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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing
    Keywords: Climatic changes ; Climatic changes ; Electronic books
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents -- 1 International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Workshop on Integrative Study of the Mean Sea Level and its Components -- References -- Part I Observations & Contributors to Sea Level -- 2 Satellite Altimetry-Based Sea Level at Global and Regional Scales -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Brief History of Satellite Altimetry Missions -- The ESA Climate Change Initiative and the Sea Level ECV -- The Sea Level Record from High-Precision Satellite Altimetry Missions -- Geophysical Corrections Applied to the SSH Measurements -- Gridding Process -- Global Mean Sea Level Rise Characteristics -- Global Mean Sea Level Uncertainties -- Regional Sea Level -- Spatial Trend Patterns in Sea Level -- Uncertainties at Regional Scale -- New Arctic Products -- Validation and Error Assessment of CCI Products at Global and Regional Scales -- Validation with Tide Gauges -- Validation Using Argo Floats -- Regional Validation -- The CCI Sea Level Project: A Summary -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Monitoring Sea Level in the Coastal Zone with Satellite Altimetry and Tide Gauges -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Monitoring Sea Level with Tide Gauges -- Monitoring Sea Level with Coastal Satellite Altimetry -- Strategies for Improving the Coastal Altimetry Data -- The Potential of New Altimetric Technologies in the Coastal Zone -- Ka-Band Altimetry: AltiKa -- SAR Mode Altimetry: CryoSat-2 -- A Case Study Around the Coast of the UK -- Evolution of Sea Level Trend from the Open to the Coastal Ocean -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Uncertainties in Steric Sea Level Change Estimation During the Satellite Altimeter Era: Concepts and Practices -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Basic Concepts -- Calculating Steric Sea level -- Equation of State -- Uncertainty in Steric Sea Level Change -- Importance of Uncertainty
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (408 pages)
    ISBN: 9783319564906
    Series Statement: Space Sciences Series of ISSI v.58
    DDC: 550
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les Ulis :EDP Sciences,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: No detailed description available for "Chimie et changement climatique".
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (257 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9782759820368
    Series Statement: Chimie Et ... Series
    Language: French
    Note: Intro -- Chimie et changement climatique -- Sommaire -- Avant-propos -- Préface -- Partie 1 Les variations multi-décennales et séculaires du climat -- Le changement climatique : perspectives et implications pour le xxie siècle -- 1 Le climat dans lequel se sont développées nos civilisations : une situation très particulière -- 2 Présentation de modèles de simulation de l'évolution climatique -- 3 Scénarisation des climats futurs : la limite des 2 degrés à ne pas dépasser -- 4 Les différents symptômes du changement climatique en fonction de modèles -- 5 Le réchauffement climatique : au-delà de la problématique des sciences physiques et chimiques -- 6 Les enjeux de l'adaptation : les besoins d'une expertise à la portée des citoyens comme des décideurs -- Pour un partage démocratique des décisions -- La compréhension du changement climatique, de ses sources à sa modélisation : questions encore ouvertes ? -- 1 La vision majoritaire du « changement climatique » -- 2 La « science du climat » : une science jeune appliquée à des phénomènes anciens -- 3 L'évolution du climatsur de longues périodes (du siècle au million d'années) -- 4 Évolution de l'activité solaire -- 5 Corrélation entre l'activité solaire et la variabilité des températures au xxe siècle -- 6 Sur le