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  • 11
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Brache ; Militärische Einrichtung ; Konversion ; Energieeffizienz
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (293 Seiten, 100 MB) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Language: German
    Note: Förderkennzeichen BMWi 0327400V. - Verbund-Nummer 01079820 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Mit deutscher Zusammenfassung
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  • 12
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Roggenzüchtung
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten, 1,70 MB) , Diagramme
    Language: German
    Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 0315946D. - Verbund-Nummer 01104465 , Literaturverzeichnis: Blatt , Paralleltitel dem englischen Berichtsblatt entnommen , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Zusammenfassungen in deutscher und englischer Sprache
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  • 13
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 28 S. , graph. Darst.
    Edition: Als Ms. vervielfältigt
    Series Statement: GKSS 99,51
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturverz. S. 26 - 28
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  • 14
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Atlantischer Ozean Nord ; Tropen ; Ausbreitung ; Atlantischer Ozean Nord ; Subtropen ; Ausbreitung
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 92 S , graph. Darst , 30 cm
    Series Statement: Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel 153
    Language: German
    Note: Mit engl. Zsfassung , Literaturverz. S. 87 - 92 , Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1986
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: We assess the role of changing natural (volcanic, aerosol, insolation) and anthropogenic (CO2 emissions, land cover) forcings on the global climate system over the last 150 years using an earth system model of intermediate complexity, CLIMBER-2. We apply several datasets of historical land-use reconstructions: the cropland dataset by Ramankutty & Foley (1999) (R&F), the HYDE land cover dataset of Klein Goldewijk (2001), and the land-use emissions data from Houghton & Hackler (2002). Comparison between the simulated and observed temporal evolution of atmospheric CO2 and δ13CO2 are used to evaluate these datasets. To check model uncertainty, CLIMBER-2 was coupled to the more complex Lund–Potsdam–Jena (LPJ) dynamic global vegetation model.In simulation with R&F dataset, biogeophysical mechanisms due to land cover changes tend to decrease global air temperature by 0.26°C, while biogeochemical mechanisms act to warm the climate by 0.18°C. The net effect on climate is negligible on a global scale, but pronounced over the land in the temperate and high northern latitudes where a cooling due to an increase in land surface albedo offsets the warming due to land-use CO2 emissions.Land cover changes led to estimated increases in atmospheric CO2 of between 22 and 43 ppmv. Over the entire period 1800–2000, simulated δ13CO2 with HYDE compares most favourably with ice core during 1850–1950 and Cape Grim data, indicating preference of earlier land clearance in HYDE over R&F. In relative terms, land cover forcing corresponds to 25–49% of the observed growth in atmospheric CO2. This contribution declined from 36–60% during 1850–1960 to 4–35% during 1960–2000. CLIMBER-2-LPJ simulates the land cover contribution to atmospheric CO2 growth to decrease from 68% during 1900–1960 to 12% in the 1980s. Overall, our simulations show a decline in the relative role of land cover changes for atmospheric CO2 increase during the last 150 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zussaenfassung Im November 1980 und März 1981 wurden auf Versorgungsfahrten zur Antarktis zwei lange XBT-Schnitte gewonnen. Sie verlaufen zwischen der Iberischen Halbinsel und dem äquatorialen brasilianischen Schelf beziehungsweise der Kapregion von Südafrika. Die meisten Sonden reichten bis zu einer Meßtiefe von 800 m, so daß Aussagen zur thermischen Schichtung und horizontalen Gliederung der Warmwassersphäre im offenen Ozean möglich wurden. Wir vergleichen unsere neuen Daten mit einer Reihe von früher gewonnenen Schnitten. Als Ergebnis erhalten wir fünf unterschiedliche hydrographische Regionen. Zone 1 ist gekennzeichnet durch den klaren Einfluß des Mittelmeerausstromes, der an der Unterseite der Warmwassersphäre westlich Portugals unterhalb von 300 m nahezu thermostatische Bedingungen schafft. Die anschließende Zone 2 ist identisch mit der Subtropenkonvergenz, innerhalb derer die Warmwasserphäre ihre Maximaltiefe (15-°C-Isotherme bei etwa 300 m) erreicht. Die äquatoriale Region nennen wir Zone 3. Es wird eine überarbeitete Darstellung der Strömungs- und Temperaturschichtungsverhältnisse dieser Region gegeben. Die Zone 4 ist durch den Benguela Strom und seine nördlichen Ausläufer geprägt. In der letzten Zone 5 wird der Einfluß des Agulhas-Strom-Ausläufers auf die Schichtung vorgestellt.
