharmacy staff. Achieving quality patient care, despite dealing with violent individuals or situations daily, is one of the greatest ethical challenges for healthcare providers in community pharmacies to be empowered. Full article

Eriochrome black T is considered as one of the anionic dyes with potential harmful effects on human health and the environment. Among other processes, adsorption can contribute to the removal of these dyes. In the present study, two adsorbent materials, pseudo-boehmite (γ-AlOOH) and gamma alumina (γ-Al₂O₃), were synthesized and tested in the removal of the Eriochrome black T molecule (EBT). γ-AlOOH and γ-Al₂O₃ were obtained by precipitation from NaAlO₂ solution at pH = 7, at a temperature of 80 °C, and by the thermal transformation of γ-AlOOH at 800 °C, respectively. In order to gain insights into the structural, chemical, thermal and morphological properties of these materials, numerous analytical techniques were involved, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential thermogravimetric–thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and specific surface area measurement using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. Several adsorption parameters were studied, such as the adsorbent dose, initial concentration, pH, contact time and reaction temperature. The kinetic study showed that EBT adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir isotherm model revealed a maximum EBT adsorption capacity of 344.44 mg g⁻¹ and 421.94 mg g⁻¹ for γ-AlOOH and γ-Al₂O₃, respectively. A textural and structural analysis after adsorption highlighted the effective adsorption of the dye. Full article

In contrast to cumbersome benchtop spectrometers, integrated on-chip spectrometers are well-suited for portable applications in health monitoring and environmental sensing. In this paper, we have developed an on-chip spectrometer with a programmable silicon photonic filter by simply using parallel cascaded micro-ring resonators (MRs). By altering the transmission spectrum of the filter, multiple and diverse sampling of the input spectrum is achieved. Then, combined with an artificial neural network (ANN) model, the incident spectrum is reconstructed from the sampled signals. Each MR is coupled to adjacent ones, and the phase shifts within each MR can be independently tuned. Through dynamic programming of the phases of these MRs, sampling functions featuring diverse characteristics are obtained based on a single programmable filter with an adjustable number of sampling channels. This eliminates the need for a filter array, significantly reducing the area of the on-chip reconstructive spectrometer. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design can achieve the reconstruction of continuous and sparse spectra within the wavelength range of 1450 nm to 1650 nm, with a tunable resolution ranging from 2 nm to 0.2 nm, depending on the number of sampling states employed. This benefit arises from the programmable nature of the device. The device holds tremendous potential for applications in wearable optical sensing, portable spectrometry, and other related scenarios. Full article

Wood fuel from the agroforestry sector is one of the main strategies cited by the EU for reducing energetic dependance on foreign markets. Its sustainability, both economic and environmental, can be improved through the optimization of harvesting and chipping operations. This study was focused on the dynamic and energetic balance of the chipping phase carried out by a chipper operated by the power-take-off (PTO) of a medium-power tractor. Both machines were equipped with sensors for real-time monitoring of fuel consumption, PTO torque and speed, trunk diameter and working time during the comminution of 61 poplar trees grown in a medium rotation coppice system. The data analysis was carried out on the entire dataset (about 29,000 records) without considering their belonging to different trees. By means of proper data ordinations, it has been possible to define all the intervals in which the chipping stopped (e.g., between two trees) and to exclude them from the intervals of actual chipping. This has allowed forcomputation of operative and actual working time, as well as of the basic power required to operate the chipper and the power for actual chipping. Subsequently, the parameter values observed during actual chipping were related to the cutting diameters measured at the same instant. Subsequently, the dataset was divided according to seven diameter classes, and, for each class, the descriptive statistical indices of working time, work productivity, CO₂ emissions, energy requirement and fuel consumption were calculated. Eventually, the correlation between the variations in trunk diameter and other parameters was verified both on the whole dataset and based on the class average values. The analysis made it possible to identify the conditions of greatest efficiency for the chipper. More generally, the method could help to increase the accuracy of measurements aimed at characterizing the performance of chippers from the point of view of dynamic energy requirements as well as in relation to different wood species. Full article