bilan radiatif -- 7 La modélisation du changement climatique : les problèmes encore non résolus -- 8 Les difficultés des prévisions climatiques -- Un débat toujours ouvert -- Fluctuations climatiques extrêmes et sociétés au cours du dernier millénaire -- 1 Les traces du climat dans les archives des hommes -- 2 Les grandes fluctuations climatiques du dernier millénaire -- 3 Les « monstruosités » du temps ou les extrêmes climatiques, des signaux climatiques contradictoires -- L'historien et les changements climatiques -- Partie 2 La chimie : un outil pour l'étude du changement climatique. , La chimie de la glace : une archive de notre environnement passé -- 1 Comment la glace archive-t-elle notre environnement passé ? -- 2 Le climat et les gaz à effet de serre dans le passé -- 3 Rôle et complexité de l'aérosol atmosphérique -- La chimie, un allié pour connaître les climats du passé -- La hausse du niveau de la mer : observations et projections -- Chimie atmosphérique et climat -- 1 La composition atmosphérique de la Terre -- 2 L'atmosphère est un réacteur chimique loin de l'équilibre -- 3 La qualité de l'air : un problème majeur pour notre société -- 4 L'impact des changements climatiques sur la qualité de l'air -- Le système terrestre est complexe -- Partie 3 La transformation du système énergétique pour assainir notre atmosphère et gérer le risque climatique -- Que faire du CO2 ? De la chimie ! -- 1 Le dioxyde de carbone et le réchauffement climatique : que faire du CO2 d'origine industrielle ? -- 2 Le stockage chimique des énergies renouvelables via la transformation du CO2 -- 3 La photosynthèse naturelle -- 4 Utilisation du CO2 dans l'industrie actuelle et potentielle -- CO2 c'est aussi la vie ! -- Actions des entreprises de la chimie au service de la lutte contre le changement climatique -- 1 L'industrie chimique doit informer les citoyens sur ses actions -- 2 La réduction de l'empreinte environnementale au sein des entreprises de la chimie -- 3 Les entreprises de la chimie au service de la diminution de l'empreinte environnementale des clients -- La lutte contre le changement climatique : une opportunité pour l'industrie chimique -- Prix du baril et énergies renouvelables -- 1 Le prix du baril -- 2 Les conséquences liées à la chute du prix du baril -- 3 Qu'en est-il pour les énergies renouvelables ? -- De l'avenir pour les énergies renouvelables -- La complexité du réseau et l'électricité verte. , 1 La décarbonation de l'énergie pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique -- 2 Les énergies renouvelables sont au coeur de l'actualité -- 3 Les caractéristiquesdes énergies renouvelables (EnR) intermittentes -- 4 De la ressource utilisable à la ressource défaillante : les risques du blackout -- Le futur du mix énergétique français -- Partie 4 La chimie pour se passer des combustibles fossiles -- La chimie face aux défis de la transformation du système énergétique -- 1 L'énergie : notions fondamentales et enjeux -- 2 Le défi de la transition énergétique -- 3 Les défis à relever dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables -- 4 Le rôle de la chimie dans la transformation du système énergétique -- Engager de façon décisive un effort de recherche, développement,innovation et industrialisationdans le domaine de l'énergie -- Les microalgues :pour quoi faire ? -- 1 Le monde des microalgues et des cyanobactéries -- 2 Produire et valoriser les microalgues -- 3 État des lieux et avancées majeures dans la culture de microalgues -- Quel avenir pour les microalgues ? -- L'hydrogène, vecteur de la transition énergétique -- 1 L'hydrogène, l'énergie de demain ? -- 2 L'hydrogène, pour réduire le gaspillage énergétique -- 3 La mobilité électrique hydrogène -- L'hydrogène pour le développementdurable.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Milton :Taylor & Francis Group,
