Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Planetary tectonics: introduction -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Terrestrial planets -- 2.1 Mercury -- 2.2 Venus -- 2.3 The Moon -- 2.4 Mars -- 3 Small bodies of the solar system -- 4 Outer planet satellites -- 5 Structural mapping on planetary bodies -- 6 Planetary lithospheres -- 7 Planetary fault populations -- 8 Conclusions -- 2 The tectonics of Mercury -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Tectonic features of Mercury -- 2.1 Topographic data -- 2.2 Mapping tectonic features -- 2.3 Lobate scarps -- 2.3.1 Topography of lobate scarps -- 2.3.2 Spatial and temporal distribution of lobate scarps -- 2.3.3 Geometry of lobate scarp thrust faults -- 2.3.4 Displacement-length relationship of lobate scarp thrust faults -- 2.3.5 Influence of buried basins on lobate scarps -- 2.4 High-relief ridges -- 2.5 Wrinkle ridges -- 2.5.1 Topography of wrinkle ridges -- 2.5.2 Spatial distribution of wrinkle ridges on Caloris exterior plains -- 2.6 Wrinkle ridges in the Caloris basin -- 2.7 Caloris basin graben -- 2.8 Summary -- 3. Mechanical and thermal structure of Mercury's crust and lithosphere -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Thermal structure -- 3.3 Elastic thickness -- 3.4 Fault properties -- 3.5 Summary -- 4. Mechanical and thermal structure of the Caloris basin -- 4.1 Caloris wrinkle ridges and the brittle-ductile transition depth -- 4.2 Strain and depth of faulting of extensional troughs -- 4.3 Caloris loading history -- 4.3.1 Wrinkle ridges -- 4.3.2 Extensional troughs, exterior loading, and lateral crustal flow -- 4.4 Elastic thickness -- 4.5 Stresses -- 4.6 Summary -- 5 Global implications -- 5.1 Fault distribution -- 5.2 Rigidity -- 5.3 Amount of strain and contraction -- 5.4 Sources of stress -- 5.4.1 Contraction -- 5.4.2 Thermal stresses -- 5.4.3 Despinning. , 5.4.4 True polar wander -- 5.4.5 Convection -- 5.4.6 Buoyancy forces -- 5.5 Thermal evolution -- 5.6 Summary -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Venus tectonics -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Tectonic landforms and terrains -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Plains -- 2.2.1 Distributed deformation -- 2.2.1.1 Wrinkle ridges -- 2.2.1.2 Lineaments and grabens -- 2.2.1.3 Polygonal terrains -- 2.2.2 Concentrated deformation (deformation belts) -- 2.2.2.1 Ridge belt -- 2.2.2.2 Fracture belts -- 2.2.3 Broad-scale vertical deformation -- 2.2.3.1 Stealth ridges -- 2.2.3.2 Regional crustal movements -- 2.3 Volcanic rises -- 2.4 Tessera terrain and crustal plateaus -- 2.4.1 Tessera terrain -- 2.4.2 Crustal plateaus -- 2.4.2.1 Ishtar Terra -- 2.5 Coronae -- 2.6 Chasmata -- 3 Models -- 3.1 Geological models -- 3.2 Geophysical models -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Lunar tectonics -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Tectonic features of Moon -- 2.1 Wrinkle ridges -- 2.1.1 Topography of wrinkle ridges -- 2.1.2 Elevation offsets across wrinkle ridges -- 2.1.3 Subsurface structure at wrinkle ridges -- 2.2 Lunar graben -- 2.2.1 Topography of lunar graben -- 2.2.2 Crater floor graben -- 2.2.3 Rupes Recta normal fault -- 2.3 Lunar scarps -- 2.3.1 Topography of lunar scarps -- 2.4 Wrinkle ridge - lobate scarp transitions -- 2.5 Displacement-length relationships of lunar tectonic features -- 3 Timing of wrinkle-ridge, graben, and lobate scarp formation -- 4 Lunar seismicity -- 4.1 Deep moonquakes -- 4.2 Shallow moonquakes -- 5 Internal structure of the Moon -- 5.1 Seismological constraints -- 5.2 Constraints from gravity and topography -- 6. Basin-localized tectonics and seismicity -- 6.1 Lithospheric structure beneath mare basins -- 6.2 Predictions for tectonic deformation -- 6.3 Basin-localized seismicity. , 7 Global strain from young lobate scarps -- 8 Conclusions and outstanding questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Mars tectonics -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global geology, topography and gravity -- 2.1 Physiography -- 2.2 Shape of Mars and crustal structure -- 2.3 Gravity field and lithospheric structure -- 2.4 Core, magnetic field, and true polar wander -- 3 Tectonic features -- 3.1 Extensional structures -- 3.2 Compressional structures -- 3.3 Strike-slip faults -- 4 Tectonic history, orientation and distribution of structures -- 4.1 Alba Patera and Ceraunius Fossae -- 4.2 Structures associated with volcanoes -- 4.3 Tempe Terra -- 4.4 Lunae and Solis Plana -- 4.5 Valles Marineris and Noctis Labyrinthus -- 4.6 Claritas Fossae, Thaumasia, and Sirenum -- 4.7 Western hemisphere tectonic history -- 4.8 Eastern hemisphere -- 4.9 Northern plains -- 5 Tharsis geodynamical models and comparisons to tectonics -- 5.1 Models for the origin of