Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- R.H. Carcasson 1918-1982 -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Biology -- General behaviour -- Early stage biology -- Gazetteer and list of regional works -- Biogeography -- Butterflies and the Afrotropical Region -- African regional geography -- African climate and vegetation -- Climatic changes during the late Tertiary and Quaternary -- Speciation, subspeciation and vicariance -- Segregation mechanisms -- Re-integration of disjunct populations -- Afrotropical faunistic regions -- Sylvan sub-region -- Sub-region of open formations -- Cape sub-region -- Malgassy sub-region -- Special habitats -- Eclectic species -- Faunal affinities -- Anomalous discontinuities -- Diversity, endemism and conservation -- The Catalogue -- Scope -- Conventions -- Nomenclatorial chances -- Abbreviations -- Hesperioidea -- Hesperiidae -- Coeliadinae -- Pyrginae -- Hesperiinae -- Papilionoidea -- Papilionidae -- Papilioninae -- Troidini -- Papilionini -- Lampropterini -- Pieridae -- Pseudopontiinae -- Coliadinae -- Pierinae -- Euchloini -- Pierini -- Nymphalidae -- Acraeinae -- Danainae -- Danaini -- Euploeini -- Satyrinae -- Melanitini -- Elymniini -- Satyrini -- Argynninae -- Melitaeinae -- Nymphalinae -- Limenitinae -- Biblini -- Cyrestini -- Neptini -- Limenitini -- Euthalini -- Charaxinae -- Apaturinae -- Libytheinae -- Lycaenidae -- Lipteninae -- Pentilini -- Liptenini -- Liphyrinae -- Miletinae -- Miletini -- Spalgini -- Lachnocnemini -- Theclinae -- Amblypodini -- Oxylidini -- Cheritrini -- Aphnaeini -- Iolaini -- Hypolycaenini -- Deudorigini -- Lycaeninae -- Polyommatinae -- Lycaenesthini -- Polyommatini -- Riodinidae -- Hamearinae -- Addendum -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Elements of Molecular Neurobiology Third Edition -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- 1 Introductory Orientation -- 1.1 Outline of Nervous Systems -- 1.2 Vertebrate Nervous Systems -- 1.3 Cells of the Nervous Systems -- 1.3.1 Neurons -- 1.3.2 Glia -- 1.4 Organisation of Synapses -- 1.5 Organisation of Neurons in the Brain -- 2 The Conformation of Informational Macromolecules -- 2.1 Proteins -- 2.1.1 Primary Structure -- 2.1.2 Secondary Structure -- 2.1.3 Tertiary Structure -- 2.1.4 Quaternary Structure -- 2.1.5 Molecular Chaperones -- 2.2 Nucleic Acids -- 2.2.1 DNA -- 2.2.2 RNA -- 2.3 Conclusion -- 3 Information Processing in Cells -- 3.1 The Genetic Code -- 3.2 Replication -- 3.3 'DNA Makes RNA and RNA Makes Protein' -- 3.3.1 Transcription -- 3.3.2 Post-transcriptional Processing -- 3.3.3 Translation -- BOX 3.1: Antisense and triplex oligonucleotides -- 3.4 Control of the Expression of Genetic Information -- 3.4.1 Genomic Control -- 3.4.2 Transcriptional Control -- BOX 3.2: Oncogenes, proto-oncogenes and IEGs -- 3.4.3 Post-transcriptional Control -- 3.4.4 Translational Control -- 3.4.5 Post-translational Control -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4 Molecular Evolution -- 4.1 Mutation -- 4.1.1 Point Mutations -- 4.1.2 Proof-reading and Repair Mechanisms -- 4.1.3 Chromosomal Mutations -- 4.2 Protein Evolution -- 4.2.1 Evolutionary Development of Protein Molecules and Phylogenetic Relationships -- 4.2.2 Evolutionary Relationships of Different Proteins -- 4.2.3 Evolution by Differential Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Processing: the Opioids and Other Neuroactive Peptides -- 4.3 Conclusion -- 5 Manipulating Biomolecules -- 5.1 Restriction Endonucleases -- 5.2 Separation of Restriction Fragments -- 5.3 Restriction Maps -- 5.4 Recombination -- 5.5 Cloning -- 5.5.1 Plasmids -- 5.5.2 Phage. , 5.5.3 Cosmids -- 5.5.4 Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) -- 5.5.5 Yeast Artifical Chromosomes (YACs) -- 5.6 Isolating Bacteria Containing Recombinant Plasmids or Phage -- 5.7 The 'Shotgun' Construction of 'Genomic' Gene Libraries -- 5.8 A Technique for Finding a Gene in the Library -- 5.9 Construction of a 'cDNA' Gene Library -- 5.10 Fishing for Genes in a cDNA Library -- 5.11 Positional Cloning -- 5.12 The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) -- 5.13 Sequence Analysis of DNA -- 5.14 Prokaryotic Expression Vectors for Eukaryotic DNA -- 5.15 Xenopus Oocyte as an Expression Vector for Membrane Proteins -- 5.16 Site-directed Mutagenesis -- 5.17 Gene Targeting and Knockout Genetics -- 5.18 Targeted Gene Expression -- 5.19 Hybridisation Histochemistry -- 5.20 DNA Chips -- 5.21 Conclusion -- 6 Genomics -- 6.1 Some History -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.3 Salient Features of the Human Genome -- 6.4 The Genes of Neuropathology -- 6.5 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) -- 6.6 Other Genomes -- 6.7 Conclusion -- 7 Biomembranes -- 7.1 Lipids -- 7.1.1 Phospholipids -- 7.1.2 Glycolipids -- 7.1.3 Cholesterol -- 7.2 Membrane Order and Fluidity -- 7.3 Membrane Asymmetry -- 7.4 Proteins -- 7.5 Mobility of Membrane Proteins -- 7.6 Synthesis of Biomembranes -- 7.7 Myelin and Myelination -- 7.8 The Submembranous Cytoskeleton -- 7.9 Junctions Between Cells -- 7.9.1 Tight Junctions -- 7.9.2 Gap Junctions -- 7.10 Gap Junctions and Neuropathology -- 7.10.1 Deafness -- 7.10.2 Cataract -- 7.10.3 