    Keywords: Satellite geodesy-Technique. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Satellite remote sensing, in particular by radar altimetry, is a crucial technique for observations of the ocean surface and of many aspects of land surfaces, and of paramount importance for climate and environmental studies. It provides a state-of-the-art overview of the satellite altimetry techniques and related missions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (645 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781498743464
    Series Statement: Earth Observation of Global Changes Series
    DDC: 551.48
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Satellite Radar AltimetryPrinciple, Accuracy, and Precision -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Satellite Altimetry Measurement Principle -- 1.1.2 Satellite Radar Altimetry Historical Perspective -- 1.1.2.1 Satellite Altimetry Missions -- 1.1.2.2 Geographical Perspective and International Cooperation -- 1.1.2.3 Altimetry Products: History of Continuous Progress -- 1.1.3 Altimetry System Requirements -- 1.2 Radar Instrument -- 1.2.1 Radar Altimeter Instrument Principles -- 1.2.2 Observation Geometry -- 1.2.3 Radar Operation -- 1.2.4 Transmitted Waveform -- 1.2.5 Instrument Architecture -- 1.2.6 Instrument Example: Poseidon-3 of Jason-2 Mission -- 1.2.6.1 Poseidon-3 Architecture -- 1.2.6.2 Poseidon-3 Main Characteristics -- 1.2.7 Key Instrument Performance -- 1.2.8 Echo Formation -- 1.3 Echo characterization and processing -- 1.3.1 Speckle Noise -- 1.3.2 Analytical and Numerical Models -- 1.3.3 Estimation Strategies -- 1.3.4 New Altimeters -- 1.3.5 Non-Ocean Surfaces -- 1.4 Precise Orbit Determination -- 1.4.1 Orbit Determination Technique -- 1.4.1.1 Performance Requirements -- 1.4.1.2 Radial Error Properties -- 1.4.2 Orbit Determination Measurement Systems -- 1.4.3 Satellite Trajectory Modeling and Parameterization -- 1.4.4 Major Modeling Evolution since the Beginning of the 1990s -- 1.4.5 Long-Term Orbit Error and Stability Budget -- 1.4.6 Foreseen Modeling Improvement -- 1.5 Geophysical Corrections -- 1.5.1 Sea State Bias Correction -- 1.5.1.1 Origins of the Sea State Effects and Correction -- 1.5.1.2 Theoretical Solutions -- 1.5.1.3 Empirical Solutions. , 1.5.2 Atmospheric Propagation Effect Corrections -- 1.5.2.1 Ionospheric Correction -- 1.5.2.2 Dry Tropospheric Correction -- 1.5.2.3 The Wet Tropospheric Correction -- 1.6 Altimetry Product Auxiliary Information: Reference Surfaces, Tides, and High-Frequency Signal -- 1.6.1 Reference Surfaces -- 1.6.2 Tides, High-Frequency Signals -- 1.6.2.1 The Tide Correction -- 1.6.2.2 The High-Frequency Correction -- 1.6.2.3 S1 and S2 Atmospheric and Ocean Signals -- 1.7 Altimetry Time and Space Sampling: Orbit Selection and Virtual Constellation Approach -- 1.7.1 Sampling Properties of a Single Altimeter Orbit -- 1.7.2 Orbit Sub-Cycles and Sampling Properties -- 1.7.3 Altimeter Virtual Constellation and Phasing -- 1.8 Altimetry error budget -- 1.8.1 Error Budget for Mesoscale Oceanography -- 1.8.2 Error Budget for Mean Sea Level Trend Monitoring -- 1.8.3 Error Budget for Sub-Mesoscale -- References -- Chapter 2: Wide-Swath AltimetryA Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ocean and Hydrology Sampling Requirements -- 2.3 Approaches to Wide-Swath Altimetry -- 2.3.1 From Nadir Altimetry to Wide-Swath Altimetry: Three-Dimensional Geolocation -- 2.3.2 Wide-Swath Altimetry Using Waveform Tracking -- 2.3.3 Wide-Swath Altimetry Using Radar Interferometry -- 2.4 The Interferometric Error Budget -- 2.4.1 Roll Errors -- 2.4.2 Phase Errors -- 2.4.3 Range Errors -- 2.4.4 Baseline Errors -- 2.4.5 Finite Azimuth Footprint Biases -- 2.4.6 Radial Velocity Errors -- 2.4.7 Calibration Methods -- 2.5 Wide-Swath Altimetry Phenomenology -- 2.5.1 Water Brightness -- 2.5.2 Wave Effects -- 2.5.2.1 The "Surfboard Effect" -- 2.5.2.2 Temporal Correlation Effects -- 2.5.2.3 Wave Bunching -- 2.5.2.4 The EM Bias. , 2.5.3 Layover and Vegetation Effects -- 2.6 Wide-Swath Altimetry Mission Design -- 2.7 Summary and Prospects -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 3: In Situ Observations Needed to Complement, Validate, and Interpret Satellite Altimetry -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sea Surface Heights Obtained from Tide Gauge/GNSS Networks -- 3.2.1 Sea Level Measurements before the Altimeter Era -- 3.2.2 Tide Gauge and Altimeter Data Complementarity -- 3.2.3 Tide Gauges Used for Altimeter Calibration -- 3.2.4 Tide Gauge and Altimeter Data in Combination in Studies of Long-Term Sea Level Change -- 3.2.5 GNSS Equipment at Tide Gauges -- 3.2.6 New Developments in Tide Gauges and Data Availability -- 3.2.7 Tide Gauges and Altimetry in the Future -- 3.3 Upper-Ocean (0 to 2000 decibars) Steric Variability: The XBT and Argo Networks -- 3.3.1 The Relationship of SSH Variability with Subsurface T and S-Steric Height -- 3.3.2 A Brief History of Systematic Ocean Sampling by the XBT and Argo Networks -- 3.3.3 Ocean Heat Content and Steric Sea Level -- 3.3.4 The Global Pattern of SSH and Upper-Ocean Steric Height -- 3.3.5 Geostrophic Ocean Circulation -- 3.3.6 Horizontal Scales of Variability in the Ocean: The Challenge of Resolution -- 3.4 Deep-Ocean (greater than 2000 m) Steric Variability: Repeat Hydrography and Deep Argo -- 3.4.1 Ventilating the Deep Ocean: Deep Water Production and the Global MOC -- 3.4.2 Monitoring Deep Steric Variability through Repeat Hydrography -- 3.4.3 The Deep Ocean Contribution to Steric Sea Level -- 3.4.4 Future of Deep Observing: Deep Argo -- 3.6 Dynamic Topography and Surface Velocity -- 3.6.1 Eulerian Velocity Measurements -- 3.6.2 Lagrangian Velocity Measurements -- 3.6.3 Geostrophic Currents and Mean Dynamic Topography. , 3.6.4 Ageostrophic Motions -- 3.7 The Technology Revolution and the Future of Ocean Observations -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 4: Auxiliary Space-Based Systems for Interpreting Satellite Altimetry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Measurements: Mean Geoid and Sea Surface -- 4.2.1 Parameterizing Gravity and the Geoid -- 4.2.2 GRACE and GOCE -- 4.2.3 Surface Gravity Data and Combination Geoids -- 4.2.4 Mean Sea Surface Models -- 4.3 Measurements: Time-Variable Gravity -- 4.4 Applications: Dynamic Ocean Topography -- 4.4.1 Importance of Consistency between Geoid and MSS -- 4.4.2 Improvements in MDT with GRACE and GOCE Geoids -- 4.4.3 Toward a Higher Spatial Resolution MDT -- 4.5 Applications: Global and Regional Ocean Mass Variations -- 4.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5: A 25-Year Satellite Altimetry-Based Global Mean Sea Level Record -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Altimeter Mean Sea Level Record -- 5.2.1 Computing Global and Regional Mean Sea Level Time Series -- 5.2.2 Altimeter Missions -- 5.2.3 Altimeter Corrections -- 5.2.4 Intermission Biases -- 5.2.5 Averaging Process -- 5.2.6 Validation of the GMSL Record with Tide Gauge Measurements -- 5.2.7 Mean Sea Level Variation and Uncertainties -- 5.2.7.1 Global Scale Uncertainty -- 5.2.7.2 Regional Scales -- 5.3 Interpreting the Altimeter GMSL Record -- 5.3.1 Steric Sea Level Contribution -- 5.3.2 The Cryosphere Contributions to GMSL -- 5.3.3 The Land Water Storage Contributions to GMSL -- 5.3.3.1 Interannual Variations -- 5.3.3.2 Long-Term Variations -- 5.4 Closing the Sea Level Budget and Uncertainties -- 5.4.1 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment -- 5.4.2 Ocean Mass/Barystatic Sea Level from GRACE. , 5.4.3 Closure and Missing Components -- 5.5 How Altimetry Informs Us About the Future -- References -- Chapter 6: Monitoring and Interpreting Mid-Latitude Oceans by Satellite Altimetry -- 6.1 Introduction: Role of Mid-Latitude Oceans -- 6.2 Western Boundary Currents -- 6.3 Meridional Circulation and Interbasin Exchanges -- 6.4 Climate Change -- 6.5 Summary and Future Research -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 7: Monitoring and Interpreting the Tropical Oceans by Satellite Altimetry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Tropical Atlantic Ocean -- 7.2.1 Intraseasonal