Note: Front Cover -- Relativity: The Theory and its Philosophy -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedicated -- Preface -- List of Logical Symbols -- Chapter 1. Mathematical Preliminaries -- Sets, Relations, Functions -- N-tuples, Vectors, Matrices, and other Items -- A Trigonometric Digression -- Vector Algebra -- The Calculus -- Bibliography for Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2. Relativity and Newtonian Mechanics -- The Concept of Relativity -- Elementary Foundations of Newtonian Mechanics -- The Principle of Classical Relativity -- Bibiliography for Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3. The Principle of Special Relativity -- The Breakdown of Classical Relativity -- Relativistic Kinematics -- Four-Vector Formalism and Space-Time Geometry -- Relativistic Mechanics -- The Principle of Special Relativity -- Bibliography for Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4. Empiricism, Rationalism and Special Relativity -- Relativity and the A Priori in the Philosophy of Eddington -- The Transcendentalism of J. R. Lucas -- The Radical Empiricism of Percy Bridgman -- The Liberalized Empiricism of the Logical Positivists -- Bibliography for Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5. Special Relativity and Conventionalism -- The Conventionality of Simultaneity -- Bibliography for Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6. The Commensurability of Classical and Relativistic Mechanics -- Bibliography for Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7. More Mathematics -- Motivation -- Curvilinear Coordinates -- Tensors and their Algebra -- Tensor Calculus -- The Riemann-Christoffel Tensor -- Bibliography for Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8. The Path to General Relativity -- The Classical Theory of Gravitation -- The Field-Theoretic Standpoint -- Mach's Principle -- The Principle of Equivalence -- The Principle of General Covariance -- Bibliography for Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9. An Outline of General Relativity -- Bibliography for Chapter 9. , Chapter 10. Relativity and Covariance -- Bibliography for Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11. Spacetime and Geometry -- The Distinction Between Pure and Applied Mathematics -- The Geometric Conventionalism of Henri Poincaré -- The Geometric Empiricism of Hans Reichenbach -- Geochronometric Conventionalism -- A Critique of Geochronometric Conventionalism -- General Relativity and Space-time Structure -- The Ontology of Spacetime -- Bibliography for Chapter 11 -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction to the Transaction Edition -- Preface -- Biographical Notes on the Contributors -- Part I: The critical approach to philosophy -- Chapter 1: William W. Bartley III, Rationality versus the Theory of Rationality -- Chapter 2: Paul Bernays, Reflections on Karl Popper's Epistemology -- Chapter 3: Herbert Feigl, What Hume Might Have Said to Kant -- Chapter 4: Jerzy Giedymin, Strength, Confirmation, Compatibility -- Chapter 5: R. M. Hare, A Question about Plato's Theory of Ideas -- Chapter 6: Peter Munz, Popper and Wittgenstein -- Chapter 7: John W. N. Watkins, Confirmation, the Paradoxes, and Positivism -- Chapter 8: J. O. Wisdom, Some Overlooked Aspects of Popper's Contributions to Philosophy, Logic, and Scientific Method -- Part II: The Critical Approach to Logic and Mathematics -- Chapter 9: Haskell B. Gurry, The Elimination of Variables by Regular Combinators -- Chapter 10: William Kneale, On Popper's Use of the Notion of Absolute Logical Probability -- Chapter 11: Nicholas