    Abstract: Résumé En novembre 1980 et mars 1981 on a obtenu deux longues sections XBT pendant des voyages d'approvisionnement à l'Antarctique. Les sections passent entre la péninsule Ibérique et le plateau équatorial brasilien et entre la péninsule Ibérique et la région du Cap de l'Afrique du Sud respectivement. La plupart des sondes descendaient jusqu' à 800 m, ce qui a permis d'obtenir des renseignements sur la stratification thermique et la structure horizontale de laWarmwassersphäre en haute mer. Nous avons comparé nos nouvelles données avec une série de sections obtenues plus tôt. Nous en avons obtanu comme résultat cinq zones hydrographiques. La zone 1 est caractérisée par l'influence évidente du courant profond de la Méditerranée sur la côté inférieure de laWarmwassersphäre, ce qui crée des conditions presque thermostatiques aux profondeurs excédant 300 m à l'ouest du Portugal. La zone 2 adjacente est identique à la convergence subtropicale, où laWarmwassersphäre atteint sa profondeur maximale (isotherme de 15°C à environ 300 m). Nous désignons la région équatoriale la zone 3, et nous présentons un schéma révisé des systèmes des courants et des stratifications thermiques de cette zone. La zone 4 est marquée par le courant Benguela et son extension vers le nord. Dans la zone 5 nous présentons l'influence de l'extension du courant Agulhas sur la stratification.
    Notes: Summary Two megameter long XBT sections passing through the Atlantic between the Iberian Peninsula and the equatorial Brazilian shelf, and between the Peninsula and the Cape region of South Africa were obtained during supply cruises to the antarctic in November 1980 and March 1981. Most of the individual probes reached an observation depth of nearly 800 m allowing statements on the thermal stratification and zonation of theWarmwassersphäre in the open ocean. Our new data are compared with a number of earlier long sections. As a general result we identify five zones dividing different hydrographic regions. Zone 1 is characterized by the clear influence of the Mediternean Undercurrent on the lower boundary of theWarmwasserphäre creating nearly thermostatic conditions below 300 m off Portugal. The adjacent zone 2 is identical with the Subtropical Convergence, where theWarmwassersphäre reaches its maximum depth (15°C isotherm at about 300 m). We call the equatorial region zone 3 and present an improved scheme of its current system and its thermal stratification. Zone 4 is marked by the Benguela Current and its northern extension. In a final zone 5 we show the influence of the Agulhas Current extension on the stratification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
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    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Climate of the Past, 13 (7). pp. 819-832.