Charcot-Marie-Tooth (Type 2) Disease -- 7.10.4 Spreading Hyperexcitability (Epilepsy) and Hypoexcitability (Spreading Depression) -- 7.11 Conclusion and Forward Look -- 8 G-protein-coupled Receptors -- 8.1 Messengers and Receptors -- 8.2 The 7TM Serpentine Receptors -- 8.3 G-proteins -- BOX 8.1: The GTPase superfamily -- 8.4 G-protein Collision-coupling Systems. , 8.5 Effectors and Second Messengers -- 8.5.1. Adenylyl Cyclases -- 8.5.2 PIP(2)-phospholipase (Phospholipase C-b) -- 8.6 Synaptic Significance of 'Collision-coupling' Systems -- 8.7 Networks of G-protein Signalling Systems -- 8.8 The Adrenergic Receptor (AR) -- 8.9 The Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (mAChR) -- 8.10 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs) -- 8.11 Neurokinin Receptors (NKRs) -- 8.12 Cannabinoid Receptors (CBRs) -- 8.13 Rhodopsin -- 8.14 Cone Opsins -- 8.15 Conclusion -- 9 Pumps -- 9.1 Energetics -- 9.2 The Na(+)+K(+) Pump -- 9.3 The Calcium Pump -- BOX 9.1: Calmodulin -- 9.4 Other Pumps and Transport Mechanisms -- 9.5 Conclusion -- 10 Ligand-gated Ion Channels -- 10.1 The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor -- 10.1.1 Structure -- 10.1.2 Function -- 10.1.3 Development -- 10.1.4 Pathologies -- 10.1.5 CNS Acetylcholine Receptors -- BOX 10.1: Evolution of the nAChRs -- 10.2 The GABA(A) Receptor -- 10.2.1 Pathology -- 10.3 The Glycine Receptor -- 10.4 Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors (iGluRs) -- 10.4.1 AMPA Receptors -- 10.4.2 KA Receptors -- 10.4.3 NMDA Receptors -- BOX 10.2: The inositol triphosphate (IP(3) or InsP(3)) receptor -- 10.5 Purinoceptors -- 10.6 Conclusion -- 11 Voltage-gated Channels -- 11.1 The KcsA Channel -- 11.2 Neuronal K(+) Channels -- 11.2.1 2TM(1P) Channels -- Kir Channels -- 11.2.2 4TM(2P) Channels -- K(+) Leak Channels -- 11.2.3 6TM(1P) Channels -- K(v) Channels -- BOX 11.1: Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels -- 11.3 Ca(2+) Channels -- 11.3.1 Structure -- 11.3.2 Diversity -- 11.3.3 Biophysics -- 11.4 Na(+) Channels -- 11.4.1 Structure -- 11.4.2 Diversity -- 11.4.3 Biophysics -- 11.5 Ion Selectivity and Voltage Sensitivity -- 11.5.1 Ion Selectivity -- 11.5.2 Voltage Sensitivity -- 11.6 Voltage-Sensitive Chloride Channels -- 11.6.1 CIC Channels -- 11.6.2 CIn Channels -- 11.6.3 Phospholemman -- 11.7 Channelopathies. , 11.7.1 Potassium Channels -- 11.7.2 Calcium Channels -- 11.7.3 Sodium Channels -- 11.7.4 Chloride Channels -- 11.8 Evolution of Ion Channels -- 11.9 Conclusion and Forward Look -- 12 Resting Potentials and Cable Conduction -- 12.1 Measurement of the Resting Potential -- 12.2 The Origin of the Resting Potential -- 12.3 Electrotonic Potentials and Cable Conduction -- 12.3.1 Length -- 12.3.2 Diameter -- 12.4 Conclusion -- 13 Sensory Transduction -- 13.1 Chemoreceptors -- 13.1.1 Chemosensitivity in Prokaryocytes -- 13.1.2 Chemosensitivity in Vertebrates -- 13.2 Photoreceptors -- BOX 13.1: Retinitis pigmentosa -- 13.3 Mechanoreceptors -- 13.3.1 A Prokaryote Mechanoreceptor -- 13.3.2 Mechanosensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans -- 13.3.3 Mechanosensitivity in Vertebrates: Hair Cells -- 13.4 Conclusion -- 14 The Action Potential -- 14.1 Voltage-clamp Analyses -- 14.2 Patch-clamp Analyses -- 14.3 Propagation of the Action Potential -- BOX 14.1: Early history of the impulse -- 14.4 Initiation of the Impulse -- BOX 14.2: Switching off neurons by manipulating K(+) channels -- 14.5 Rate of Propagation -- 14.6 Conclusion -- 15 The Neuron as a Secretory Cell -- 15.1 Neurons and Secretions -- 15.2 Synthesis in the Perikaryon -- 15.2.1 Co-translational Insertion -- 15.2.2 The Golgi Body and Post-translational Modification -- 15.3 Transport Along the Axon -- 15.3.1 Microfilaments -- 15.3.2 Intermediate Filaments (IFs) -- BOX 15.1: Subcellular geography of protein biosynthesis in neurons -- 15.3.3 Microtubules (MTs) -- 15.3.4 The Axonal Cytoskeleton -- 15.3.5 Axoplasmic Transport Summarised -- 15.4 Exocytosis and Endocytosis at the Synaptic Terminal -- 15.4.1 Vesicle Mustering -- 15.4.2 The Ca(2+) Trigger -- 15.4.3 Vesicle Docking -- 15.4.4 Transmitter Release -- 15.4.5 Dissociation of Fusion Complex and Retrieval and Reconstitution of Vesicle Membrane. , 15.4.6 Refilling of Vesicle -- BOX 15.2: Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters -- 15.4.7 Termination of Transmitter Release -- 15.4.8 Modulation of Release -- 15.5 Conclusion -- 16 Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators -- 16.1 Acetylcholine -- BOX 16.1: Criteria for neurotransmitters -- 16.2 Amino Acids -- 16.2.1 Excitatory Amino Acids (EAAs): Glutamic Acid and Aspartic Acid -- 16.2.2 Inhibitory Amino Acids (IAAs): g-Aminobutyric Acid and Glycine -- BOX 16.2: Otto Loewi and vagusstoff -- 16.3 Serotonin (=5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) -- 16.4 Catecholamines -- 16.4.1 Dopamine (DA) -- 16.4.2 Noradrenaline (=Norepinephrine, NE) -- 16.5 Purines -- 16.6 Cannabinoids -- BOX 16.3: Reuptake neurotransmitter transporters -- 16.7 Peptides -- 16.7.1 Substance P -- 16.7.2 Enkephalins -- 16.8 Cohabitation of Peptides and Non-peptides -- 16.9 Nitric Oxide (NO) -- 16.10 Conclusion -- 17 The Postsynaptic Cell -- 17.1 Synaptosomes -- 