This study aimed to examine the relationship between the frequency of household shared meals and the intake of 17 food groups and 21 nutrients. Participants were 3310 men and 3386 women ≥20 years old living in a household of ≥2 members from 2018 and 2019 National Health and Nutrition Surveys in Japan. A one-day household dietary record was used to classify an individual’s shared meal frequency and dietary intake. A shared meal is defined as an eating occasion (i.e., breakfast, lunch, and dinner) where ≥1 food item—other than sugars, fats and oils, beverages, and condiments—was recorded with an assigned approximated shared proportion. The shared meal frequency for each individual was classified into one of four categories: 0, 1, 2, and 3 times/day. Dietary intake was compared across the shared meal categories adjusted for age, occupation, household size, meal skipping, snacking, residential areas, and within-household correlations. Both men and women who had more frequent shared meals showed higher intakes of potatoes, vegetables, mushrooms, and condiments but less confectioneries and beverages. A higher shared meal frequency was also related to a higher intake of many (12/21) nutrients (e.g., protein, dietary fiber, and potassium). However, in women, there was a positive association between shared meal frequency and sodium intake. A higher frequency of household shared meals may be related to a more favorable dietary intake; except for concerns about sodium intake in women. Full article

We synthesized some SWCNTs films under different magnetic fields and temperatures in a magnetic field-assisted FC-CVD and obtained Raman spectra of the films. By analyzing the Raman spectra, it was concluded that the SWCNTs films had defects, and the relative content of m-SWCNTs in the SWCNTs films was obtained. The trajectory of m-SWCNTs was obtained by analyzing the motion behavior of m-SWCNTs flow in the field-assisted system, and a model was built to describe the relationship between the relative content of m-SWCNTs and magnetic fields. The axial magnetic susceptibility of m-SWCNTs as a parameter was obtained by fitting the experimental results and the model. This is the first time that the axial magnetic susceptibility of m-SWCNTs has been obtained. The result obtained at 1273 K is at least two orders of magnitude greater than the magnetic susceptibilities and anisotropies of purified m-SWCNTs at 300 K, indicating that the defects increase the Curie temperature and Curie constant of m-SWCNTs. This is consistent with the spin-polarized density functional theory, which predicts that m-SWCNTs with vacancies have local magnetic moments around the vacancies and exhibit ferro- or ferrimagnetism. Full article

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a major public health challenge affecting millions in Latin America and worldwide. Although significant progress has been made in vector control, no vaccine exists to prevent infection or mitigate disease pathogenesis. We developed a rationally designed chimeric protein vaccine, N-Tc52/TSkb20, incorporating immunodominant epitopes from two T. cruzi antigens, the amino-terminal portion of Tc52 and the TSkb20 epitope derived from trans-sialidase. The objectives of this study were to construct and characterize the antigen and evaluate its protective potential in an immunoprophylactic murine model of T. cruzi infection. The N-Tc52/TSkb20 protein was recombinantly expressed in E. coli and its identity was confirmed using mass spectrometry and Western blotting. Immunization with the chimeric protein significantly controlled parasitemia and reduced the heart, colon, and skeletal muscle parasite burdens compared to non-vaccinated mice. Protection was superior to vaccination with the individual parental antigen components. Mechanistically, the vaccine induced potent CD8+ T-cell and IFNγ responses against the incorporated epitopes and a protective IgG antibody profile. A relatively low IL-10 response favored early parasite control. These results validate the promising multi-epitope approach and support the continued development of this type of rational vaccine design strategy against Chagas disease. Full article

Aiming to address challenges in the motion coordination of dual-arm robot engineering applications, a comprehensive set of planning methods is devised. This paper takes a dual-arm system composed of two six-degrees-of-freedom industrial robots as the research object. Initially, a transformation model is established for the characteristic trajectories between the workpiece coordinate system and various other coordinate systems. Subsequently, the position and orientation curves of the working trajectory are discretized to facilitate the controller’s execution. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted of the closed-chain kinematics relationship between two arms of the robot and a pose-calibration method based on a reference coordinate system is introduced. Finally, constraints to the collaborative motion of the dual-arm robot are analyzed, leading to the establishment of a motion collaboration planning methodology. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach enables effective and collaborative task planning for dual-arm robots. Moreover, joint angle and angular velocity curves corresponding to the motion trajectory exhibit smoothness, reducing joint impacts. Full article