Rescher, Aristotle's Theory of Modal Syllogisms and Its Interpretation -- Chapter 12: Gerold Stahl, Logical Terminology and Theory of Meaning -- Part III: The Critical Approach to Science -- Chapter 13: Joseph Agassi, The Nature of Scientific Problems and Their Roots in Metaphysics -- Chapter 14: David Bohm, On the Problem of Truth and Understanding in Science -- Chapter 15: P. W. Bridgman,* The Mach Principle -- Chapter 16: Mario Bunge, Phenomenological Theories -- Chapter 17: J. T. Davies, The Simple Laws of Science and History -- Chapter 18: J. C. Eccles, The Neurophysiological Basis of Experience -- Chapter 19: Paul K. Feyerabend, Realism and Instrumentalism: Comments on the Logic of Factual Support -- Chapter 20: O. R. Frisch, Observation and the Quantum. , chapter 21: Adolf Griinbaum, Popper on Irreversibility -- Chapter 22: F. A. Hayek, The Theory of Complex Phenomena -- Chapter 23: Jean Ullmo, The Agreement between Mathematics and Physical Phenomena -- Chapter 24: Wolfgang Yourgrau, On the Reality of Elementary Particles -- Part IV: The Critical Approach to Society and History -- Chapter 25: Hans Albert, Social Science and Moral Philosophy -- Chapter 26: W. B. Gallie, Popper and the Critical Philosophy of History -- Chapter 27: Pieter Geyl, The Open Society and Its Enemies -- Chapter 28: Ernst H. Gombrich, The Tradition of General Knowledge -- Chapter 29: George H. Nadel, Philosophy of History before Historicism Writings of Karl R. Popper -- Writings of Karl R. Popper.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Chapter 1: Childhood -- Family Background -- Mariechen in Argentina -- Repercussion of Nazism in Argentina -- My Parent's Ancestors -- The Offspring of Carl August and Genara -- Mariechen and the Bunges -- The Shack -- Shopping -- Development of El Ombú -- Our Gardeners -- Our Neighbors -- Old Bottini's Offspring -- Most Interesting Neighbors -- Sports and Games -- Gardening -- Holidays -- Patagonians -- Cooking -- Josef -- Learning at Home -- First School -- City Schools -- First Encounter with Religion -- Chapter 2: Adolescence -- High School -- Near Expulsion -- Our Teachers -- Other Strange Teachers -- Classmates -- Girls -- My Mother's Most Interesting Friends -- El Ombú's Habitués -- The Sunday Lunches -- The Spanish "Civil" War -- The Friends' Reaction -- High School -- Patagonian Lakes -- Politics -- The Local Communist Intellectuals -- Ethical Intermezzo: The Committed Intellectual -- High School: Change of Gear -- Encounter with Dialectical Materialism -- To Physics Through Chemistry -- New Friends -- Combining Callings -- Getting Rid of Freud and Ready to Start University -- Chapter 3: University Et Alia -- Beginning University -- My Mathematics Teachers -- The Teaching of Physics -- Theoretical Physics Courses -- Learning Quantum Mechanics -- Other Interesting Teachers -- Ernesto Sabato -- My Closest Fellow Students -- Other Classmates -- Students of Other Disciplines -- Integration in La Plata Society -- Universidad Obrera Argentina -- Marriage -- First Children -- Universidad Obrera on Congress Square -- What the UOA Taught -- Public Impact of the UOA -- Father's Death -- Mother in Jail -- Chapter 4: Scientific Apprenticeship -- From Student to Budding Scientist -- Guido Beck -- Working Under Beck -- My Doctoral Thesis -- Jailed -- Thesis Defense -- Parallel Jobs. , Interesting Students -- Beck's Argentine Students -- Argentine Physical Society -- Four Frauds -- Balseiro's Brilliant Career -- The Pap and Klein Cases -- The Richter Case -- Uselessness of My Doctorate -- The Dutch Touch -- Bohmian Mechanics and Its Critics -- Pauli's Objection -- The Bohm Cult -- Distractions in São Paulo -- Would-Be Migrants -- Bohm's Migrations -- Back Home -- Private Seminars -- The Atomic Establishment -- What Makes Scientists Tick? -- Perón's Downfall -- Chapter 5: Philosophical Apprenticeship -- My First Philosophy Textbook -- Other Books That Nurtured My Love of Philosophy -- Science or Philosophy? -- Interlude: Of Amateurs and Professionals -- First Philosophical Paper and Seminar -- Earliest Philosophical Problems -- Minerva -- What Minerva Published -- Minerva's Reception -- How Minerva Affected My Life -- Political Intermezzo -- Centered in Physics with Occasional Forays in Philosophy -- Other Occasional Philosophical Meetings -- What Is an Electron? -- The Buenos Aires Circle -- Discovering Modern Logic -- How I (Nearly) Made Ends Meet -- Encounters with the Great Houssay -- A Productive Year -- Bolivia and Chile -- Chile -- 1955 -- Andrés Kálnay -- Vlady, Fatone, and García -- Teaching Quantum Mechanics -- Chapter 6: First Jobs -- Accepted by Philosophers -- Quine -- Faculty of Philosophy and Letters -- First Steps in the Faculty of Philosophy's Corridors -- First Philosophy of Science Course -- 1958 -- American Interlude -- University Administration -- First Visit to Europe -- Congress in Venice -- New Acquaintances -- Karl Popper -- Marta -- Newly Married -- The Buenos Aires Philosophy Congress -- To the USA -- First International Congress of Philosophy of Science et al. -- Penn -- My Courses and Stray Lectures -- Nelson Goodman -- Other Colleagues -- Mathematical Psychology -- Interesting Students. , Goodman's Lie and Hook's Bait -- Approximate Truth -- Europe with Marta -- France and Italy -- Return Home -- Birth of Scientific Research -- Taking the Gospel Across the River -- Research Projects -- The Silent Coup Against Presidente Frondizi -- Leaving Home for Good -- Chapter 7: Itinerant Professor -- Texas -- Colleagues -- Memorable Texan Experiences -- Marta Discovers Corfu -- Miltiadis -- Daily Life in the Enchanted Island -- Exploring Corfu -- Back in the USA -- Truesdell and Neoclassical Mechanics -- President Kennedy's Assassination -- Corfu Revisited -- First Visit to Israel -- Delaware -- Relativities Congress -- The Carnap-Popper Debate -- The Kuhn-Popper Match -- To the Black Forest -- Freiburg Friends -- The Two Berlins -- Portugal -- To Heaven and Back -- Back in Heaven -- Looking for a Job -- Canada Calls -- First Visit to Spain -- Piaget and Kuhn in Geneva -- Chapter 8: Canada and Scientific Realism -- Montreal -- Raymond Klibansky -- Walter Hitschfeld, Scientist and Administrator -- Storrs McCall: Scholar and Farmer -- William Shea: Catholic Historian of Science -- Three Psychologists: Hebb, Milner, and Bindra -- Other Valuable Colleagues -- Claudio Cuello and the Status of Pharmacology -- Bernardo Dubrovsky and the Two Psychiatries -- Less Interesting Colleagues -- Integration -- Canadian Winter -- First Courses and Talks -- Foundations Center Aborts -- First Auspicious Event -- Reception of Foundations of Physics -- Treatise on Scientific Methodology -- Reception of Scientific Research -- Popper's Reaction -- Lakatos' Attempted Extortion -- Second Auspicious Event -- The Laval Congress -- To Corfu, Liège, and Amsterdam -- Back from Europe -- Summer in Cuernavaca -- Salzburg -- Vienna Congress -- Reactions to My Defense of Scientific Realism -- The Place of Mathematical Objects According to Realism -- Library of Exact Philosophy. , The Two Faces of the 1960s Student Revolt -- German Tour -- Reality Is There, but the Reality Concept Is Still Elusive -- Chapter 9: Exact Philosophy -- From Intuition to Rigor -- Exactification -- Misunderstandings About Exact Philosophy -- Philosophical Analysis Unveils Hidden Complexity -- From Parmenides to Hegel -- Clarity Without Triviality -- Linguistic Philosophy and Phenomenology -- Exactness Is Not Enough to Philosophize -- What Exact Philosophy Can Deliver -- First Encounters with Exact Philosophy -- Semantics -- Analysis of Predicates -- Existences and Someness, Factual and Formal Truths -- Bloopers in the Name of Logic -- Partial Truth -- Books -- Foundations and Philosophy of Science Unit -- Society for Exact Philosophy -- Scientific Metaphysics -- Corsica -- Bucharest Congress -- Essentials of My Scientific Metaphysics -- The Treatise Plan Is Born in Spain -- Denmark -- Arguing with Danish Academics -- Zürich -- Two Catastrophes -- Return to Montreal -- Another Congress in Israel -- México Calls -- Seminar and Association -- From México City to Boston -- Back in Canada -- Chapter 10: Systemic Materialism -- Spontaneous Materialism -- Philosophical Materialism -- Systemic Materialism -- From Billiard Balls to Fields and Quantons -- Building Blocks -- Systemism -- The Individualism-Holism-Systemism Trilemma -- Projections of the Quadruple -- Values Too Come in Bundles -- Emergence and Levels -- Integrative Levels -- Reduction and Reductionism -- Space and Time in Materialism -- Ideal Objects in the Light of Systematerialism -- Modernity of Systemism -- My Main Systematerialist Work -- Systemic vs. Dialectical Materalism -- My Philosophy in the Cradle of the Enlightenment -- Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics -- After the 4th Volume -- Exchanges with Spanish Philosophers -- Stopover on the West Coast -- Epistemology. , Reality Equals Materiality -- Back to Spain: Environment and Carnivory -- Festschrift -- Toledo/Madrid: Meeting in the Young Spanish Democracy -- Cuba: Yes, But -- Philosophy Congress in Montreal -- Holidays -- More on Systematerialism -- My Contributions to Ontology: Summary -- Debunking Pseudocience -- Science Alone Does Not Immunize Against Pseudoscience -- Why Debunk Pseudoscience? -- Coda -- Chapter 11: Biophilosophy -- Early Curiosity About Living Things -- First Inkling of Biophilosophy -- My First Biologist Friend -- Mayr and Simpson -- Stephen Jay Gould -- Earliest Essays on Biology -- Biospecies -- Essentialism Pro and Con -- Information and Life -- Biological Laws? -- Cybernetics Explains Teleology Away -- My Main Writings on Biology -- Foundations of Biophilosophy -- Puncturing Biophilosophical Balloons -- 75th Birthday Party -- Biologists Visiting My Unit -- Canadian Students Interested in Biophilosophy -- Does Biology Explain Human Nature? -- Human Nature Is Quite Unnatural -- New Science of Human Nature? -- Continuing Interest in Biophilosophy -- Coda -- Chapter 12: Psychoneural Monism -- Early Infatuation with Psychology -- Philosophy of Mind -- Main Answers to the Mind-Body Problem -- Materialist Monism -- Psychoneural Dualism -- How to Study the Mental -- Systematic Tackling of the Mind-Body Problem -- Repercussions -- Political Interlude: The Attempt to Break Up Canada -- The Brighton Congress -- Other Meetings At the Time -- Aborted Book with Llinás -- Noam Chomsky -- Psychology Meetings -- Encounter with Islamic Fundamentalism -- Spain Again -- Relations with Catholics -- Reception of My Philosophy of Mind in My Native Land -- In Calvin's Country -- Moscow Congress -- My Protracted and Fruitless Feud with Psychoanalysis -- Lecterns from Which I Have Preached My Psychological Gospel -- Encounters with Professional Dualists. , The Place of Psychology.

