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  • Articles  (226)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: The total radioactive Cs concentration in final-instar Stenopsyche marmorata larvae from the Mano River, Fukushima Prefecture, in 2013 was found to be 〉1000 Bq kg −1 in dry weight. The concentration of radioactive Cs in the river water itself was on the order of 0.01 Bq kg −1 , while its concentration in drifting fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) was on the order of 10,000 Bq kg −1 in dry weight. When excretion experiments were performed in the summer and winter, significant decreases in the Cs concentrations in the whole body of S. marmorata were observed in both seasons. The biological half-life of Cs-137 was 5.3 and 8.8 h for the nonwintering generation and the wintering generation, respectively. Another elimination test using a stable Cs solution was performed, and the Cs concentration was observed to decrease rapidly to 7.5% of its original level in the digestive tract of S. marmorata after 72 h, but stable Cs remained in muscle and extra-alimentary tissue of S. marmorata . As the total radioactive Cs in the water was quite low, its concentration in S. marmorata from the Mano River reflects the fact that it feeds on FPOM. The radioactive Cs concentration in the FPOM significantly declined in 2015, but a corresponding decline was not observed for S. marmorata . We therefore infer that ultrafine particulate matter such as suspended vermiculite clay is strongly contaminated with radioactive Cs, and that this radioactive Cs passes continuously through the digestive tract of S. marmorata .
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Evergreen conifers Abies mariesii and A. veitchii codominate in the subalpine zone in central Japan. This study compared the photosynthetic light response curves and related leaf traits of 1-year-old needles between the two species to examine whether photosynthetic traits of A. veitchii are more favorable for growth in bright conditions than those of A. mariesii . Saplings of the two species were sampled at forest edge (FE) and forest understory (FU). FE saplings of the two species showed more shade-intolerant traits (i.e., lower initial slope of photosynthesis light response curve, greater light compensation point and dark respiration rate) than FU saplings. Maximum photosynthetic rate and leaf nitrogen concentration were greater in A. veitchii than A. mariesii for both FE and FU saplings. Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was also greater in A. veitchii than A. mariesii . On the contrary, leaf mass per area was greater in A. mariesii than A. veitchii for both FE and FU saplings. Therefore, this study showed that photosynthetic traits of A. veitchii are more favorable for growth in bright conditions compared with A. mariesii , and A. mariesii has more robust needles at the expense of PNUE.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Since the 1950s, secondary (substitution) forests known as Satoyama woods have been abandoned due to changes in human lifestyle. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between human activity and substitution forests to better understand the traditional management required to prevent succession to evergreen forest. One objective is to identify the tree species, their number of trunks (NT), and the basal area (BA) (collectively, the stand density) in the woods today, half a century after people abandoned the substitution forests. Another goal is to compare, over a 6-year period, the figures for total NT, BA, and the number of living, dead or fallen trunks between an abandoned substitution forest (a control plot) and a mown plot. NT decreased from 700 to 600 trunks/ha on the control, and from 600 to 400 trunks/ha on the mown plot, at ground level over 6 years. The total BA increased annually on the control plot but decreased from 48 to 38 m 2 /ha on the mown plot over 6 years. Many hydrophytes ( Alnus japonica , etc.), Quercus serrata , and other trees species were found dead on the mown plots. All Quercus myrsinaefolia (evergreen trees) were still alive by the sixth year. These results demonstrate that the vegetation in these forests succeeded to Quercetum myrsinaefoliae , Tyoische Subass., which is therefore shown to be the potential vegetation of succession over this timescale. If it is desired to maintain the traditional vegetation type, the results of this study suggest that it is necessary to manage the substitution forest to prevent succession to evergreen forest, which could be achieved by cutting Pleioblastus chino , climbing plants, and shade plants (evergreen trees).