Traditional automatic gardening pruning robots generally employ electronic fences for the delineation of working boundaries. In order to quickly determine the working area of a robot, we combined an improved DeepLabv3+ semantic segmentation model with a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system to construct a three-dimensional (3D) semantic map. To reduce the computational cost of its future deployment in resource-constrained mobile robots, we replaced the backbone network of DeepLabv3+, ResNet50, with MobileNetV2 to decrease the number of network parameters and improve recognition speed. In addition, we introduced an efficient channel attention network attention mechanism to enhance the accuracy of the neural network, forming an improved Multiclass MobileNetV2 ECA DeepLabv3+ (MM-ED) network model. Through the integration of this model with the SLAM system, the entire framework was able to generate a 3D semantic point cloud map of a lawn working area and convert it into octree and occupancy grid maps, providing technical support for future autonomous robot operation and navigation. We created a lawn dataset containing 7500 images, using our own annotated images as ground truth. This dataset was employed for experimental purposes. Experimental results showed that the proposed MM-ED network model achieved 91.07% and 94.71% for MIoU and MPA metrics, respectively. Using a GTX 3060 Laptop GPU, the frames per second rate reached 27.69, demonstrating superior recognition performance compared to similar semantic segmentation architectures and better adaptation to SLAM systems. Full article

The role of anxiety is unknown in relation to postpartum bonding, unlike the well-known detrimental effect that postpartum depression has on the relationship between a mother and child. This study investigates how anxiety affects mother–infant bonding after childbirth, comparing the Italian version of the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS-IT) with generalized measures of anxiety. Examining 324 non-randomly-selected participants responding to various scales, including the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), postpartum-specific anxiety scale (PSAS-IT), postpartum bonding questionnaire (PBQ), and baby care questionnaire (BCQ-2), initial results suggest a link between certain postpartum anxiety symptoms and attachment problems. Surprisingly, anxiety measured with the PSAS has no direct influence on attachment; however, it is a strong predictor of bonding, even when maternal age, general anxiety, and depression are taken into account, explaining 3% of the variance in scores (β = 0.26, p < 0.001). This emphasizes the importance of early identification and intervention of postpartum anxiety in promoting bonding between mother and child. Full article

Olaquindox (OLA) and quinocetone (QCT) have been prohibited in aquatic products due to their significant toxicity and side effects. In this study, rapid and visual europium nanoparticle (EuNP)−based lateral flow strip biosensors (LFSBs) were developed for the simultaneous quantitative detection of OLA, QCT, and 3−methyl−quinoxaline−2−carboxylic acid (MQCA) in fish feed and tissue. The EuNP−LFSBs enabled sensitive detection for OLA, QCT, and MQCA with a limit of detection of 0.067, 0.017, and 0.099 ng/mL (R² ≥ 0.9776) within 10 min. The average recovery of the EuNP−LFSBs was 95.13%, and relative standard deviations were below 9.38%. The method was verified by high−performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the test results were consistent. Therefore, the proposed LFSBs serve as a powerful tool to monitor quinoxalines in fish feeds and their residues in fish tissues. Full article

