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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microextraction of Nuclear Proteins from Single Maize Embryos (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 15 (1997), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: band shift assay ; DNA binding protein ; maize ; nuclear protein extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of DNA binding proteins can be difficult when only small quantities of tissue expressing the desired protein are available. We present a protocol for the preparation of nuclear extracts from as little as 100 mg of tissue. This protocol is well suited for extraction of DNA binding proteins from tissues that are difficult to obtain in large quantities such as maize embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007428802474
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation in field conditions of a three-dimensional architectural model of the maize root system: Comparison of simulated and observed horizontal root maps (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; root growth model ; root mapping ; root spatial distribution ; root system ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most existing water and nutrient uptake models are based on the assumption that roots are evenly distributed in the soil volume. This assumption is not realistic for field conditions, and significantly alters water or nutrient uptake calculations. Therefore, development of models of root system growth that account for the spatial distribution of roots is necessary. The objective of this work was to test a three dimensional architectural model of the maize root system by comparing simulated horizontal root maps with observed root maps obtained from the field. The model was built using the current knowledge on maize root system morphogenesis and parameters obtained under field conditions. Simulated root maps (0.45 × 0.75 m) of horizontal cross sections at 3 depths and 3 dates were obtained by using the model for a plant population. Actual root maps were obtained in a deep, barrier-free clay-loamy soil by digging pits, preparing selected horizontal planes and recording root contacts on plastic sheets. Results showed that both the number of cross-sections of axile roots, and their spatial distribution characterized with the R-index value of Clark and Evans (1954), were correctly accounted for by the model at all dates and depths. The number of cross-sections of laterals was also correctly predicted. However, laterals were more clustered around axile roots on simulated root maps than on observed root maps. Although slight discrepancies appeared between simulated and observed root maps in this respect, it was concluded that the model correctly accounted for the general colonization pattern of the soil volume by roots under a maize crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011168
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional characteristics of the maize RNA-binding protein MA16 (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 797-807 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; RNA-binding protein ; phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The maize RNA-binding protein MA16 is a non-ribosomal nucleolar protein widely distributed in different maize tissues. We have previously shown that the MA16 protein binds preferentially to guanosine-and uridine-rich sequences. As a step towards the identification of specific targets with which MA16 interacts within the cell, we investigated the RNA-binding affinities and several other aspects of the protein by using binding assays and immunochemistry. The MA16 protein showed a wide spectrum of RNA-binding activities with lower affinities to several RNAs that was salt and heparin-sensitive indicative of electrostatic interactions, and higher affinities to particular RNAs including rRNA and translatable mRNA sequences. Among the RNAs found associated with MA16 protein was that encoding MA16 itself. This observation raises the possibility that MA16 gene expression could be self-regulated. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that in vivo MA16 was phosphorylated and that MA16 interacts with RNAs through complex association with several proteins. These results suggest that both phosphorylation and interaction with other proteins may be involved in determining RNA-binding specificities of MA16 in the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041169
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simulation model of the three-dimensional architecture of the maize root system (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: architecture ; maize ; mathematical model ; root growth ; root development ; simulation model ; spatial distribution ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the nutrient and water uptake of rootsin situ, we need a quantitative three-dimensional dynamic model of the root system architecture. The present model takes into account current observations on the morphogenesis of the maize root system. It describes the root system as a set of root axes, characterised by their orders and their inter-node of origin. The evolution of the simulated pattern is achieved by three processes, occuring at each time step: emission of new primary root axes from the shoot, growth and branching of existing root axes. The elongation of an axis depends on its order, inter-node and local growing conditions. Branches appear acropetally at a specified distance from the apex and from former branches, along ranks facing xylem poles, with a branching angle specific to their order and inter-node. From the three-dimensional branched patterns simulated by the model, various outputs, such as root profiles or cross-section maps can be computed, compared to observed data and used as inputs in uptake models. A number of examples of such possible outputs are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370279
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constitutive protein-DNA interactions on the abscisic acid-responsive element before and after developmental activation of the rab28 gene (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 529-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABRE ; embryogenesis ; G-box ; gene expression ; maize ; protein-DNA interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcription of the rab28 gene from maize is induced in late embryo development and in response to abscisic acid. We have studied the regulation of the activity of the rab28 promoter in embryos. Two abscisic acid-responsive elements (ABREs) were necessary for expression in embryos of transgenic Arabidopsis and in transient transformation in maize embryos. In vivo footprinting showed that there was protein binding to the ABREs and to other cis elements in the promoter in young embryos before expression of rab28. This shows that the rab28 promoter is in an open chromatin structure before developmental activation. The ABREs are important for the induction and have protein binding in young embryos. Nuclear proteins extracted from embryos before activation of rab28 bound to the ABREs in band shift assays. A complex with different mobility was formed between nuclear proteins and the ABREs after induction of rab28 suggesting a modification of the ABRE-binding factor or an exchange of proteins. The footprints on the ABREs were unaltered by induction with abscisic acid or during developmental activation of rab28. These results indicate that constitutive binding of transcription factor(s) on the ABRE is central in embryonic regulation of the rab28 gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006345113637
