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  • 1
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    Non‐toxic protection against epibiosis (1998)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 12 (1-3). pp. 205-226.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-23
    Description: Epibiosis on four marine benthic invertebrate species was found to be reduced relative to other nearby surfaces, suggesting the existence of an underlying protection against fouling. In all four cases, toxic chemical antifouling defenses were wanting or inconsistent. However, the lack of epibionts could be attributed to the existence of non‐toxic protective properties in all instances, viz. periodic emergence and mutual grazing in the gastropod, Littorina littorea, cumulative filtration and an as yet unidentified fouling‐reducing property of the periostracum of the bivalve Mytilus edulis, repellency and, possibly, mucus secretion in the colonial ascidian, Cystodytes lobatus, burrowing, periodic emergence (intertidal individuals) and moulting in the crustacean, Carcinus maenas. It seems that such protective systems are often multiple, consisting of several, more or less overlapping, adaptations to reduce fouling. Characteristics of these non‐toxic, multiple protection systems and their significance for potential epibionts are discussed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    DOI: 10.1080/08927019809378355
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Influence of substratum surface tension on biofouling of artificial substrata in Kiel Bay (Western Baltic):In situstudies (1991)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 4 (4). pp. 275-291.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-19
    Description: The role of substratum surface tension on the colonization process (fouling) on artificial substrata was investigated in Kiel Bay (Western Baltic). The density of organisms from the major groups (bacteria, microalgae, protozoa, macroorganisms) was monitored on test panels after several exposure intervals in two experimental series. The results showed that substrata with a surface free energy of 24 mN/m were initially less densely colonized by representatives of the different fouling groups. The most hydrophobic substrata and those between 31–43 mN/m were heavily colonzied but there was a slight decrease in density towards the most hydrophilic material (glass). After an immersion time of 64 d these differences were not apparent for bacteria, microalgae or protozoa. These results correspond with thermodynamic predictions, which propose minimum bioadhesion on substrata with critical surface tensions between 20–25 mN/m in seawater. In addition, factors other than the surface tension may be important in marine fouling.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    DOI: 10.1080/08927019109378218
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Seasonal variation in the antifouling defence of the temperate brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (2013)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 29 (6). pp. 661-668.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The important role of marine epibiotic biofilms in the interactions of the host with its environment has been acknowledged recently. Previous studies with the temperate brown macroalga Fucus vesiculosus have identified polar and non-polar compounds recovered from the algal surface that have the potential to control such biofilms. Furthermore, both the fouling pressure and the composition of the epibiotic bacterial communities on this macroalga varied seasonally. The extent to which this reflects a seasonal fluctuation of the fouling control mechanisms of the host is, however, unexplored in an ecological context. The present study investigated seasonal variation in the anti-settlement activity of surface extracts of F. vesiculosus against eight biofilm-forming bacteria isolated from rockweed-dominated habitats, including replication of two populations from two geographically distant sites. The anti-settlement activity at both sites was found to vary temporally, reaching a peak in summer/autumn. Anti-settlement activity also showed a consistent and strong difference between sites throughout the year. This study is the first to report temporal variation of antifouling defence originating from ecologically relevant surface-associated compounds.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.795953
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    The influence of natural surface microtopographies on fouling (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 20 (1). pp. 43-51.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-06
    Description: Multiple antifouling strategies of marine organisms may consist of combinations of physical, chemical and mechanical mechanisms. In this study, the role of surface microtopography (〈500 mum) of different marine organisms, such as Cancer pagurus , Mytilus edulis , Ophiura texturata and the eggcase of Scyliorhinus canicula , has been investigated as a possible component of their defence systems. High resolution resin replicates of these natural surface structures were exposed to natural fouling in field experiments. Abundances of recruits were determined and compared to those on untextured, but otherwise identical, control surfaces to quantify the influence of the different microtopographies on fouling rates. Antifouling effects of microtopographies varied with type of microtopography and coloniser species. The surface microtopography of C. pagurus significantly rejected macrofoulers. The surface structures of the eggcase and O. texturata had repellent effects on microfoulers. Barnacle settlement was temporarily reduced on surface microtopographies of M. edulis and the eggcase. These results emphasise the promising non-toxic antifouling properties of microtextured surfaces
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1080/08927010410001655533
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Chemical defence in mussels: antifouling effect of crude extracts of the periostracum of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis (2006)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 22 (4). pp. 251-259.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-06
    Description: Shells of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis remain free of fouling organisms as long as they possess an intact periostracum, and a multiple antifouling defence that comprises a ripple-like microtopography and the production of chemical antifouling compounds has been suggested previously. This study investigates the chemical defence strategy of blue mussels for the first time. Six crude extracts of the periostracum of intact shells were made using solvents of increasing polarity. These extracts were tested against common fouling organisms in laboratory based bioassays. Non-polar and moderately polar fractions showed the highest activities: the diethyl ether fraction strongly inhibited attachment of Balanus amphitrite cyprids and the marine bacteria Cobetia marina and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Attachment of the benthic diatom Amphora coffeaeformis was significantly reduced by the dichloromethane extract, whereas both ethyl acetate and diethyl ether fractions slowed diatom growth. These results provide the first evidence of surface bound compounds that may moderate surface colonisation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1080/08927010600901112
