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  • 1
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    Small-scale surface streaming under natural conditions as effective in air-sea gas exchange (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Tellus B: Chemical and physical meteorology, 44 (2). pp. 150-159.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-21
    Description: A series of field experiments has been made to determine the occurrence of small-scale surface motions that might enhance gas exchange by surface renewal. Out of 93 runs under natural conditions on open bodies of water, only 19 gave no indication of surface streaming within a few seconds. The data cover the wind speed range up to about 6 ms-1. Above 2 or 3 ms-1, predominately line structures were observed. This points to an important r6le of surface renewal in gas exchange.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v44i2.15435
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Observation of small-scale surface streaming as an indication of surface renewal (1993)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Marine Systems, 4 (2-3). pp. 231-233.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-07
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/0924-7963(93)90011-A
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Turbulence closure in boundary-layer theory ?An invitation to debate (1993)
    Springer
    In:  Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 65 (3). pp. 249-254.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-07
    Description: Turbulence in the Planetary Boundary Layer has been a topic of research for a long time. Its theory, however, is hampered by the fact that we have fewer fundamental equations than unknowns when dealing with turbulent motions. The search for additional “laws” to match the number of equations with the number of unknowns in turbulence theory is commonly labelled the turbulent closure problem. Despite considerable effort, this problem has not been solved. There is a variety of approaches available. However, these have not converged towards a commonly accepted PBL theory, like the Monin-Obukhov similarity for the surface layer. The Working Group on Boundary Layer Dynamics and Air-Sea interaction of ICDM/IAMAP therefore invites the scientific community to discuss these problems and possible solutions. The present paper intends to stimulate such a discussion.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/BF00705528
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Korrelationsfunktionen des Windes auf See im synoptischen bis kleinräumigen Bereich (1992)
    Deutscher Wetterdienst
    In:  Annalen der Meteorologie, 27 . pp. 15-16.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-01
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The hexos results (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 60 (1-2). pp. 109-142.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Description: Turbulent fluxes have been measured in the atmospheric surface layer from a boom extending upwind from the Dutch offshore research platform Meetpost Noordwijk (MPN) during HEXMAX (Humidity Exchange over the Sea Main Experiment) in October–November, 1986. We started out to study eddy flux of water vapour, but discrepancies among simultaneous measurements made with three different anemometers led us to develop methods to correct eddy correlation measurements of wind stress for flow distortion by nearby objects. We then found excellent agreement among the corrected wind stress data sets from the three anemometers on the MPN boom and with eddy correlation measurements from a mast on a tripod. Inertial-dissipation techniques gave reliable estimates of wind stress from turbulence spectra, both at MPN and at a nearby ship. The data cover a range of wave ages and the results yield new insights into the variation of sea surface wind stress with sea state; two alternative formulas are given for the nondimensional surface roughness as a function of wave age.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/BF00122064
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    On the contribution of spray droplets to evaporation (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 61 (3). pp. 309-313.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-20
    Description: The effect of spray droplets in the marine surface layer on evaporation is considered. Independent evidence from energy constraints, from visibility and from sea salt content of air is used. The estimation shows that, except perhaps for hurricane wind strength, the increase of total evaporation from evaporating droplets is negligible. This is in agreement with recent experimental evidence.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/BF02042938
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    "Poseidon"-Reise Nr. 78 (POS78] Fahrtleiter-Bericht (1981)
    In:  UNSPECIFIED, Kiel, 2 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-05
    Description: In der Zeit vom 7.10. bis 20.10. nahm F.S. "Poseidon" an dem Feldexperiment KonTur teil. Neben "Poseidon" waren an diesem Feldexperiment beteiligt: F.S. "Meteor", F.S. "Gauß", Feuerschiff "Borkumriff", Feuerschiff "Elbe 111, F.K. "Regulus", die Forschungsplattform "Nordsee", sowie die Flugzeuge C 130 Herkules der M.R.F. - Farnborough, und die Falcon 20 der DFVLR - Oberpfaffenhofen. Das Experiment diente zur Untersuchung von Konvektion und Turbulenz und wurde von der auf dem Flughafen Nordholz eingerichteten KonTur-Leitstelle koordiniert.(Eine ausführliche Darstellung der wissenschaftlichen Zielsetzung findet sich im Expeditionsheft.)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Report - Cruise Report
  • 8
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    Evaporation over the Baltic Sea as an example of a semi-enclosed sea (1998)
    Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft
    In:  Contributions to atmospheric physics, 71 (2). pp. 249-261.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-25
    Description: Evaporation is a major term in the energy and water cycle of the Baltic Sea. Wide areas of a semienclosed sea like the Baltic Sea belong to the coastal zone, which is a transition zone from the different roughnesses and thermal properties of the open sea and the land surfaces. This causes that wind speeds in coastal areas are generally lower than over the open sea for the same geostrophic wind speeds somewhat dependent on the wind direction relative to the coast. Furthermore the evaporation is hampered by ice, which covers parts of the Baltic Sea during winter time and is more prevalent near the coast. Sea ice and the influence of the coast on the wind speed reduce evaporation by up to about 7 to 8% each. The resulting evaporation is of the same order as previous estimates and shows similar spatial and temporal patterns, but uncertainties remain. It is shown that these depend mainly on the boundary layer parameterization used to calculate the evaporation.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - without review
  • 9
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    Prelimniary estimates of the North Atlantic wind stress fields from visually observed wave data (1996)
    In:  International WOCE Newsletter, 24 . pp. 12-15.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-03
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - without review
  • 10
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    North Atlantic Wind Waves and Wind Stress Fields from Voluntary Observing Ship Data (1998)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28 . pp. 1107-1129.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: On the basis of the collection of individual marine observations available from the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set, major parameters of the sea state were evaluated. Climatological fields of wind waves and swell height and period, as well as significant wave height and resultant period are obtained for the North Atlantic Ocean for the period from 1964 to 1993. Validation of the results against instrumental records from National Data Buoy Center buoys and ocean weather station measurements indicate relatively good agreement for wave height and systematic biases in the visually estimated periods that were corrected. Wave age, which is important for wind stress estimates, was evaluated form wave and wind observations. The climatology of wave age indicates younger waves in winter in the North Atlantic midlatitudes and Tropics. Wave age estimates were applied to the calculations of the wind stress using parameterizations from field experiments. Differences between wave-age-based and traditional estimates are not negligible in wintertime in midlatitudes and Tropics where wave-induced stress contributes from 5% to 15% to the total stress estimates. Importance of the obtained effects for ocean circulation and climate variability is discussed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028〈1107:NAWWAW〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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