The proposed review demonstrates the effect of the surface modification process, specifically, deep rolling, on the material surface/near-surface properties of commercial steels. The present research examines the various process parameters involved in deep rolling and their effects on the material properties of AISI 1040 steel. Key parameters such as the rolling force, feed rate, number of passes, and roller geometry are analyzed in detail, considering their influence on residual stress distribution, surface hardness, and microstructural alterations. Additionally, the impact of deep rolling on the fatigue life, wear resistance, and corrosion behavior of AISI 1040 steel is discussed. Engineering components manufactured by AISI 1040 steel can perform better and last longer when deep rolling treatments are optimized with an understanding of how process variables and material responses interact. This review provides critical insights for researchers and practitioners interested in harnessing deep rolling techniques to enhance the mechanical strength and durability of steel components across diverse industrial settings. In summary, the valuable insights provided by this review pave the way for continued advancements in deep rolling techniques, ultimately contributing to the development of more durable, reliable, and high-performance steel components in diverse industrial applications. The establishment of generalized standardizations for the deep rolling process proves unfeasible because of the multitude of controlling parameters and their intricate interactions. Thus, specific optimization studies tailored to the material of interest are imperative for process standardization. The published literature on the characterization of surface and subsurface properties of deep-rolled AISI 1040 steel, as well as process parameter optimization, remains limited. Additionally, numerical, analytical, and statistical studies and the role of ANN are limited compared with experimental work on the deep rolling process. Full article

Fly ash, a type of solid waste generated in power plants, can be utilized as a catalyst carrier to enhance its value-added potential. Common methods often involve using a large amount of alkali for preprocessing, resulting in stable quartz and mullite forming silicate dissolution. This leads to an increased specific surface area and pore structure. In this study, we produced a catalyst composed of MnO_x/NiOOH supported on fly ash by directly employing nickel hydroxide and potassium permanganate to generate metal active sites over the fly ash surface while simultaneously creating a larger specific surface area and pore structure. The ozone catalytic oxidation performance of this catalyst was evaluated using sodium acetate as the target organic matter. The experimental results demonstrated that an optimal removal efficiency of 57.5% for sodium acetate was achieved, surpassing even that of MnO_x/NiOOH supported catalyst by using γ-Al₂O₃. After loading of MnO_x/NiOOH, an oxygen vacancy is formed on the surface of fly ash, which plays an indirect oxidation effect on sodium acetate due to the transformation of ozone to •O₂⁻ and •OH over this oxygen vacancy. The reaction process parameters, including varying concentrations of ozone, sodium acetate, and catalyst dosage, as well as pH value and the quantitative analysis of formed free radicals, were examined in detail. This work demonstrated that fly ash could be used as a viable catalytic material for wastewater treatment and provided a new solution to the added value of fly ash. Full article

The direct hydrogenation of greenhouse gas CO₂ to higher alcohols (C₂₊OH) provides a new route for the production of high-value chemicals. Due to the difficulty of C-C coupling, the formation of higher alcohols is more difficult compared to that of other compounds. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of multifunctional catalysts, including noble metal catalysts, Co-based catalysts, Cu-based catalysts, Fe-based catalysts, and tandem catalysts for the direct hydrogenation of CO₂ to higher alcohols. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed based on the structure–activity relationship of the catalysts. The reaction-coupling strategy holds great potential to regulate the reaction network. The effects of the reaction conditions on CO₂ hydrogenation are also analyzed. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potential opportunities for the further development of direct CO₂ hydrogenation to higher alcohols. Full article

In the cutting process, there are many parameters that affect the cutting effect, and the same parameter has different degrees of influence on different performance indicators, which makes it difficult to select key parameters for parameter optimization and parameter combination evaluation while considering multiple performance indicators at the same time. The process of titanium alloy milling with an integrated end mill is studied herein. The values of cutting tool flank face wear and material removal rates are obtained with experimental and analytical methods. Numerical characteristics and causes of the cutting tool flank face wear at different stages are also analyzed. The dynamic, comprehensive evaluation method based on the double incentives model is used to evaluate the dynamic, comprehensive importance of cutting parameters in view of the problem of considering multiple performance indicators and the characteristics of the dynamic change in performance indicators in the cutting process. According to the result of a dynamic, comprehensive evaluation, the cutting parameters with the highest comprehensive importance are selected. Finally, the radar map is used to plot the comprehensive importance of the cutting parameters. The overall comprehensive importance of each cutting parameter is intuitively displayed as well. As a result of the research, the dynamic, comprehensive evaluation method based on the double incentives model has a good application value in the evaluation of tool performance in the cutting process and can quickly select the best tool performance parameter combination; it is established that the most comprehensive parameter is the cutting speed, and the cutting width is the second most important. In turn, the comprehensive importance of the cutting depth is the lowest. Full article