and Eddy Activities -- 7.2.1.1 Eddy Structures -- 7.2.1.2 Tropical Instability Waves -- 7.2.2 The Seasonal Cycle -- 7.2.3 Equatorial Waves -- 7.2.4 Interannual Variability -- 7.3 Tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean -- 7.3.1 Tropical Pacific -- 7.3.1.1 Intraseasonal Variability -- 7.3.1.2 Seasonal Variability -- 7.3.1.3 Interannual and Decadal Variability -- 7.3.2 Tropical Indian Ocean -- 7.3.2.1 Intraseasonal Variability -- 7.3.2.2 Seasonal Cycle -- 7.3.2.3 Interannual Variability -- 7.3.2.4 Decadal and Multidecadal Changes -- 7.3.3 Indo-Pacific Linkage and Indonesian Throughflow -- 7.4 Summary -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 8: The High Latitude Seas and Arctic Ocean -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Satellite Altimetry in the High Latitude and Arctic Ocean -- 8.2 Mapping the Sea Ice Thickness in the Arctic Ocean -- 8.3 Sea Level Change -- 8.3.1 The Seasonal Cycle -- 8.3.2 Secular and Long-Term Sea Level Changes -- 8.3.3 Arctic Sea Level Budget -- 8.3.4 The Polar Gap and Accuracy Estimates -- 8.4 Mean Dynamic Topography -- 8.5 Ocean Circulation and Volume Transport -- 8.5.1 Surface Circulation -- 8.5.2 Volume Transport. , 8.6 Summary and Outlook.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Meyssignac, B., Boyer, T., Zhao, Z., Hakuba, M. Z., Landerer, F. W., Stammer, D., Koehl, A., Kato, S., L'Ecuyer, T., Ablain, M., Abraham, J. P., Blazquez, A., Cazenave, A., Church, J. A., Cowley, R., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Giglio, D., Gouretski, V., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. C., Killick, R. E., Legler, D., Llovel, W., Lyman, J., Palmer, M. D., Piotrowicz, S., Purkey, S. G., Roemmich, D., Roca, R., Savita, A., von Schuckmann, K., Speich, S., Stephens, G., Wang, G., Wijffels, S. E., & Zilberman, N. Measuring global ocean heat content to estimate the Earth energy Imbalance. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 432, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00432.
    Description: The energy radiated by the Earth toward space does not compensate the incoming radiation from the Sun leading to a small positive energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere (0.4–1 Wm–2). This imbalance is coined Earth’s Energy Imbalance (EEI). It is mostly caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and is driving the current warming of the planet. Precise monitoring of EEI is critical to assess the current status of climate change and the future evolution of climate. But the monitoring of EEI is challenging as EEI is two orders of magnitude smaller than the radiation fluxes in and out of the Earth system. Over 93% of the excess energy that is gained by the Earth in response to the positive EEI accumulates into the ocean in the form of heat. This accumulation of heat can be tracked with the ocean observing system such that today, the monitoring of Ocean Heat Content (OHC) and its long-term change provide the most efficient approach to estimate EEI. In this community paper we review the current four state-of-the-art methods to estimate global OHC changes and evaluate their relevance to derive EEI estimates on different time scales. These four methods make use of: (1) direct observations of in situ temperature; (2) satellite-based measurements of the ocean surface net heat fluxes; (3) satellite-based estimates of the thermal expansion of the ocean and (4) ocean reanalyses that assimilate observations from both satellite and in situ instruments. For each method we review the potential and the uncertainty of the method to estimate global OHC changes. We also analyze gaps in the current capability of each method and identify ways of progress for the future to fulfill the requirements of EEI monitoring. Achieving the observation of EEI with sufficient accuracy will depend on merging the remote sensing techniques with in situ measurements of key variables as an integral part of the Ocean Observing System.