Note: Front Cover -- Relativity: The Theory and its Philosophy -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Preface -- List of Logical Symbols -- Chapter 1. Mathematical Preliminaries -- Sets, Relations, Functions -- N-tuples, Vectors, Matrices, and other Items -- A Trigonometric Digression -- Vector Algebra -- The Calculus -- Bibliography for Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2. Relativity and Newtonian Mechanics -- The Concept of Relativity -- Elementary Foundations of Newtonian Mechanics -- The Principle of Classical Relativity -- Bibiliography for Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3. The Principle of Special Relativity -- The Breakdown of Classical Relativity -- Relativistic Kinematics -- Four-Vector Formalism and Space-Time Geometry -- Relativistic Mechanics -- The Principle of Special Relativity -- Bibliography for Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4. Empiricism, Rationalism and Special Relativity -- Relativity and the A Priori in the Philosophy of Eddington -- The Transcendentalism of J. R. Lucas -- The Radical Empiricism of Percy Bridgman -- The Liberalized Empiricism of the Logical Positivists -- Bibliography for Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5. Special Relativity and Conventionalism -- The Conventionality of Simultaneity -- Bibliography for Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6. The Commensurability of Classical and Relativistic Mechanics -- Bibliography for Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7. More Mathematics -- Motivation -- Curvilinear Coordinates -- Tensors and their Algebra -- Tensor Calculus -- The Riemann-Christoffel Tensor -- Bibliography for Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8. The Path to General Relativity -- The Classical Theory of Gravitation -- The Field-Theoretic Standpoint -- Mach's Principle -- The Principle of Equivalence -- The Principle of General Covariance -- Bibliography for Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9. An Outline of General Relativity -- Bibliography for Chapter 9. , Chapter 10. Relativity and Covariance -- Bibliography for Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11. Spacetime and Geometry -- The Distinction Between Pure and Applied Mathematics -- The Geometric Conventionalism of Henri Poincaré -- The Geometric Empiricism of Hans Reichenbach -- Geochronometric Conventionalism -- A Critique of Geochronometric Conventionalism -- General Relativity and Space-time Structure -- The Ontology of Spacetime -- Bibliography for Chapter 11 -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I Matter -- 1 Philosophy as Worldview -- 1.1 World and Worldview -- 1.2 Monism and Pluralism -- 1.3 Metaphysics: Commonsensical, Speculative, and Scientific -- 1.4 Determinism and Contingency, Causation and Chance -- 1.5 Epistemology: Skepticism, Subjectivism, Realism -- 1.6 The Epistemology-Ontology Connection -- 1.7 Practical Philosophy -- 1.8 The Political Connection -- Closing Remarks -- 2 Classical Matter: Bodies and Fields -- 2.1 Traditional Concepts and Principles: Mechanism -- 2.2 Further Features of the Classical Picture -- 2.3 The Decline of Mechanism: Fields -- 2.4 Aditional Decline: Thermodynamics -- 2.5 Special Relativity -- 2.6 Gravitation -- Closing Remarks -- 3 Quantum Matter: Weird But Real -- 3.1 Meet the Quanton -- 3.2 Loss of Individuality -- 3.3 Loss of Vacuum and Stability -- 3.4 Neatness Lost -- 3.5 Irreducible Chance -- 3.6 Paradoxes -- 3.7 Materialism vs. Idealism -- Closing Remarks -- 4 General Concept of Matter: To Be Is To Become -- 4.1 Energy -- 4.2 Information -- 4.3 Digital Metaphysics -- 4.4 Whats