Tharsis -- 5.2 Models for deformation on an elastic spherical shell -- 5.3 Tharsis-induced stress and strain from elastic shell models -- 6 Models and tectonic comparisons: other global-scale features -- 6.1 Models for global isotropic stress and strain -- 6.2 Models for origin of the global dichotomy -- 7 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Tectonics of small bodies -- Summary -- 1 Introduction: types of small bodies, their properties, and environments -- 2 Small bodies: characteristics -- 2.1 Asteroids -- 2.2 Comets -- 2.3 Small satellites -- 3 Stress environments of small bodies -- 3.1 Impact environment -- 3.2 Tidal stresses -- 3.3 Thermal stresses -- 4 Observing structures in small bodies: methods and limitations -- 5 Accretional and precursor body structures -- 5.1 Layers in small bodies -- 5.2 Binary objects -- 5.3 Differentiation -- 6 Interior structure from impacts. , 6.1 "Rubble piles" -- 6.2 Porosity -- 6.3 Center of mass - center of figure offsets: significance for structure -- 7 Morphology of surface expressions of structures -- 7.1 Grooves -- 7.2 Troughs -- 7.3 Ridges -- 7.4 Crater shape modification -- 8 Implications of grooves for structure and material properties -- 9 Patterns of linear features and inferred structures -- 9.1 Phobos grooves: impact andor tidal stresses? -- 9.2 Eros grooves: no single pattern -- 9.3 Ida grooves: antipodal effects? -- 9.4 Gaspra structures -- 10 Overview and outstanding questions -- Acknowledgments -- Glossary -- References -- 7 Tectonics of the outer planet satellites -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rheology of ice -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Elastic deformation -- 2.3 Brittle deformation -- 2.4 Ductile deformation -- 2.5 Viscoelastic behavior -- 2.6 Application to icy satellites -- 2.7 Comparison with silicate behavior -- 3 Global and local stress mechanisms -- 3.1 Background -- 3.1.1 Satellite figures -- 3.1.2 Rigidity and effective elastic thickness -- 3.1.3 Tides -- 3.2 Global stress mechanisms -- 3.2.1 Diurnal tides -- 3.2.2 Nonsynchronous rotation -- 3.2.3 Polar wander -- 3.2.4 Despinning -- 3.2.5 Orbital recession and decay -- 3.2.6 Volume change -- 3.3 Local stress mechanisms -- 3.3.1 Convection -- 3.3.2 Lateral pressure gradients -- 3.3.3 Flexure -- 3.3.4 Impacts -- 4 Io -- 4.1 Tectonic features on Io -- 4.1.1 Fractures -- 4.1.2 Ridges -- 4.1.3 Mountains -- 4.2 Global distribution of mountains and volcanoes -- 5 Active icy satellites -- 5.1 Europa -- 5.1.1 Tectonics of Europa's landforms -- 5.1.1.1 Isolated troughs -- 5.1.1.2 Normal faults -- 5.1.1.3 Ridges -- 5.1.1.4 Bands -- 5.1.1.5 Folds -- 5.1.2 Nonsynchronous rotation of Europa's ice shell -- 5.1.3 Diurnal tidal variations -- 5.1.4 Is Europa currently active? -- 5.2. Enceladus -- 5.3 Triton -- 5.3.1. Ridges. , 5.3.2. Tectonic interactions with cryovolcanic deposits -- 5.3.3. Current activity -- 6 Formerly active icy satellites -- 6.1 Ganymede -- 6.1.1. Dark terrain -- 6.1.2 Bright terrain -- 6.1.3 Implications for Ganymede evolution -- 6.2 Miranda -- 6.3 Ariel -- 6.4 Dione, Tethys, Rhea, and Titania -- 7 Satellites without widespread tectonic activity -- 7.1 Titan -- 7.2 Callisto -- 7.3 Mimas and Iapetus -- 7.4 Other satellites -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Planetary structural mapping -- Summary -- 1. Introduction -- 2 Mapping and dating structures with spacecraft data -- 2.1 Mapping with visible and infrared images -- 2.2 Mapping with radar images -- 2.3 Mapping with topography -- 3 Structure mapping of planetary bodies -- 3.1 Moon -- 3.2 Mars -- 3.3 Mercury -- 3.4 Venus -- 3.5 Outer planet satellites -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Strength and deformation of planetary lithospheres -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Flow of rocks: Europa and Ganymede -- 1.2 Mechanisms of deformation -- 1.2.1 Deformation by ionic diffusion coupled with grain boundary sliding -- 1.2.2 Deformation by dislocation processes -- 1.2.3 Deformation by dislocation processes coupled with grain boundary sliding -- 1.2.4 Creep of ice I -- 1.3 Application to Europa and Ganymede -- 2 Strength envelopes: Venus -- 2.1 The strength envelope model -- 2.1.1 Brittle deformation -- 2.1.2 Semi-brittle deformation -- 2.1.3 Plastic flow -- 2.1.4 Water weakening -- 2.1.5 Strength envelope for oceanic lithosphere -- 2.1.6 Strength envelope for continental lithosphere -- 2.1.7 Localization -- 2.1.8 Lithospheric deformation: the global picture -- 2.2 Application to Venus -- 2.2.1 The role of water -- 2.2.2 Strength envelopes for Venus -- 3 Water weakening: Mars -- 3.1 Deformation under hydrous conditions -- 3.1.1 The von Mises criterion and the role of water. , 3.1.2 Comparison of deformation under anhydrous and hydrous conditions.