17.2 The Postsynaptic Density -- 17.3 Electrophysiology of the Postsynaptic Membrane -- 17.3.1 The Excitatory Synapse -- BOX 17.1: Cajal, Sherrington and the beginnings of synaptology -- 17.3.2 The Inhibitory Synapse -- 17.3.3 Interaction of EPSPs and IPSPs -- 17.4 Ion Channels in the Postsynaptic Membrane -- 17.5 Second Messenger Control of Ion Channels -- 17.6 Second Messenger Control of Gene Expression -- 17.7 The Pinealocyte -- 17.8 Conclusion and Forward Look -- 18 Developmental Genetics of the Brain -- 18.1 Introduction: 'Ontology Recapitulates Phylogeny' -- 18.2 Establishing an Anteroposterior (A-P) Axis in Drosophila -- 18.3 Initial Subdivision of the Drosophila Embryo -- 18.4 The A-P Axis in Vertebrate Central Nervous Systems -- 18.5 Segmentation Genes in Mus musculus -- 18.6 Homeosis and Homeotic Mutations -- 18.7 Homeobox Genes -- 18.8 Homeobox Genes and the Early Development of the Brain. , 18.9 POU Genes and Neuronal Differentiation.

Note: Intro -- QUINONES: OCCURRENCE,MEDICINAL USES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE -- QUINONES: OCCURRENCE, MEDICINAL USES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: DIHYDROPYRIMIDINONE DERIVATIVES: REDOX REACTIVITY, PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE AND MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. OXIDATIONS -- 2. REDUCTION -- 3. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF BENZOQUINONES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. ENDOGENOUSLY OCCURRING BENZOQUINONES -- 2. EXOGENOUSLY OCCURRING BENZOQUINONES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: QUINONE MONOACETAL COMPOUNDS IN APPLICATION TO CONTROLLED REACTIONS WITH NUCLEOPHILES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. EFFICIENT PREPARATION OF QUINONE MONOACETALS -- 2. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE REACTIVITIES OF QUINONE MONOACETALS TOWARD NUCLEOPHILES -- 3. INTRAMOLECULAR REACTIONS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: CATECHOLQUINONES AS SUBSTRATES OF THE NRH: QUINONE OXIDOREDUCTASE 2 IN THE BRAIN AND RETINA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CATECHOL QUINONES -- 3. NQO2 REDUCING CATHECHOL QUINONES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: PLASMA MEMBRANE COQ, PORIN, AND REDOX CONTROL OF AUTISM -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SENTINELS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE REDOX CONTROL -- REQUIREMENT OF Q IN PM MEDIATED REDUCTION OF FECN6 -- PLASMA MEMBRANE COENZYME Q IS REQUIRED FOR FULL REDOX FUNCTION OF VDAC -- COQ10 IS REQUIRED FOR NADH-FERRICYANIDE REDUCTION IN DIVERSE SPECIES -- VDAC AND REDOX CONTROL OF PORIN IN AUTISM -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- METHODS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Introduction: Technology, Science and Culture in the Long Nineteenth Century -- 1 'Objects of national importance': Exploration, Mapping and Measurement -- 2 Power and Wealth: Reputations and Rivalries in Steam Culture -- 3 Belief in Steamers: Making Trustworthy the Iron Steamship -- 4 Building Railway Empires: Promises in Space and Time -- 5 'The most gigantic electrical experiment': The Trials of Telegraphy -- Conclusion: Cultures of Technological Expertise -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- Aim -- Analysis -- Comparison of Forest Biomass Supply Chains from the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Quantifying Forest Biomass Mobilisation Potential in the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Environmental Sustainability Aspects of Forest Biomass Mobilisation -- Challenges and Opportunities of Logistics and Economics of Forest Biomass Mobilisation -- Economic and Social Aspects of Forest Biomass Mobilisation -- Challenges and Opportunities for the Conversion Technologies Used to Make Forest Biomass-Based Bioenergy and Biofuels -- Challenges and Opportunities of International Trade of Forest Biomass -- Constraints and Success Factors for Woody Biomass Energy Systems in Two Countries with Minimal Moody Biomass Energy Sectors -- Summary of opportunities -- Technological and Institutional Learning -- Trade -- Organisation Structures -- Improvement of Supply Chain Data Reporting -- Integration of Energy and Forest Systems -- Management of Biomass Quality -- Integrated Planning of Bioenergy and Conventional Wood Products -- Conversion Efficiency and Cascading Use -- Integrated Forest Land Planning for Energy, Conventional Wood Products and Ecosystem Services -- Development of a Shared Vision -- Recognition of Different Views and Understandings -- Development of Common Sustainability Criteria -- Development of Common Technical Standards -- Conclusions -- Chapter 1 - Introduction -- Highlights -- Introduction -- General aim of the book -- References -- Chapter 2 - Comparison of Forest Biomass Supply Chains From the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Supply -- Demand -- Country profiles -- Geographical and Socio-Economic Characteristics -- Energy Profile -- Forest Sector -- Supply chain description. , Australia -- Belgium -- Canada -- Croatia -- Denmark -- Finland -- Germany -- Ireland -- New Zealand -- Norway -- Sweden -- United