Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Frontispiece -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Content -- Preface -- Foreword -- Contributors -- List of Figures and Tables -- 1.1 Conceptual Model of Ecological-Social Interactions -- 1.2 Protected Areas of Alaska -- 1.3 Protected Areas of Canada -- 2.1 Schematic Diagram of the Greenhouse Effect -- 2.2 Diagrams of Global Temperature Variations Since the Pleistocene -- 2.3 Diagram of Global Wind Patterns in the Northern Hemisphere -- 2.4 Approximate Boundaries of Four Broad Climatic Zones in Northern North America -- 3.1 Age Pyramids for Alaskan Populations -- 3.2 Age Pyramids for Canadian, Yukon, and NWT Populations -- 3.3 Comparison of Sex Ratios for Alaska, The Yukon, and NWT and British Columbia and Canada -- 3.4 Sex Ratios of Indigenous Populations in Alaska Native Village Statistical Areas and Alaskan Urban Areas -- 3.5 Existing and Proposed Roads And Pipelines in Northern North America -- 4.1 Spatial Changes in Ecoclimatic Zones for Major Boreal and Arctic Ecoclimatic Zones -- 4.2 Directional Moisture Ratio Changes for Major Vegetation Regions of North America -- 5.1 Carbon Distribution Among Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 5.2 Circumpolar Distribution of Boreal Forest, Tundra, and Permafrost -- 6.1 Barren-Ground Caribou in Autumn -- 6.2 Inuit Loading Harvested Caribou onto a Sled, Pelly Bay, NWT -- 6.3 Musk-Oxen in Early June, Victoria Island, NWT -- 6.4 Seasonal Predictions for Climatic Warming of Mainland Arctic Canada -- 6.5 Arctic Place Names and The Ranges of the Major Herds of Barren-Ground Caribou in The NWT -- 6.6 The Decline of Peary Caribou on Banks Island, NWT, 1970-90 -- 6.7 Early Winter Total Snowfall at Sachs Harbor, Banks Island, NWT -- 7.1 Harbor Seals Hauled Out on a Rocky Beach, Año Nuevo Island, California -- 7.2 Steller Sea Lions on a Breeding Site, Lowrie Island, Alaska. , 7.3 Summer Diet of California Sea Lions on San Miguel and San Clemente Islands, 1982-83 -- 8.1 The Exploitable Biomass of Pacific Halibut from 1935-1991 -- 8.2 Comparison of the Combined All-Nation Catch of Salmon and the Smoothed Aleutian Low Pressure Index. -- 8.3 Total Catch of Chinook Salmon in the Strait of Georgia Sport and Commercial Fisheries from 1955-1991. -- 8.4 Marine Survival Percentage of Chinook and Coho Salmon in the Strait of Georgia -- 9.1 Major Linguistic Groups of Indigenous Peoples in Alaska -- 9.2 Linkages Between Climate-Based Impacts and Potential Sociocultural Responses. -- 9.3 Linkages Between Climatic Events, their Effects on Portions of the Marine Ecosystem, and Probable Impact on Portions of the Norse Marine Hunting Economy. -- 10.1 Per Capita Wild Resource Harvest in Selected Regions of Alaska. -- 10.2 Rural Households Participating in Subsistence in Different Regions of Alaska -- 11.1 The Canadian North and Major Native Communities -- 11.2 Baffin Island, with Clyde River and Hunting Camps Indicated -- 11.3 Clyde Inuit Traditional Ilagiit (Extended Family) Areas, 1920-1945 -- 11.4 Clyde Ringed Sealskin Prices, Sales Volume, and Harvest, 1955-1983 -- 11.5 Suluak and Nuvuktiapik Camp Composition -- 14.1 The Relationship Between Maximum Economic Yield (mey), Maximum Sustained Yield (msy), and Effort (E) Required to Attain them -- 16.1 Gideon K. Barr, Sr., at Ublasaun, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, 1990. -- 16.2 Map of Bering Strait Area Showing Locations Mentioned in Text -- 16.3 Two Inupiat Children with Spotted Seal (in Autumn Near Shishmaref, Alaska, Ca. 1923) -- 16.4 Ublasaun Village, Ca. 1923 -- 16.5 Devil Mountain Lake Maar -- 16.6 Cape Espenberg, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, 1978 -- 16.7 Illaganiq's Whalebone Cairn, Cape Espenberg, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, 1993. , 18.1 Schematic Zonation of a Biosphere Reserve -- 18.2 A Cluster of Biosphere Reserves -- 18.3 Biosphere Reserves in North America -- 18.4 The Region of the Southern Appalachians Man and The Biosphere (Samab) Program -- 21.1 The Mackenzie Basin, Canada -- 21.2 Major Rivers of the Mackenzie Basin -- 2.1 Regional Changes Expected in the Climate of Northern North America -- 3.1 Total and Native Population and Population Densities of The North, 1990-1991 -- 3.2 Fertility in the Far North Expressed as Children Bom Per 1,000 Ever-Married Woman -- 3.3 Past, Current, and Projected Populations -- 3.4 Observed Population Sizes and Densities in Canada by Ecozone -- 4.1 General Circulation Models Used to Construct Climate Change Scenarios -- 4.2 Type of Change in Ecoclimatic Zones for Scenarios Generated by Each GCM -- 5.1 Summary of the Impact of Soil Warming on a Black Spruce Forest -- 5.2 Certainty of Climate Change and