Out There -- Closing Remarks -- 5 Emergence and Levels -- 5.1 Physical Matter -- 5.2 Chemical Matter -- 5.3 Living Matter -- 5.4 Thinking Matter -- 5.5 Social Matter -- 5.6 Artificial Matter -- 5.7 Emergence -- 5.8 Levels -- 5.9 Epistemological Partner -- Closing Remarks -- 6 Naturalism -- 6.1 Spiritualism -- 6.2 Naturalism -- 6.3 Phenomenalism -- 6.4 Physicalism -- 6.5 Biologism -- 6.6 Naturalisms Three Musketeers -- 6.7 Psychologism -- 6.8 Naturalized Linguistics, Axiology, Ethics, Law, and Technology -- 6.9 Neuro This and Neuro That -- Closing Remarks -- 7 Materialism -- 7.1 Classical Materialism -- 7.2 Dialectical Materialism -- 7.3 Historical and Australian Materialisms -- 7.4 Scientific Materialism: Emergent, Systemic, and Science-Based. , 7.5 Materialist This and That -- 7.6 Hylorealism -- 7.7 Spirituality in a Material World -- Closing Remarks -- Part II Mind -- 8 The Mind-Body Problem -- 8.1 Introductory Dialogue -- 8.2 Science, Philosophy, and Religion Intersect -- 8.3 Classical Psychoneural Dualism -- 8.4 Mind Over Matter? -- 8.5 Dualism is Hazardous -- 8.6 Explaining Subjectivity Objectively -- Closing Remarks -- 9 Minding Matter: The Plastic Brain -- 9.1 Pychoneural Identity -- 9.2 Supervenience and Emergence -- 9.3 The Plastic Brain -- 9.4 Localization-Cum-Coordination -- 9.5 Advantages of Psychoneural Monism -- 9.6 The Qualia Objection to Psychoneural Identity -- 9.7 Reduction and Merger -- Concluding Remarks -- 10 Mind and Society -- 10.1 Development -- 10.2 I and Us -- 10.3 From Bonding Hormones to Mirror Neurons to Morals -- 10.4 Evolution: Preliminaries -- 10.5 Evolution: Biocultural -- 10.6 What Makes Us Human -- Closing Remarks -- 11 Cognition, Consciousness, and Free Will -- 11.1 Cognition and Knowledge -- 11.2 Hebbs Hypothesis -- 11.3 Thought, Proposition, Sentence -- 11.4 Consciousness: The Holy Grail -- 11.5 Kinds of Consciousness -- 11.6 The Neuroscientific Approach -- 11.7 The Dual Role of Consciousness -- 11.8 The Self -- 11.9 Free Will -- 11.10 Explanation by Causes and by Reasons -- Closing Remarks -- 12 Brain and Computer: The Hardware/Software Dualism -- 12.1 Do Computers Reason? -- 12.2 The Computer Metaphor -- 12.3 Criticism -- 12.4 Software is Rather Hard -- 12.5 Machine vs. Man? -- Closing Remarks -- 13 Knowledge: Genuine and Bogus -- 13.1 Science and Pseudoscience -- 13.2 Philosophical Matrix of Scientific Progress -- 13.3 Pseudoscience -- 13.4 Immaterialism in the Study of Matter -- 13.5 Exploring the Unconscious: Fact and Fancy, Science and Business -- 13.6 Speculative Evolutionary Psychology -- 13.7 Borderline Minefields: Proto and Semi. , 13.8 The Pseudoscience-Politics Connection -- 13.9 Mercenary Science -- 13.10 Philosophy: Genuine and Bogus, Proscience and Antiscience -- Closing Remarks -- Part III Appendices -- 14 Appendix A: Objects -- 14.1 Individuals and Properties -- 14.2 Material Objects -- 14.3 Emergence and Levels -- 14.4 State and Process -- 14.5 Ideal Objects -- Closing Remarks -- 15 Appendix B: Truths -- 15.1 Ontological Concept of Factual Truth -- 15.2 The Correspondence Functions -- 15.3 Methodological Concept of Truth -- 15.4 Partial Truth -- 15.5 The Problem is Still Open -- Closing Remarks -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Why and How: Some Problems and Methods in Historical Biology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The Fossil Record -- Bias, Adequacy, and Sampling of the Fossil Record -- Continuity and Discontinuity in the Fossil Record -- History of a Fauna -- Periodicity in Vertebrate Evolution -- Chapter 2. Morphology, Homology, and Function -- A Problem of Black on Black -- Braincasts -- A Way to Look Inside Fossils -- A Way to Tell Crocodiles Apart -- Ratio Diagrams -- The Concept and Definition of Homology -- An Exercise in Homology -- An Exercise in Functional Inference and Model-making -- How a Strange and Ancient Animal Got About -- Chapter 3. Paleoecology and Faunal Analysis -- Ecological Analysis of an Ancient Local Fauna -- Faunal Analysis, Fades, and an Evolutionary Principle -- The Long View -- Chapter 4. Systematics and Taxonomy -- Patterns of Cladistic Evolution -- Remarks on Vertebrate Phylogeny -- Higher Categories in Phylogeny and Taxonomy -- Supraspecific Variation and Higher Categories -- The Reality of Higher Categories -- The Concept of Species -- Types, Name-bearers, and Hypodigms in Taxonomy -- Taxonomic Linguistics -- Chapter 5. Some Bits of Biometry -- An Application of Statistical Thinking and Methods -- Range as a Zoological Character -- Standardization of Normal Frequency Distributions -- Chapter 6. Biogeography -- Approach to a Sampling Problem -- A History of an Intercontinental Faunal Resemblance -- Measurement of Faunal Resemblance -- Migration Routes -- An Example of Sweepstakes Dispersal -- Probability and Time -- Species Density of Recent North American Mammals -- Historical Analysis of a Continental Mammalian Fauna -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Evaluating Philosophies -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I: How to Nurture or Hinder Research -- Chapter 1: Philosophies and Phobosophies -- 1.1 Midwives -- 1.2 Teachers -- 1.3 Gatekeepers -- 1.4 Wardens and Prisoners -- 1.5 Cheated -- 1.6 Mercenary -- 1.7 Escapist -- 1.8 Ambivalent -- 1.9 Conclusion -- Chapter 2: The Philosophical Matrix of Scientific Progress -- 2.1 From Skepticism to Mysterianism -- 2.2 The Social Matrix -- 2.3 The Role of Philosophy in the Birth of Modern Science -- 2.4 Materialism, Systemism, Dynamicism, and Realism -- 2.5 First Parenthesis: The Ossification of Philosophy -- 2.6 Scientism, Rationalism, and Humanism -- 2.7 Second Parenthesis: Logical Imperialism -- 2.8 The Philosophical Pentagon -- 2.9 Irregular Pentagons -- 2.10 From Social Science to Sociotechnology -- 2.11 Dogmatic and Programmatic Isms -- 2.12 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Systemics and Materialism -- 3.1 The Housing Problem: A Component of a Ten-Dimensional Problem -- 3.2 Approach -- 3.3 Preliminary Examples -- 3.4 Systemic Approach and Theory -- 3.5 Natural Sciences -- 3.6 Social Sciences -- 3.7 Biosocial Sciences -- 3.8 Technologies -- 3.9 The Knowledge System -- 3.10 Philosophical Systems -- 3.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: Philosophy in Action -- Chapter 4: Technoscience? -- 4.1 Discovery and Invention -- 4.2 Primacy of Praxis? -- 4.3 Consequences of the Confusión -- 4.4 "Translation" of Science into Industry via Technology -- 4.5 Authentic Technosciences -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Climate and Logic -- 5.1 The Kaya Identity -- 5.2 From Logic to Reality -- 5.3 A New Formula -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Informatics : One or Multiple? -- 6.1 From Information System to Communication System -- 6.2 Back to Information -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 7: Wealth and Well-being, Economic Growth and Integral Development -- 7.1 Is Happiness for Sale? -- 7.2 Can Well-Being Be Bought? -- 7.3 The Problem of Inequality -- 7.4 Sectoral Growth and Integral Development -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Can Standard Economic Theory Account for Crises? -- 8.1 Standard Economics Focuses on Equilibrium -- 8.2 The Economic