In this paper, we present four categories of covering-based intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy rough set (CIHFRS) models using intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy $\beta$-neighborhoods (IHF $\beta$-neighborhoods) and intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy complementary $\beta$-neighborhoods (IHFC $\beta$-neighborhoods. Through theoretical analysis of covering-based IHFRS models, we propose the intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy TOPSIS (IHF-TOPSIS) technique for order of preference by similarity to an ideal solution, addressing multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) challenges concerning the assessment of IHF data. A compelling example aptly showcases the suggested approach. Furthermore, we address MCDM problems regarding the assessment of IHF information based on CIHFRS models. Through comparison and analysis, it is evident that addressing MCDM problems by assessing IHF data using CIHFRS models proves more effective than utilizing intuitionistic fuzzy data with CIFRS models or hesitant fuzzy information with CHFRS models. IHFS emerges as a unique and superior tool for addressing real-world challenges. Additionally, covering-based rough sets (CRSs) have been successfully applied to decision problems due to their robust capability in handling unclear data. In this study, by combining CRSs with IHFS, four classes of CIFRS versions are established using IHF $\beta$-neighborhoods and IHFC $\beta$-neighborhoods. A corresponding approximation axiomatic system is developed for each. The roughness and precision degrees of CBIHFRS models are specifically talked about. The relationship among these four types of IHFRS versions and existing related versions is presented based on theoretical investigations. A method for MCDM problems through IHF information, namely, IHF-TOPSIS, is introduced to further demonstrate its effectiveness and applicability. By conducting a comparative study, the effectiveness of the suggested approach is evaluated. Full article

An appropriate flowering period is an important selection criterion in maize breeding. It plays a crucial role in the ecological adaptability of maize varieties. To explore the genetic basis of flowering time, GWAS and GS analyses were conducted using an associating panel consisting of 379 multi-parent DH lines. The DH population was phenotyped for days to tasseling (DTT), days to pollen-shedding (DTP), and days to silking (DTS) in different environments. The heritability was 82.75%, 86.09%, and 85.26% for DTT, DTP, and DTS, respectively. The GWAS analysis with the FarmCPU model identified 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed on chromosomes 3, 8, 9, and 10 that were significantly associated with flowering time-related traits. The GWAS analysis with the BLINK model identified seven SNPs distributed on chromosomes 1, 3, 8, 9, and 10 that were significantly associated with flowering time-related traits. Three SNPs 3_198946071, 9_146646966, and 9_152140631 showed a pleiotropic effect, indicating a significant genetic correlation between DTT, DTP, and DTS. A total of 24 candidate genes were detected. A relatively high prediction accuracy was achieved with 100 significantly associated SNPs detected from GWAS, and the optimal training population size was 70%. This study provides a better understanding of the genetic architecture of flowering time-related traits and provides an optimal strategy for GS. Full article

The discharge of lead and cadmium wastewater, along with the pollution caused by phosphogypsum, represents a particularly urgent environmental issue. This study employed a straightforward hydrothermal method to convert phosphogypsum into porous calcium silicate hydrate (P-CSH), which was then used to remove and recover Pb(II) and Cd(II) from wastewater. The adsorption capacities of P-CSH for Pb(II) and Cd(II) were notably high at 989.3 mg/g and 290.3 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption processes adhered to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm model. Due to identical adsorption sites on P-CSH for both Pb(II) and Cd(II), competitive interaction occurred when both ions were present simultaneously. Additionally, the adsorption efficacy was minimally impacted by the presence of common coexisting cations in wastewater. The dominant mechanisms for removing Pb(II) and Cd(II) via P-CSH were chemical precipitation and surface complexation. Moreover, the adsorbed heavy metals were efficiently separated and reclaimed from the wastewater through a stepwise desorption process. The primary components of the residue from stepwise desorption were quartz and amorphous SiO₂. Following dissolution via pressurized alkaline leaching, this residue could be recycled for synthesizing P-CSH. This research offered a new strategy for the resourceful use of phosphogypsum and heavy metal wastewater. Full article