its Direct Effects on Vegetation and the Anticipated Impact of these Changes on the Function of Tundra Ecosystems -- 7.1 Marine Mammals Occurring in the Far North Pacific -- 8.1 Hypotheses Proposed as Possible Consequences of Climate Change on Pacific Salmon Stocks in the Fraser River -- 10.1 Harvest Levels and Species Diversity for Selected Alaskan Communities -- 10.2 Standardized Diversity of Wild Food Use is Summarized by Resource Category for Five Upper Tanana Communities -- 10.3 Sharing of Harvested Resources in Five Upper Tanana Communities -- 11.1 Composite Harvest Data for the Four Major Inuit Regions of Canada -- 11.2 Mean Seasonal Ringed Seal Harvest by Clyde Inuit for the Period 1981-1983 -- 18.1 Biosphere Reserves of North America -- 22.1 Various Types of Snow, as Expressed in Arctic Quebec Inuktitut -- Part I: Climate and Human Populations- A Dynamic Balance -- 1 Human Ecology and Climate Change at Northern Latitudes. , Climatic Variation and Human Populations -- Climate Change, Natural Resources, and Humans -- Resource Management and Human Populations in the Far North -- Climate Change and the Biosocial Environment -- References -- 2 Potential Climate Change in Northern North America -- Environmental Controls on High-Latitude Climate -- Regional Climate Patterns in Northern North America -- Summary -- References -- 3 Demography and Socioeconomics of Northern North America: Current Status and Impacts of Climate Change -- The National and International Contexts of Northern Social Change -- Demographic Information -- Global Warming and Northern Economies -- Summary -- References -- Part II: Predicting Environmental Change -- 4 Modeling Potential Impacts of Climate Change On Northern Landscapes -- Objectives and Approach -- General Description of Models -- Potential Changes in Ecoclimatic Regions -- Potential Changes in Effective Moisture -- Implications for Northern Habitats and Protected Areas -- Summary -- References -- 5 Climate and Ecological Relationships in Northern Latitude Ecosystems -- Physical Environment -- Arctic and Boreal Ecosystems -- Past Changes and Current Observations in Northern Ecosystems -- Summary: The Future of Northern Ecosystems -- References -- 6 Responses of Arctic Ungulates to Climate Change -- People, Caribou, and Musk-Oxen -- Weather and Forage: Caribou and Musk-Oxen -- Climate Change Predictions -- Weather and Fluctuations in Caribou and Musk-Ox Numbers -- Climate Change, People, Caribou, and Musk-Oxen -- Summary -- References -- 7 Effects of Climate Change on Marine Mammals in the Far North -- Marine Mammals of the North Pacific -- Direct Effects of Increased Temperatures -- Indirect Effects Due to Changes in Prey Distribution -- Summary -- References -- 8 Response of Anadromous Fish to Climate Change in the North Pacific. , Controversies Over Climatic Impacts on Fish Population Dynamics -- The 1976-77 Event in the Mid-Pacific -- The 1976-77 Event in Coastal Areas -- The Impact of Climate Change on Salmon in Fresh Water -- Salmon at their Northern Limits -- Fisheries Management and Research in a Changing Climate -- Summary -- References -- Part III: Human Populations and Natural Resources: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives -- 9 Increments, Ranges, and Thresholds: Human Population Responses to Climate Change in Northern Alaska -- Indigenous Groups: Traditional Resource use and Settlement -- Historic and Cultural Change: 1850-1990 -- Climate and History -- Summary -- References -- 10 Resource Use In Rural Alaskan Communities -- Where Alaskans Live -- Wildlife Harvest Characteristics in Rural Alaska -- The Cultural Importance of Subsistence in Rural Communities -- Subsistence and Social Organization -- Subsistence, Sharing, and Cultural Identity -- Climate Change, Cultural Change, and Access to Wildlife Resources in Alaska -- Summary -- References -- 11 Warming the Arctic: Environmentalism and Canadian Inuit -- Global Warming, Science, and the Arctic -- The Dorset-Thule Transition -- Diamonds in the Far North -- Global Warming and Green Trends -- Seals, Snowmobiles, and Green Concerns -- Inuit Options for the Future -- Summary -- References -- Part IV: Natural Resources and Human Institutions in a Dynamic Environment -- 12 Global Warming and Conflict Management: Resident Native Peoples and Protected Areas -- Two Sociological Premises -- Conflicts Between Native Peoples and Protected Areas Under Conditions of Climate Change -- Water, Electricity, and the Cree -- Preexisting Conditions -- Conflict Management Strategies -- Summary -- References -- 13 Comanagement of Natural Resources: Some Aspects of the Canadian Experience -- Origins and Development of Comanagement. , What Claims-Based Comanagement Provides.