States -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 - Quantifying Forest Biomass Mobilisation Potential in the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Roundwood-to-NPP Ratio -- Forest NPP -- Roundwood Production -- Bioenergy-to-Roundwood Ratio -- Forest Bioenergy Production -- Analysis -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 - Environmental Sustainability Aspects of Forest Biomass Mobilisation -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Background -- Analysis -- Land-Use Change -- Implications of Forest Biomass Removal From Existing Forest Areas -- Soil and Site Productivity -- Surface and Ground Waters -- Biodiversity -- Carbon and Climate Change -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 - Challenges and Opportunities of Logistics and Economics of Forest Biomass -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Matching supply to demand -- Spatial and Temporal Challenges of Feedstock Supply -- Chipping of Forest Biomass -- Management of the Harvesting, Chipping and Transport Processes -- Predicting and Managing Fuel Quality -- Economics and overall quality of supply -- Economic Sustainability of Feedstock Supply -- Overall Quality and Trust in the Supply Chain -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 - Economic and Social Barriers Affecting Forest Bioenergy Mobilisation: A Review of the Literature -- Introduction -- Impact classification and methodological approaches -- Economic Versus Social Impacts -- Economic -- Social -- Methodological Approaches -- Review of results -- Economic Impacts -- Social Impacts -- Barriers to bioenergy market development -- Summary and conclusions -- References. , Chapter 7 - Challenges and Opportunities for the Conversion Technologies Used to Make Forest Bioenergy -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Forest biomass feedstocks and conversion technologies -- Biomass Upgrading -- Pelletisation -- Pyrolysis -- Gasification -- Biochemical Conversion -- Biomass Applications and Conversion Technologies -- Forest Biomass in the Energy Sector -- Bioenergy Conversion Technologies for Forest Biomass -- Biomass for Heat Generation -- Domestic Heating and Cooking -- District Heating and Cooling -- Industrial Heating -- Biomass for Power and CHP Generation -- Biomass-Based Power Plants -- Co-Firing -- Biomass-Based Co-Generation -- Major biomass-to-energy users -- Finland -- Sweden -- The United States -- Canada -- Challenges and opportunities for forest biomass based energy conversion technologies -- Technological Challenges -- Market Challenges -- Policy Challenges -- Opportunities for Forest Biomass-Based Energy and Conversion Technologies -- Improvement in Conversion Efficiency -- Rural Development -- Emissions Reduction and Enhanced Energy Security -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 - Challenges and Opportunities for International Trade in Forest Biomass -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Demand markets -- European Union -- Belgium -- Denmark -- The Netherlands -- Sweden -- The United Kingdom -- Asia -- North America -- Global Demand by 2020 -- Supply regions -- Key Regions of Woody Biomass Production up to 2013 -- Key Regions of Woody Biomass Production by 2020 -- Sustainability requirements and certification status -- Sustainability and Certification Requirements in Key Industrial Demand Markets in the EU -- The United Kingdom -- Belgium -- The Netherlands -- Denmark -- Supply-side Certification Status and Volume Estimates -- Canada -- The United States -- Russia. , Discussion: supply limitations and potential trade barriers -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 - Constraints and Success Factors for Woody Biomass Energy Systems in Two Countries with Minimal Bioenergy Sectors -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Analysis -- Comparing Austria, Finland, Germany and Sweden with Australia and Canada -- National Forest Sectors -- Energy Sectors -- Government Support -- Socio-Political Factors -- Local Expertise -- Successful Niche Applications of Bioenergy Systems in Canada and Australia -- Challenges and Opportunities of Niche Applications in Countries Without Broadly Successful Woody Biomass Energy Sectors -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 - Challenges and Opportunities for the Mobilisation of Forest Bioenergy in the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Challenges -- Variability of Supply Chains -- Policy -- Logistics -- Trade -- Environmental and Social Sustainability -- Opportunities and solutions -- Technological and Institutional Learning -- Trade -- Organisation Structures -- Improvement of Supply Chain Data Reporting -- Integration of Energy and Forest Systems -- Management of Biomass Quality -- Integrated Planning of Bioenergy and Conventional Wood Products -- Conversion Efficiency and Cascading Use -- Integrated Forest Land Planning for Energy, Conventional Wood Products and Ecosystem Services -- Development of a Shared Vision -- Recognition of Different Views and Understandings -- Development of Common Sustainability Criteria -- Development of Common Technical Standards -- Mobilisation of forest bioenergy potential -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Abbreviations -- Unit Conversion -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- Back cover.