Rationality Postulate -- 8.3 The Free Market Postulate -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Marxist Philosophy: Promise and Reality -- 9.1 Dialectical Materialism -- 9.2 Hegel's Disastrous Legacy -- 9.3 Historical Materialism -- 9.4 Epistemology and the Sociology of Knowledge -- 9.5 Theory and Praxis, Apriorism and Pragmatism -- 9.6 State and Planning -- 9.7 Dictatorship and Disaster -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Rules of Law: Just and Unjust -- 10.1 Politics, Law, and Morals -- 10.2 Legal Legitimacy -- 10.3 Political Legitimacy -- 10.4 Moral Legitimacy and Legitimacy Tout Court -- 10.5 Emergencies -- 10.6 If You Wish Order, Prepare for Disorder -- 10.7 The Ultimate Test: The Rise of Nazism -- 10.8 Legal Positivism: Fig Leaf of Authoritarianism -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Philosophical Gaps -- Chapter 11: Subjective Probabilities: Admissible in Science? -- 11.1 Beware Ordinary Language -- 11.2 Monty Hall Brain Teasers -- 11.3 Learned Ignorance -- 11.4 Probability as Credence -- 11.5 Prior Probabilities Are Inscrutable -- 11.6 Bayesianism Can Be Disastrous -- 11.7 Trial by Numbers -- 11.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Does Inductive Logic Work? -- 12.1 The Semantic Objection to Inductivism -- 12.2 Bayesian Induction -- 12.3 A Radical Criticism of Bayesian Induction -- 12.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 13: Bridging Theories to Data -- 13.1 The Attempt to Replace the Theoretical with the Empirical. , 13.2 Philosophers Rediscover Experiment -- 13.3 What Measuring Instruments Show -- 13.4 Visualizing the Unseen -- 13.5 Theory-Based Indicators -- 13.6 The Place of Indicators in Theory Testing -- 13.7 Indicators in Quantum Physics -- 13.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 14: Matter and Energy: Physical or Metaphysical Concepts? -- 14.1 Energy: Stuff or Property? -- 14.2 Special Energies -- 14.3 Minitheory -- 14.4 Common Errors -- 14.5 The Ontological Square -- 14.6 Conclusion -- Chapter 15: Does Quantum Physics Refute Realism, Materialism and Determinism? -- 15.1 The Spiritualist View -- 15.2 Resorting to Experiment -- 15.3 Criticism of the Subjectivist Interpretation -- 15.4 Indeterminacy and Decoherence -- 15.5 The Quantum Theory Is Not About Observers -- 15.6 Quantum Theory and Realism: An Entangled Affair -- 15.7 Has Matter Vanished? -- 15.8 Indeterminism -- 15.9 Is Rationality Limited? -- 15.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Parallel Universes? Digital Physics? -- 16.1 Imagination: Free and Disciplined -- 16.2 Possible Worlds -- 16.3 Virtual Worlds? Virtual Particles? -- 16.4 Digital Physics -- 16.5 Physics≠Semiotics -- 16.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 17: Can Functionalist Psychology Explain Anything? -- 17.1 Functionalist Description -- 17.2 To Explain Is to Unveil Mechanisms -- 17.3 Submission Sickens -- 17.4 Beyond Nativism and Empiricism -- 17.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 18: Knowledge Pyramids or Rosettes? -- 18.1 Epistemological Pyramids and Rosettes -- 18.2 Logical Pyramids -- 18.3 Ontological Pyramids -- 18.4 Place of the Universal Sciences -- 18.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 19: Existence : Single or Double? -- 19.1 Existence and Someness -- 19.2 Existential Predicate and Anselm's Proof -- 19.3 Logic and Ontology -- 19.4 Truth: Single or Double? -- 19.5 Conclusion. , References -- Chapter 20: Conclusion: Valuation Criterion -- 20.1 Monism or Pluralism? -- 20.2 The Fertility Criterion -- 20.3 Conclusion -- References -- Philosophical Glossary -- Index.