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Patterns of diversity along experimental gradients of disturbance and nutrient supply - the confounding assumptions of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (2010)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  African Journal of Marine Science, 32 (1). pp. 127-135.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: A model of the interactive effects of disturbance and productivity on diversity predicts peak diversity to shift towards higher disturbance regimes as productivity increases, confining the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis to intermediate productivity levels. We conducted a two-factorial (disturbance, nutrients) field experiment to test the validity of this model for two subtropical intertidal rocky shores. Treatment responses varied between distinct community types at two sites. Intensified disturbance increased evenness, and under high nutrient enrichment decreased species richness of communities dominated by encrusting algae, whereas turf-dominated communities remained unaffected. Nutrient additions increased biomass and modulated community composition at both sites, in addition to increasing species richness in encrusting-algal and decreasing evenness of turf-forming assemblages. Thus, only highly enriched encrusting-algal communities followed the model predictions. Different mechanisms appear to control species coexistence in different types of communities, some violating the assumptions of the tested model, i.e. resource limitation and competitive exclusion.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.2989/18142321003714856
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Seasonal fluctuations in chemical defenses against macrofouling in Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus from the Baltic Sea (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 31 (4). pp. 363-377.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Macroalgae, especially perennial species, are exposed to a seasonally variable fouling pressure. It was hypothesized that macroalgae regulate their antifouling defense to fouling pressure. Over one year, the macrofouling pressure and the chemical anti-macrofouling defense strength of the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus were assessed with monthly evaluation. The anti-macrofouling defense was assessed by means of surface-extracted Fucus metabolites tested at near-natural concentrations in a novel in situ bioassay. Additionally, the mannitol content of both Fucus species was determined to assess resource availability for defense production. The surface chemistry of both Fucus species exhibited seasonal variability in attractiveness to Amphibalanus improvisus and Mytilus edulis. Of this variability, 50–60% is explained by a sinusoidal model. Only F. vesiculosus extracts originating from the spring and summer significantly deterred settlement of A. improvisus. The strength of macroalgal antifouling defense did not correlate either with in situ macrofouling pressure or with measured mannitol content, which, however, were never depleted.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1041020
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Colonization patterns at the substratum-water interface: how does surface microtopography influence recruitment patterns of sessile organisms? (1999)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 14 (3). pp. 237-248.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-19
    Description: The “rugophilic”; behaviour (e.g. the preference for settling in concavities) of barnacles is well documented. In contrast, little is known about settlement preferences of other species with regard to surface microtopography. In a randomized block design, five different rugosities (smooth, 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 5 mm) were exposed to natural fouling in the Baltic Sea. In four experiments, test panels were colonized by Mytilus edulis, Polydora dliata, Balanus improvisus, diatoms, hydrozoa, bryozoa, and several ciliates. Settlement densities and microtopographical preferences for pits or elevations as a function of grain size were evaluated. Rugosities influenced settlement densities and the microtopographical preferences of almost all investigated species. Settlement densities were generally lowest on smooth panels, with most species showing distinct preferences for different rugosities. While a preference for pits was frequent, in some species the proportion of individuals settling on elevations significantly increased with roughness. These data on microtopographical preferences of different species give new insights into interactions between settlement behaviour, surface roughness, boundary layer hydrodynamics and community structure.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    DOI: 10.1080/08927019909378415
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    Relevance of mytilid shell microtopographies for fouling defence - a global comparison (2010)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 26 (3). pp. 367-377.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Prevention of epibiosis is of vital importance for most aquatic organisms, which can have consequences for their ability to invade new areas. Surface microtopography of the shell periostracum has been shown to have antifouling properties for mytilid mussels, and the topography shows regional differences. This article examines whether an optimal shell design exists and evaluates the degree to which shell microstructure is matched with the properties of the local fouling community. Biomimics of four mytilid species from different regional provenances were exposed at eight different sites in both northern and southern hemispheres. Tendencies of the microtopography to both inhibit and facilitate fouling were detected after 3 and 6 weeks of immersion. However, on a global scale, all microtopographies failed to prevent fouling in a consistent manner when exposed to various fouling communities and when decoupled from other shell properties. It is therefore suggested that the recently discovered chemical anti-microfouling properties of the periostracum complement the anti-macrofouling defence offered by shell microtopography.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1080/08927011003605888
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    Ecological lever and interface ecology: epibiosis modulates the interactions between host and environment (2008)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 24 (6). pp. 427-438.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-06
    Description: The properties of the body surface play a crucial role in most interactions of marine organisms. Critical ecological properties such as drag, morphology, uptake and release of radiation and organic matter are linked to the body surface of an aquatic organism. The properties and functions of this interface may be modified substantially by the presence and activities of epibiotic communities. This, in turn, may lead to substantial modulation of the interactions between the organism bearing epiphytes and its environment, with consequences for the relative fitness of the host organism (basibiont) and its interactors, and ultimately, the structure and functioning of the assemblage. Epibiosis may act as an ecological lever via these indirect effects, greatly amplifying or buffering biotic and abiotic stress.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1080/08927010802339772
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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