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Chapter 1: Beginnings: Ventricular Psychology -- 1.1 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Return of the Repressed: Spinozan Ideas in the History of the Mind and Brain Sciences -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Spinoza's Philosophy -- 2.2.1 Nature as a Whole -- 2.2.2 Singular Things -- 2.2.3 Human Psychology: Cognition and Emotion -- 2.3 The Reception of Spinoza's Ideas -- 2.3.1 Enlightenment Thought and Research -- 2.3.2 Nineteenth-Century Research -- 2.3.3 Spinozan Concepts in Recent Mind/Brain Research -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: 'Struck, As It Were, with Madness': Phenomenology and Animal Spirits in the Neuropathology of Thomas Willis -- 3.1 Willis's Felt Neuropathology -- 3.2 Willis's Two Souls -- 3.3 Sensions and Spirits -- 3.4 Vital Medicine -- 3.5 Treating Spirits -- 3.6 Neuropathology's Mad Core -- References -- Chapter 4: Hooke's Mechanical Mind -- 4.1 Background -- 4.2 Descartes -- 4.3 Standard Difficulties with the Cartesian Model -- 4.4 Descartes's Dualistic Legacy -- 4.5 Hooke's End Run Around the Problem -- References -- Chapter 5: Joseph Priestley: An Instructive Eighteenth Century Perspective on the Mind-Body Problem -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Priestley's Approach to the Mind-Body Problem -- 5.2.1 Cartesian Dualism -- 5.2.2 Priestley's Rejection of Dualism -- 5.2.3 Mind Never Exists Independently of Matter -- 5.2.4 Matter Never Exists Independently of Forces and Forces Move Matter Without Contact -- 5.2.5 Consequences for Mind-Body Problem -- 5.3 The Physical-Nonphysical Divide Has No Status -- 5.4 Priestleyan Reasoning and Current Discussions of Qualia -- 5.5 Final Remarks -- References. , Chapter 6: Reflections of Western Thinking on Nineteenth Century Ottoman Thought: A Critique of the 'Hard -Problem' by Spyridon Mavrogenis, a Nineteenth Century Physiologist -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ottoman Contributions to Medical Science -- 6.3 Who Was Spyridon Mavrogenis? -- 6.4 The Structure of Spyridon Mavrogenis' Treatise -- 6.5 The "Eastern" Perception of Western Thinking as It That Relates to the Hard-Problem -- 6.6 Spyridon Mavrogenis' Perception of Nature and His Position on the Applicability of the Natural Laws to Biology -- 6.7 Spyridon Mavrogenis' Perception of the Soul and Its Relation to Life -- 6.8 Spyridon Mavrogenis' Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: George Henry Lewes (1817-1878): Embodied Cognition, Vitalism, and the Evolution of Symbolic Perception -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Mind, Body and Brain -- 7.3 Automata, Physicalism and Vitalism -- 7.4 The 'Social Medium' and Symbolic Thought -- 7.5 The Twenty First Century Relevance of Lewes' Problems -- 7.6 Lewes and the Hard Problem -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Herbert Spencer: Brain, Mind and the Hard Problem -- 8.1 Origins of The Principles of Psychology -- 8.2 The 'Universal Postulate' -- 8.3 The Experience Hypothesis -- 8.4 Subject and Object -- 8.5 Spencer and Descartes -- 8.6 Neurophysiology and the 'Hard Problem' -- 8.7 Evolution and the Hard Problem -- 8.8 Panpsychism? -- 8.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Problems of Consciousness in Nineteenth Century British and American Neurology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Instincts -- 9.3 Reflexes -- 9.4 Localization of Brain Functions -- 9.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Emil du Bois-Reymond's Reflections on Consciousness -- 10.1 The Limits of Science -- 10.2 The Seven Enigmas -- 10.3 Sources and Significance -- 10.4 The Famous Old Bear -- References. , Chapter 11: William James and the "Theatre" of Consciousness -- 11.1 Volition: The Selective Agency of Consciousness -- 11.2 Evolving Forces: Psychical Research, Psychophysics, and the New Physics -- 11.3 James's Inheritors: Neurophenomenology and Physics -- 11.4 Conclusion: The Social Force Fields of Consciousness -- References -- Chapter 12: The Enigmatic Deciphering of the Neuronal Code of Word Meaning -- References -- Chapter 13: Alfred North Whitehead and the History of Consciousness -- 13.1 Placing Whitehead in Historical Context -- 13.2 Brief Introduction to Whitehead's Natural Philosophy -- 13.3 Chalmers, Whitehead, and the Hard Problem of Conscious Experience -- 13.4 Framing the Question -- 13.5 The Relationship Between Consciousness and Experience -- 13.6 The Subjective/Objective Distinction -- 13.7 Cause and Conscious Experience -- 13.8 A Few Implications of Whitehead's Natural Philosophy -- References -- Chapter 14: The 'Hard Problem' and the Cartesian Strand in British Neurophysiology: Huxley, Foster, Sherrington, Eccles -- 14.1 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 15: Is There a Link Between Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness? -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics -- 15.1.2 The Double Slit Experiment -- 15.2 The Measurement Problem -- 15.2.1 