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: The “Caddisfly Watch” program proposes the use of larvae of the caddisfly genus Stenopsyche (Trichoptera: Stenopsychidae) to monitor the radioactive cesium ( 137 Cs) pollution, including that of suspended solids, in river environments, as a simple method was essential for this following the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011. A variety of aquatic organisms were collected from rivers in Japan in 2012 and their levels of radioactive Cs measured. Amongst all the organisms collected, the highest concentrations of 137 Cs were observed in caddisfly larvae. These larvae occur at a high density and can be collected at regular intervals in most rivers throughout Japan. It is proposed that caddisfly larvae can be used as bioindicators of radioactive Cs contamination in rivers, as their temporal and spatial changes are easily assessed.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Recently, the green infrastructure (GI) concept has been adopted by many cities for stormwater management even though doubt still remains as to whether it can be fully embedded into planning and design. As many researchers have stated, GI planning has been discussed as offering a number of broad benefits in ecological, economic, and social spheres. The aim of this study is to examine the benefits of GI which can be used at various ranges of scale to support the principles of low impact development (LID). Case studies of two different scales, site scale and neighborhood scale, have shown ecological, social, and economic benefits of GI. The projects include GI elements and LID strategies such as green roof, rain barrels, porous pavement, rain garden, gravel grass, vegetated swales, and retention basins. The result indicates that GI elements are effective in detaining stormwater and reducing the amount of runoff. Native prairie grasses, sedges, and plantings also improved habitat value and led to a noticeable increase in birds, bees, and butterflies. The GI project provided outdoor activities, promoted social interaction, and showed a positive effect on economic spheres as well. Quantification of these benefits is important for landscape architects, planners, and policy makers because it can provide better strategies for GI planning.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: This study examined 137 Cs detachment from needle litter of Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ) through leaching and decomposition in a headwater stream located 45 km from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. We placed litter bags in pools and riffles and removed them after 4, 15, 75, 150, and 240 days. The 137 Cs activity concentration in litter collected after 4 and 15 days was 48–72 % of the initial 137 Cs activity concentration in litter. The 137 Cs activity concentration in litter after 240 days in the pools decreased by 26 %, while that in litter of riffles decreased by 9 % compared with the initial 137 Cs activity concentration. The dry weight of litter became 71 and 86 % of initial weight after 75 days, and from 32 to 51 % after 150 days. The decay coefficient of litter ( k  = 0.0060) in the riffles was 1.6-fold higher than that in the pools ( k  = 0.0037). The greater decrease in litter weight with longer submergence time was possibly associated with a combination of leaching and decomposition, in particular in litter that was submerged for 100 days in the water column. The difference in the rate of decomposition and 137 Cs detachment from litter between the riffles and pools was due to the substrate and flow conditions at the litter bag sites. Examining the different patterns of 137 Cs detachment from litter among channel morphologies is necessary for comprehending the mechanisms of 137 Cs accumulation in aquatic biota. The findings of this study suggest that elucidating leaching and decomposition processes in litter of stream channels is important for understanding 137 Cs dynamics in forested headwater ecosystems.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: We surveyed plant species composition and distribution in the Tottori Sand Dunes, a strictly protected large coastal dune area of western Japan. We aimed to determine the percentage of species of regional coastal flora that can be maintained, and the relationship between plant species diversity and habitat type, in a large coastal dune reserve. In the Tottori Sand Dunes, we identified 132 vascular plant species, including four endangered species and 20 coastal species. We recorded 36% of Tottori Prefecture’s coastal plants here, suggesting that a protected large coastal dune area that stands alone cannot provide a habitat for all the coastal plant flora at a regional scale. A greater number of coastal plant species were found in the seaside habitat, and it appears that plants more resistant to salt spray and wave action survive there. No plant habitats were found in the main tourist area, which may be a consequence of trampling. The highest number of species was found in the rear dune hollow habitat, whereas that of alien plants was found in the dune hollow habitat. In the dune hollow habitat, weeding during summer may have encouraged the annual invasion of alien plants. This study has shown that plant species diversity is affected by a variety of dune dynamics and also by human impact.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: This study investigated vegetation and soil properties in a beaver-created freshwater wetland located on the Coastal Plain of Virginia near Washington, DC. We focused on the associations among floristic quality, soil physicochemistry, denitrification, and hydrologic conditions of the wetland to understand links between the effects of beaver engineering and ecosystem function. The floristic quality assessment index (FQI) and denitrification are two important indicators often used to examine overall habitat quality and ecosystem functioning of a wetland. Samples were collected from ten plots (10 m × 10 m each) in August 2014. Vegetation attributes included total percent cover, species richness ( S ), diversity, FQI, and prevalence index (PI). Soil attributes included organic matter (OM), total carbon, total nitrogen, gravimetric moisture (GM), pH, bulk density ( D b ), and denitrification potential (DP). FQI was greater in the higher of the two standing water level categories, where D b was lower, and was negatively associated with D b but no other soil nutrient properties. DP was positively associated with soil nutrients, OM, and GM, but not with measured vegetation attributes nor standing water levels. We found higher soil GM, lower plant community PI, and lower plot S in this study compared to our previous study, with no changes to other vegetation or soil attributes, indicating enduring beaver activity and a resilient plant community. The outcome of the study includes regression models that best explain the association between structural and functional attributes of the ecosystem, which can be applicable to the study of other beaver-created wetlands. The study also provides partial evidence for the notion that low-lying areas dug out by beaver positively impact the FQI of wetlands.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Environmentalists and authorities responsible for road safety are trying to reduce the number of wildlife collisions with vehicles (WCV) worldwide. Roe deer are the most common large animal involved in WCV in Europe. This article discusses the distribution of 2010 wildlife-vehicle collisions involving roe deer (WVRD) in Lithuania in 2013 and 2014. The collisions were analyzed in terms of monthly and daily data for each month separately, and the results are compared with the time of sunrise and sunset in Lithuania. By analyzing trends of natural factors that influence the number of collisions we show that the frequency of WVRD is strongly correlated with seasonal and yearly changes in sunrise and sunset. This research shows that these natural factors are extremely important for the dynamics of WVRD. Future analysis of these factors and application of appropriate preventative measures should significantly reduce the risk of collision between vehicles and roe deer.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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