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of parameters describing the root system architecture of field grown maize plants (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 155-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: axile roots ; maize ; nodal roots ; root length ; root system ; seminal roots ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to study elongation curves of maize axile roots throughout their elongation period under field conditions. Relationships between their elongation rate and the extension rate of their branched region were also studied. Maize, early-maturing cultivar Dea, was grown on a deep, barrier-free clay loam (depth 1.80m). Trenches were dug during four periods until after silking and axile roots were excavated. Parameters measured were total length and the lengths of basal and apical unbranched zones. The rank of the bearing phytomer and general data about the carrying plant were also recorded. Results showed that axile roots from lower phytomers had similar elongation rates irrespective of the rank of the carrying phytomer. This elongation rate declined with root age. A monomolecular elongation model was fitted to the experimental data. Elongation was much slower in roots from upper phytomers. A rough linear relationship was found between the elongation rate of axile roots and the length of the apical unbranched zone. This result suggests that laterals appeared on a root segment a constant time after it was formed. Possible mechanisms with may account for the declining elongation rate with root age (increasing distance from aerial parts or adverse environmental conditions in deep soil layers) and variability between individual roots are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010067
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of parameters describing the root system architecture of field grown maize plants (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branching ; growth ; lateral roots ; maize ; root morphology ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The architecture of the root system is related to its water and mineral uptake. In this paper, the number, growth, and branching of first-order lateral roots are studied on field grown maize (early maturing cultivar ‘Dea’), mainly in relation to the depth and to the rank of the bearing phytomer. The soil was a deep clay loam, without any barrier until 1.80 m. The branching density was studied along axile roots until 1.40 m from the base, on a sample of individually excavated axile roots. A strong gradient of density was shown: the mean branching density decreased from 12 roots.cm−1 near the base to 4 roots.cm−1 at a 60 cm depth. Seminal roots were less densely branched than nodal roots. The mean difference was about 4 roots.cm−1. The length and branching density of lateral roots were studied on mature parts of the root systems where the growth and branching of the laterals were completed, using samples extracted from large soil monoliths. The length distribution of lateral roots was highly asymmetrical, for every source phytomer (mean: 25 mm; median: 16 mm). Many lateral roots were very short, and only 2 % reached a length higher than 10 cm. Only 29 % of all the laterals bore second-order lateral roots. Vigorous laterals branched more systematically and more profusely: the branching density varied from 2 to 5 roots.cm−1 according to the length of the mother lateral root. Both the number and length of lateral roots appeared to be affected by the soil bulk density which varied with the depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010068
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geometrical properties of simulated maize root systems: consequences for length density and intersection density (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 157-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; model ; root architecture ; root intersection ; root length ; stochastic geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The spatial distribution of root length density (RLD) is important because it affects water and nutrient uptake. It is difficult to obtain reliable estimates of RLD because root systems are very variable and heterogeneous. We identified systematic trends, clustering, and anisotropy as geometrical properties of root systems, and studied their consequences for the sampling and observation of roots. We determined the degree of clustering by comparing the coefficient of variation of a simulated root system with that of a Boolean model. We also present an alternative theoretical derivation of the relation between RLD and root intersection density (RID) based on the theory of random processes of fibres. We show how systematic trends, clustering and anisotropy affect the theoretical relation between RLD and RID, and the consequences this has for measurement of RID in the field. We simulated the root systems of one hundred maize crops grown for a thermal time of 600 K d, and analysed the distribution of RLD and root intersection density RID on regular grids of locations throughout the simulated root systems. Systematic trends were most important in the surface layers, decreasing with depth. Clustering and anisotropy both increased with depth. Roots at depth had a bimodal distribution of root orientation, causing changes in the ratio of RLD/RID. The close proximity of the emerging lateral roots and the parent axis caused clustering which increased the coefficient of variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004382531671
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene sequence, developmental expression, and protein phosphorylation of RAB-17 in maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 423-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; ABA-induced gene ; protein phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ABA-induced MA12 cDNA from maize, which encodes a set of highly phosphorylated embryo proteins, was used to isolate the corresponding genomic clone. This gene, called RAB-17 (responsive to ABA), encodes a basic, glycine-rich protein (mol. wt. 17 164) containing a cluster of 8 serine residues, seven of them contiguous. It is a homologue of the rice RAB-21 gene (Mundy J, Chua NH, EMBO J 7; 2279–2286, 1988). Phosphoamino acid analysis of the isolated protein indicates that only the serine residues are phosphorylated and a putative casein-type kinase phosphorylatable sequence was identified in the protein. The pattern of expression and in vivo phosphorylation of the RAB-17 protein was studied during maize embryo germination and in calli of both meristematic or embryonic origin. ABA treatment induced the synthesis of RAB-17 mRNA and protein in calli, however, the RAB-17 proteins were found to be highly phosphorylated only in embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028778
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cis-regulatory element CCACGTGG is involved in ABA and water-stress responses of the maize gene rab28 (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA-responsive element ; maize ; tissue-specific factors ; rab genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The maize gene rab28 has been identified as ABA-inducible in embryos and vegetative tissues. It is also induced by water stress in young leaves. The proximal promoter region contains the conserved cis-acting element CCACGTGG (ABRE) reported for ABA induction in other plant genes. Transient expression assays in rice protoplasts indicate that a 134 bp fragment (-194 to -60 containing the ABRE) fused to a truncated cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (35S) is sufficient to confer ABA-responsiveness upon the GUS reporter gene. Gel retardation experiments indicate that nuclear proteins from tissues in which the rab28 gene is expressed can interact specifically with this 134 bp DNA fragment. Nuclear protein extracts from embryo and water-stressed leaves generate specific complexes of different electrophoretic mobility which are stable in the presence of detergent and high salt. However, by DMS footprinting the same guanine-specific contacts with the ABRE in both the embryo and leaf binding activities were detected. These results indicate that the rab28 promoter sequence CCACGTGG is a functional ABA-responsive element, and suggest that distinct regulatory factors with apparent similar affinity for the ABRE sequence may be involved in the hormone action during embryo development and in vegetative tissues subjected to osmotic stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019942
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