The Paradoxes of Schrödinger's Cat and Wigner's Friend -- 15.3 Interpretations -- 15.3.1 Bohr's 'Copenhagen' or 'Orthodox' Interpretation -- 15.3.2 The Heisenberg-Dirac 'Propensity' Interpretation -- 15.3.3 Bohm's 'Pilot Wave ' or 'Hidden Variables ' and 'Real- Particle' Interpretation -- 15.3.4 Everett's "Relative State" or " Parallel World's " ( "Many Worlds") Interpretation -- 15.3.4.1 Problems with the Many Worlds Interpretation -- 15.3.4.2 Variations to the Many Worlds Interpretation -- Variation due to Squires -- Variation due to Deutsch. , Variation due to Lockwood -- Variation due to Albert and Loewer -- 15.4 Quantum Theories of Mind -- 15.4.1 Stapp's Theory -- 15.4.2 Hodgson's Theory -- 15.4.3 Penrose's Theory -- 15.4.4 Eccles's Early Quantum Theory of Mind -- 15.4.5 Ricciardi, Umezawa, Freeman and Vitiello's Quantum Field Theory of Mind -- 15.5 Penrose and the Brain as a Quantum Computer -- 15.6 Decoherence -- 15.6.1 Decoherence Mechanisms in the Brain -- 15.6.2 Decoherence and 'Collapse' Approaches -- 15.6.3 Problems with Decoherence -- 15.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: Consciousness and Neuronal Microtubules: The Penrose-Hameroff Quantum Model in Retrospect -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Neuron Structure and the Cytoskeleton -- 16.3 Microtubules -- 16.4 Microtubules Involved in Consciousness -- 16.5 Microtubules as Capable Computing Devices -- 16.6 Coherent Quantum States in Microtubules -- 16.7 Periodic Self-Reductions in Coherence of Quantum Superposition -- 16.8 The Emergence of Consciousness -- 16.9 Reactions and Contrarreactions -- 16.10 Historical Precedents -- 16.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 17: Zombie Dawn: Slavery and the Self in the Twenty-First Century -- 17.1 Dead Souls -- 17.2 Dead Men Working -- 17.3 Dead on Arrival -- 17.4 Day of the Dead -- References -- Chapter 18: Mind and Brain: Toward an Understanding of Dualism -- 18.1 The Views of Antiquity -- 18.2 The Medieval Perspective -- 18.3 The Cartesian Formulation -- 18.4 What Does Mind-Body Dualism Mean Now? -- References.

Note: Front Cover -- Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: Dislocation Damping 1 -- Chapter 1. Dislocation Relaxation Peaks -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BORDONI PEAK -- OTHER PEAKS IN FCC METALS -- PEAKS IN BCC AND HEXAGONAL METALS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. The Bordoni Peak in Copper Single Crystals at Kilohertz Frequencies -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. Evidence of Peierls Nabarro Stress by Microdeformation and Attenuation Experiments -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. Dislocation Internal Friction Peaks in Body-Centred Cubic Metals -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- ON THE Y RELATION IN TANTALUM -- THE α AND δ RELAXATION IN NIOBIUM -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. The α-Maximum in Ta Investigated in the 1Hz-Frequency Range1 -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. -- Chapter 6. Study for Observation Conditions for α and γ Relaxation in Niobium -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. Oscillation Amplitude Dependence of Internal Friction Peaks α, γ, ßα and ßγ in Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8. The a and ß1 Peaks in Deformed and/or Irradiated Pure Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 9. Dislocation Relaxation Peaks in Pure and Doped Iron -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10. An Analysis of the α Peak in Niobium and Vanadium by Means of the Schoeck Theory -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11. Study of Dislocation Mobility by Coupling of Low and High Frequency Applied Stresses -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12. Effects of Cyclic Deformation and Irradiation at Low Temperature on the Internal Friction of Pure Aluminium -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- MODEL -- DISCUSSION -- IRRADIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13. Modulus Effect and Internal Friction in Cold Worked Copper and Some Copper Based Solid Solutions -- EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND RESULTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14. Influence of the Sample Pre-Treatment upon the Cold-Work Effects of Internal Friction in Copper -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. Internal Friction of High Purity Magnesium after Plastic Deformation -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- AKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16. Internal Friction in Zr after Deformation -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- Chapter 17. Characterization of the Peaking Effect in Copper and Silver -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18. A New Damping Model for the "Peaking Effect -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- SYNTHESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- MODEL -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 19. Interpretation of the 'Peaking Effect' -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL -- RATE-EQUATION TREATMENT OF THE PINNING-UNPINNING