Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1: Flow structure as related to sediment transport -- The influence of boundary layer turbulence on the mechanics of sediment transport -- Turbulent structure in an open-channel flow -- Sediment entrainment by a turbulent spot: A progress report -- Boundary shear stress distributions in open channel and closed conduit flows -- Visualization of the mixing layer behind dunes -- 2: Single - particle dynamics -- Resolution of equations governing the saltation motion in the air (Reparticles < -- 1) -- On the relation between size and distance travelled for wind-driven sand grains - Results and discussion of a pilot experiment using coloured sand -- On the mathematical modeling of aeolian saltation -- Forces on a single sediment grain and their dependence on the surrounding flow field -- Migration of spherical particles suspended in shear flows -- Particle dynamics equations for turbulent suspensions -- 3: Initiation, formation and behaviour of ripples and dunes -- Shape and dimensions of ripples and dunes -- Ripple formation on a bed of fine, cohesionless, granular sediment -- Sand wave formation due to irregular bed load motion -- The formation of dunes in open channel flow on an initially flattened erodible bed -- Turbulent flow over ripples and their effective roughness -- The prediction of bedforms and alluvial roughness -- The mechanism of sediment transport on bed forms -- An experimental study of bed-load transport with non-uniform sediment -- Bedforms in relation to hydraulic roughness and unsteady flow in the Rhine branches (the Netherlands) -- 4: Transport of sediment in suspension -- Turbulent diffusion of solid particles in open channel flow -- Stochastic model for particle movement in turbulent open channel flow. , Numerical modelling of sediment transport in open channel flows -- Improved numerical calculation of sedimentation for different bed-roughness and various turbulence models -- Some phenomena associated with hyperconcentrated flow -- 5: Sediment transport in steep channels -- Flow structure and sediment transport mechanics in steep channels -- Initiation of sediment transport in steep channels with coarse bed material -- Bedforms and flow resistance in steep gravel-bed channels -- First experiences measuring coarse material bedload transport with a magnetic device -- 6: Other sediment-transport problems -- Longitudinal sorting of grain sizes in alluvial rivers -- Degradation of river beds and associated changes in the composition of the sediments -- Laboratory and insitu bed shear stress measurements -- Transition in oscillatory boundary layers -- Laboratory study of breaker type effect on longshore sand transport -- Sand ripple motion under combined surface wave and current action -- Sediment transport due to waves and currents.

Note: Front Cover -- Sulfer: Its Significance for Chemistry, for the Geo-, Bio- and Cosmosphere and Technology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contets -- Preface -- Contributors -- PART I: SULFUR: THE ELEMENT, ITS GEOCHEMISTRY AND SOME ASPECTS OF ITS HISTORY -- CHAPTER 1. ELEMENTAL SULFUR AND RELATED HOMOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND IONS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Elemental Sulfur (Neutral Rings Sn) -- 3. Homocyclic Sulfur Cations -- 4. Homocyclic Sulfur Oxides -- 5. Homocyclic Sulfur Halide Cations -- References -- CHAPTER 2. SULFUR IN THE EARTH'S CRUST, ITS ORIGIN AND NATURAL CYCLE -- 1. Cosmic and Terrestrial Abundance of Sulfur -- 2. Sulfur Cycle in the Continental Crust -- 3. Sulfur Cycle in the Oceanic Crust -- 4. Isotopic Composition of Natural Sulfur -- 5. Sulfur in the Water Cycle at the Earth's Surface -- References -- CHAPTER 3. SULFUR IN HISTORY: THE ROLE OF SULFUR IN "BLACK POWDER -- 1. Gunpowder - A Chinese Invention? -- 2. Technology of Black Powder in the European Middle Ages -- 3. The Composition of Black Powder and the Reaction of Its Components -- 4. The Role of Sulfur in Black Powder -- References -- CHAPTER 4. SULFUR IN ARTWORK: LAPIS LAZULI AND ULTRAMARINE PIGMENTS -- 1 . A Five-Thousand Years Old Pigment -- 2. The Synthesis of Ultramarine -- 3. Structure Analysis of Lapis Lazuli and of the Ultramarine Pigments -- 4. Blue Sulfur? -- 5. The Chromophores in Ultramarine-Yellow, -Green, -Violet and -Red -- 6. Chemical Behaviour of the Sulfur Species in Lapis Lazuli and in the Ultramarine Pigments -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- PART II: CHEMISTRY -- CHAPTER 5. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF ORGANIC SULFUR CHEMISTRY -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. New Structures and New Methods for Understanding Structures -- 3. New Ideas on and New Applications of Reactions of Organosulfur Compounds. , 4. Sulfur-Containing Natural Products and Biologically Active Sulfur Compounds -- References -- CHAPTER 6. ORGANOMETALLIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Structural Types -- 3. Stabilisation Principles and Synthetic Approaches -- 4. Reactivity of M-SH Complexes -- 5. The M3S Electron Reservoir -- 6. Framework Reactions of Sulfur Bridged Organometallic Clusters -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 7. THIOLATES - INTRIGUING AND VERSATILE LIGANDS FOR TRANSITION METALS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Mononuclear Complexes with Monodentate Thiols -- 3. Polynuclear Thiolato-Complexes -- 4. Sulfide Formation by C-S Bond Cleavage -- 5. Polydentate Thiolato-Ligands -- Sulfur-Sulfur Interactions -- 6. Redox Reactions and the Electrochemistry of Thiolato-Complexes -- 7. Sterically Hindered Thiolato-Ligands -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 8. METAL COMPLEXES OF SULFUR AND SULFUR-NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THEIR CATALYTIC PROPERTIES -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Elemental Sulfur as a Ligand -- 3. Complexes with (CH2S)3, (CH2Se)3 and (CH20)6 -- 4. Sulfur-Nitrogen Species as Ligands -- 5. Metal-Catalyzed Formation of S(CN)4 -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 9. SULFIDO-COMPLEXES OF MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN: SYNTHETIC ASPECTS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Simple Thiometallate Anions and Their Reactions -- 3. Thiometallates as Ligands -- 4. Reactions of Thiometallates in the Presence of Thiolates -- 5. Mononuclear Complexes -- References -- CHAPTER 10. INTERACTION BETWEEN METAL CENTERS THROUGH SULFUR CONTAINING LIGANDS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Background -- 3. Large Interaction between Copper(II) Ions Far Away from Each Other -- 4. Dithiooxamidato Copper(II) Dinuclear Complexes -- 5. Ab Initio Calculation of the Exchange Interaction in Dithiooxamide Complexes -- 6. Ordered Bimetallic Chains with Dithiooxalato Bridges. , 7. Magnetic Properties of Iron-Sulfur Complexes -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 11. SPECTROSCOPIC ASPECTS OF SULFUR CHEMISTRY: ELECTRONIC AND RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPLEXES, IONS AND RADICALS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Transition Metal Thiometal1ates -- 3. Electronic and RR Spectra of Sulfur-Donor Complexes -- 4. Spectroscopic Studies on Cations -- 5. Spectroscopic Studies on Sulfur Radical Anions -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- PART III: TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY WITH TECHNOLOGICAL RELEVANCE -- CHAPTER 12. SULFURIC ACID - AN IMPORTANT BASIC PRODUCT IN CHEMISTRY. PROBLEMS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PRODUCTION -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Acid Manufacture and Reduction of Emissions -- 3. Raw Materials -- 4. Energy Recovery -- 5. Recycling of Spent Acids and By-Products -- CHAPTER 13. CHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF FLUE-GAS DESULFURISATION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemistry of Sulfur -- 3. The Problem of Changing Oxidation States of Sulfur -- 4. Proposal for a Sulfur Producing Desulfurisation Process -- References -- CHAPTER 14. METAL SULFIDES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC, PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLAR BIOLOGICAL ENERGY CONVERSION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sulfur Compounds as Solar Energy Materials -- 3. Photovoltaic Cells Based on Sulfides -- 4. Photoelectrochemical Cells Based on Sulfides -- 5. Solar Assisted Electrolysis of Water -- 6. Photocatalysis and Solar Intercalation Chemistry -- 7. Solar Biomass Based on Sulfur Cycle -- 8. Stability and Reactivity of Sulfide Materials -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 15. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY RELATED TO RUBBER VULCANISATION -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Mechanism of Sulfur Vulcanisation -- CHAPTER 16. BIODEGRADATION OF SULFUR MINERALS AND ITS APPLICATION FOR METAL RECOVERY -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Microorganisms -- 3. Leaching Machanisms -- 4. Factors Influencing Bacterial Leaching Activity. , 5. Leaching Techniques -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- PART IV. SULFUR IN MICROBIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE -- CHAPTER 17. MICROORGANISMS AND THE SULFUR CYCLE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle -- 3. The Metabolic Types and Microbial Groups Involved in the Cycle -- 4. The Sulfuretum -- 5. Fractionation of Sulfur Isotopes by Bacteria -- References -- CHAPTER 18. PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA AND THEIR SULFUR METABOLISM -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism -- 3. Ecology and Technical Application -- 4. Photosynthesis -- 5. Sulfur Metabolism -- References -- Chapter 19. CYTOCHROMES AND IRON SULFUR PROTEINS IN SULFUR METABOLISM OF PHOTOTROPHIC SULFUR BACTERIA -- 1 . Introduction -- 2. Definition of Electron Transfer Proteins -- 3. Enzymatic Steps of Dissimilatory Sulfur Metabolism -- 4. Summary and Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 20. SULFIDE AND OTHER SULFUR-CONTAINING LIGANDS IN METALLOPROTEINS AND ENZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural Sulfur-Containing Ligands -- 3. Metalloproteins Containing No Sulfide Ligands -- 4. Metalloproteins with Sulfide Ligands -- References -- CHAPTER 21. GENETIC DISEASES OF SULFUR METABOLISM IN HUMANS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cystathionine β-Synthase Deficiency -- References -- AUTHOR INDEX -- SUBJECT INDEX.