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Glacial cycles of the late Quaternary are controlled by the asymmetrically varying mass balance of continental ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere. Surface mass balance is governed by processes of ablation and accumulation. Here two ablation schemes, the positive-degree-day (PDD) method and the surface energy balance (SEB) approach, are compared in transient simulations of the last glacial cycle with the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2. The standard version of the CLIMBER-2 model incorporates the SEB approach and simulates ice volume variations in reasonable agreement with paleoclimate reconstructions during the entire last glacial cycle. Using results from the standard CLIMBER-2 model version, we simulated ablation with the PDD method in offline mode by applying different combinations of three empirical parameters of the PDD scheme. We found that none of the parameter combinations allow us to simulate a surface mass balance of the American and European ice sheets that is similar to that obtained with the standard SEB method. The use of constant values for the empirical PDD parameters led either to too much ablation during the first phase of the last glacial cycle or too little ablation during the final phase. We then substituted the standard SEB scheme in CLIMBER-2 with the PDD scheme and performed a suite of fully interactive (online) simulations of the last glacial cycle with different combinations of PDD parameters. The results of these simulations confirmed the results of the offline simulations: no combination of PDD parameters realistically simulates the evolution of the ice sheets during the entire glacial cycle. The use of constant parameter values in the online simulations leads either to a buildup of too much ice volume at the end of glacial cycle or too little ice volume at the beginning. Even when the model correctly simulates global ice volume at the last glacial maximum (21 ka), it is unable to simulate complete deglaciation during the Holocene. According to our simulations, the SEB approach proves superior for simulations of glacial cycles.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 18
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 35 (5). pp. 811-837.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The spatial distribution of the subtropical salinity maximum is identified using historical and recent data from the eastern North Atlantic. In the regions with high frequency of occurrence of the salinity maximum, the relative contributions of advection, eddy diffusion and double diffusion to the salt balance below the maximum salinity layer are determined. McDougall's (1984, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14, 1577–1589) salt balance equation for neutral surfaces is used in this analysis. The data base consists of two meridional CTD sections along 33° and 27°W between 10° and 35°N, mean temperature-salinity profiles in 5° × 5° squares presented by Emery and Dewar (1982), and mean velocity profiles in 3° × 3° squares evaluated by Stramma (1984, Journal of Marine Research, 42, 537–558). The tropical salinity maximum tongue is found to be quite persistent in its salinity value and its geographic distribution, but less clearly in its vertical or isopycnal position. Double diffusion due to salt-fingering appears to be an important process for the salt balance below the salinity maximum layer. An approximate estimate of the double-diffusive salt flux is obtained. Near the subtropical source region, the double-diffusive salt flux is balanced primarily by isopycnal advection; further to the south it is also balanced by isopycnal eddy diffusion. Maximum double-diffusive fluxes correspond in magnitude to the mean salt flux caused by the excess in evaporation at the surface in the central subtropics. The resulting isopycnal and diapycnal eddy-mixing coefficients derived by a linear inversion technique have the reasonable values of Ki = (11 ± 5) × 102 m2 s−1 and Kd = (4 ± 2) × 10−5 m2 s−1. Considering the intermittency of the double-diffusive process, limiting values for the mean eddy-mixing coefficients are determined by neglecting the contribution of the double-diffusive salt fluxes. This leads to Ki = (5 ± 2) × 102 m2 s−1 and Kd = (5 ± 1) × 10−5 m2 s−1 for the isopycnal and diapycnal mixing coefficients, respectively.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: Two megameter long XBT sections passing through the Atlantic between the Iberian Peninsula and the equatorial Brazilian shelf, and between the Peninsula and the Cape region of South Africa were obtained during supply cruises to the antarctic in November 1980 and March 1981. Most of the individual probes reached an observation depth of nearly 800 m allowing statements on the thermal stratification and zonation of theWarmwassersphäre in the open ocean. Our new data are compared with a number of earlier long sections. As a general result we identify five zones dividing different hydrographic regions. Zone 1 is characterized by the clear influence of the Mediternean Undercurrent on the lower boundary of theWarmwasserphäre creating nearly thermostatic conditions below 300 m off Portugal. The adjacent zone 2 is identical with the Subtropical Convergence, where theWarmwassersphäre reaches its maximum depth (15°C isotherm at about 300 m). We call the equatorial region zone 3 and present an improved scheme of its current system and its thermal stratification. Zone 4 is marked by the Benguela Current and its northern extension. In a final zone 5 we show the influence of the Agulhas Current extension on the stratification.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 20
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    Institut für Meereskunde Kiel
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 92 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 153 . DOI 10.3289/ifm_ber_153 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/ifm_ber_153〉.
    Publication Date: 2018-03-28
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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