KINETICS -- PREDICTION OF A PEAKING EFFECT WITHIN THE VIBRATING-STRING APPROXIMATION -- DISCUSSION AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20. A Model of the Internal Friction Observedin Crystalline Solids in the Pre-Plastic Region at Low Frequencies -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- THE MODEL -- BOLTZMANN SUPERPOSITION -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part 2: Zener Relaxation -- Chapter 21. The Zener Relaxation: A Convenient Tool to Study Vacancy Sources and Sinks in a Metal Lattice -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- DESCRIPTION OF EQUILIBRATION KINETICS -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON ZENER RELAXATION METHODS -- RESISTOMETRIC AND ANELASTIC APPROACHES : A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS -- ANELASTIC STUDIES IN AgZn SOLID SOLUTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22. The Production Rate of Point Defects by Irradiation: A Comparative Study in a Ag-24 at % Zn Alloy, for γ-Rays, Fast Electrons and Reactor Neutrons -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 23. The Migration Properties of Self-Interstitials in Concentrated α-AgZn Solid Solutions -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- BACKGROUND -- RESULTS -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 24. Stress-Induced and Short Range Ordering:A Dual Approach to Vacancy Properties.Application to a Cu-30 at.% Zn Alloy -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- STRAIN RELAXATION RESULTS -- RESISTIVITY RESULTS -- COMPARISON OF ANELASTICITY AND RESISTIVITY CURVES -- APPLICATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF ACTIVATION ENERGIES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 25. The Zener Relaxation in Ternary Cu-Ni-Zn Alloys -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS OF THE PHASE DIAGRAM OF CuNiZn -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part 3: Dislocation Damping 2 -- Chapter 26. Low-Frequency "Amplitude Peaks" in the Internal Friction Associated with theInteraction of Substitutional Solute Atom swith Dislocations in Aluminium Alloys -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- FURTHER CONFIRMATION OF THE AMPLITUDE PEAK, AGING PEAK, AND TEMPERATURE PEAK -- WHY A DISLOCATION-KINK CONCEPT ISNECESSARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 27. New Study of Interactions Between Dislocations and Solute Atoms in Aluminium Through Ultrasonic Attenuation Change Induced by Bias Stress -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- MAIN RESULTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCE -- Chapter 28. Internal Friction and Dislocation - Solute Interactions in Titanium -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 29. Influence of Doping and Deformation on the Internal Friction of Electron Irradiated Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 30. Amplitude Dependent Internal Friction and Modulus Effect in Copper Single Crystals -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- References -- Chapter 31. Determination of Threshold Energies by Dislocation Pinning Experiments in Copper and Silver -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNICS -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 32. Some Effects of Electron Irradiation on the Internal Friction of High Purity Molybdenum -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS. , DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 33. Relaxation Phenomena Connected with the Stage III in Irradiated Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 34. Transient Increase of the Magnetomechanical Damping Induced by Structural Defects in Iron -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- STRAINING EFFECT -- EFFECT OF PRECIPITATED CARBIDES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 35. Influence of d.c. Magnetic Field over Magnetomechanical Damping of High Purity Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- INTERPRETATION. DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 36. Different Mechanisms of Anelastic and Ferromagnetic Relaxation Due to Defectsin Neutron Irradiated Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 37. Hydrogen-Dislocation Interaction and Hydrogen-Reordering Processes in Palladium/Platinum Alloys -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part 4: Polymers -- Chapter 38. Dynamics of Polymer Networks at High Ultrasonic Frequencies -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 39. Study of the Glass Transition on Polymers by Isothermal Internal Friction Measurements -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL METHOD -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 40. A Spectroscopic Method for Measurement of the Ultrasonic Properties of Polymers -Method and Limitations -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PRINCIPLE OF THE TECHNIQUE -- PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION -- LIMITATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 41. The Evaluation of Molecular Size Distribution Parameters for Linear Chain Polymers by Means of Relaxation Experiments.