    Description: GJ was supported by the NOAA Research. MP and RK were supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. JC was partially supported by the Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research, a joint research centre between QNLM and CSIRO. CD and AS were funded by the Australian Research Council (FT130101532 and DP160103130) and its Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (CLEX). IQuOD team members (TB, RC, LC, CD, VG, MI, MP, and SW) were supported by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Working Group 148, funded by the National SCOR Committees and a grant to SCOR from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1546580), as well as the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO/International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IOC/IODE) IQuOD Steering Group. ZZ was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX17AH14G). LC was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0603200 and 2016YFC1401800).
    Keywords: Ocean heat content ; Sea level ; Ocean mass ; Ocean surface fluxes ; ARGO ; Altimetry ; GRACE ; Earth Energy Imbalance
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ponte, R. M., Carson, M., Cirano, M., Domingues, C. M., Jevrejeva, S., Marcos, M., Mitchum, G., van de Wal, R. S. W., Woodworth, P. L., Ablain, M., Ardhuin, F., Ballu, V., Becker, M., Benveniste, J., Birol, F., Bradshaw, E., Cazenave, A., De Mey-Fremaux, P., Durand, F., Ezer, T., Fu, L., Fukumori, I., Gordon, K., Gravelle, M., Griffies, S. M., Han, W., Hibbert, A., Hughes, C. W., Idier, D., Kourafalou, V. H., Little, C. M., Matthews, A., Melet, A., Merrifield, M., Meyssignac, B., Minobe, S., Penduff, T., Picot, N., Piecuch, C., Ray, R. D., Rickards, L., Santamaria-Gomez, A., Stammer, D., Staneva, J., Testut, L., Thompson, K., Thompson, P., Vignudelli, S., Williams, J., Williams, S. D. P., Woppelmann, G., Zanna, L., & Zhang, X. Towards comprehensive observing and modeling systems for monitoring and predicting regional to coastal sea level. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 437, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00437.
    Description: A major challenge for managing impacts and implementing effective mitigation measures and adaptation strategies for coastal zones affected by future sea level (SL) rise is our limited capacity to predict SL change at the coast on relevant spatial and temporal scales. Predicting coastal SL requires the ability to monitor and simulate a multitude of physical processes affecting SL, from local effects of wind waves and river runoff to remote influences of the large-scale ocean circulation on the coast. Here we assess our current understanding of the causes of coastal SL variability on monthly to multi-decadal timescales, including geodetic, oceanographic and atmospheric aspects of the problem, and review available observing systems informing on coastal SL. We also review the ability of existing models and data assimilation systems to estimate coastal SL variations and of atmosphere-ocean global coupled models and related regional downscaling efforts to project future SL changes. We discuss (1) observational gaps and uncertainties, and priorities for the development of an optimal and integrated coastal SL observing system, (2) strategies for advancing model capabilities in forecasting short-term processes and projecting long-term changes affecting coastal SL, and (3) possible future developments of sea level services enabling better connection of scientists and user communities and facilitating assessment and decision making for adaptation to future coastal SL change.
    Description: RP was funded by NASA grant NNH16CT00C. CD was supported by the Australian Research Council (FT130101532 and DP 160103130), the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Working Group 148, funded by national SCOR committees and a grant to SCOR from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1546580), and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO/International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IOC/IODE) IQuOD Steering Group. SJ was supported by the Natural Environmental Research Council under Grant Agreement No. NE/P01517/1 and by the EPSRC NEWTON Fund Sustainable Deltas Programme, Grant Number EP/R024537/1. RvdW received funding from NWO, Grant 866.13.001. WH was supported by NASA (NNX17AI63G and NNX17AH25G). CL was supported by NASA Grant NNH16CT01C. This work is a contribution to the PIRATE project funded by CNES (to TP). PT was supported by the NOAA Research Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program through its sponsorship of UHSLC (NA16NMF4320058). JS was supported by EU contract 730030 (call H2020-EO-2016, “CEASELESS”). JW was supported by EU Horizon 2020 Grant 633211, Atlantos.
    Keywords: Coastal sea level ; Sea-level trends ; Coastal ocean modeling ; Coastal impacts ; Coastal adaptation ; Observational gaps ; Integrated observing system
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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