Note: Intro -- Biology of Sensory Systems -- CONTENTS -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- PART I:PRELIMINARIES -- Chapter 1 Elements -- 1.1 Allosteric Effectors -- 1.2 Membranes -- 1.2.1 Lipids -- 1.2.2 Proteins -- 1.2.3 Mobility of Proteins -- 1.3 Membrane Signalling Systems -- 1.3.1 Receptor Molecules -- 1.3.2 G-proteins -- 1.3.3 Effectors and Second Messengers -- 1.4 Channels and Gates -- 1.4.1 TRPChannels -- 1.4.2 Ligand-Gated Ion Channels (LGICs) -- 1.4.3 Voltage-Gated Ion Channels (VGICs) -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 2 Membranes, Action Potentials, Synapses -- 2.1 The Measurement of Resting Potentials -- 2.2 The Ionic Bases of Resting Potentials -- 2.3 Electrotonic Potentials and Cable Conduction -- 2.4 Receptor and Generator Potentials -- 2.5 Sensory Adaptation -- 2.6 Action Potentials -- 2.7 Synapses and Synaptic Transmission -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 3 General Features of Sensory Systems -- 3.1 Classification of the Senses -- 3.2 Modality -- 3.3 Intensity -- 3.4 Adaptation -- 3.5 Receptive Fields -- 3.6 Maps of Sensory Surfaces -- 3.7 Hierarchical and Parallel Design -- 3.8 Feature Extraction and Trigger Stimuli -- 3.9 Concluding Remarks -- Box 3.1 Hermann von Helmholtz -- Chapter 4 Classification and Phylogeny -- 4.1 Systematics -- 4.2 Classification into Six Kingdoms -- 4.3 Unicellularity -- 4.4 Multicellularity -- 4.5 Protostomes and Deuterostomes -- 4.6 Classification of the Metazoa -- 4.7 Evolution of Nervous Systems -- 4.7.1 Cnidaria -- 4.7.2 Platyhelminthes -- 4.7.3 Nematoda -- 4.7.4 Annelida -- 4.7.5 Arthropoda -- 4.7.6 Mollusca -- 4.7.7 Echinodermata -- 4.7.8 Chordata -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 5 Genes, Genomics and Neurosensory Systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Comparative Genomics -- 5.3 Genomes and Neurosensory Systems -- 5.4 Concluding Remarks. , Box 5.1 Nomenclature of Genes and Proteins -- Part I:Self Assessment -- Part I:Notes, References and Bibliography -- PART II:MECHANOSENSITIVITY -- Chapter 6 Mechanosensitivity of Cell Membranes -- 6.1 Mechanosensitive Channels in E.coli -- 6.2 Detection of Osmotic Swelling by Hypothalamic Cells in Mammals -- 6.3 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 7 Kinaesthesia -- 7.1 Kinaesthetic Mechanisms in Arthropods -- 7.1.1 Stretch Receptors in Crustacean Muscle -- 7.1.2 Insect Sensilla -- 7.1.3 Maintenance of Equilibrium in Flight -- 7.2 Kinaesthetic Mechanisms in Mammals -- 7.2.1 Intrafusal Spindle Endings -- 7.2.2 Golgi Tendon Organs -- 7.2.3 Joint Receptors -- 7.3 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 8 Touch -- 8.1 Mechanoreception in Caenorhabditis Elegans -- 8.2 Spiders -- 8.2.1 TactileHairs -- 8.2.2 Trichobothria -- 8.2.3 Slit Sensilla and Lyriform Organs -- 8.3 Insects -- 8.3.1 Acoustic Sensilla and Tympanic Organs -- 8.4 Tactile Receptors in Mammalian Skin -- 8.4.1 Fast Adapting Receptors -- 8.4.2 Slow Adapting Receptors -- 8.5 Cerebral Analysis of Touch -- 8.6 Plasticity of the Somaesthetic Cortex -- 8.7 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 9 Equilibrium and Hearing: The Uses of Hair Cells -- 9.1 Anatomy and Physiology of Hair Cells -- 9.2 Lateral Line Canals -- 9.3 Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear -- 9.3.1 Equilibrium -- 9.3.2 Phonoreception -- 9.3.3 Bat Sonar -- 9.4 Concluding Remarks -- Box 9.1 Biophysics of Outer Hair Cells -- Box 9.2 Genetics and Deafness -- Chapter 10 Cerebra lAnalysis -- 10.1 The Mammalian Vestibular Pathway and Reflexes -- 10.2 The Mammalian Auditory Pathway -- 10.2.1 Cochlear Fibres -- 10.2.2 Cochlear Nucleus -- 10.2.3 Superior Olivary Nuclei -- 10.2.4 Inferior Colliculus -- 10.2.5 Medial Geniculate Nucleus -- 10.3 The Avian Auditory Pathway and the Mapping of Auditory Space by the Barn Owl -- 10.4 The Mammalian Auditory Cortex. , 10.5 The Bat Auditory System and Echolocation -- 10.6 The Human Auditory Cortex and Language -- 10.7 Lateralization and the Neuroanatomy of Language -- 10.8 Language and the FOXP2 Gene -- 10.9 Callosectomy and After -- 10.10 Concluding Remarks -- Box10.1 Broca and Wernicke -- Part II:Self Assessment -- Part II:Notes, References and Bibliography -- PART III:CHEMOSENSITIVITY -- Chapter 11 Chemosensitivity in Prokaryocytes -- 11.1 Chemosentivity in E.coli -- 11.1.1 Molecular Genetics -- 11.2 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 12 Mammalian Chemo- Enteroreceptors -- 12.1 Location of Mammalian Chemoreceptors for PaO2 and PaCO2 -- 12.2 Structure -- 12.3 Physiology -- 12.4 Biochemistry -- 12.5 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 13 Gustation -- 13.1 Gustation in Insects -- 13.1.1 Tachinid Flies -- 13.1.2 Drosophila -- 13.2 Gustation in Mammals -- 13.2.1 Taste Buds -- 13.2.2 Central Projections -- 13.2.3 Labelled Lines or Population Profile? -- 13.3 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 14 Olfaction -- 14.1 Insect Olfactory Systems -- 14.1.1 Hygroreceptors -- 14.1.2 Olfactory Sensilla -- 14.1.3 Central Processing in Drosophila Antennal Lobes -- 14.2 Mammalian Olfactory Systems -- 14.2.1 Olfactory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity -- 14.2.2 Olfactory Neurosensory Cells -- 14.2.3 Molecular Biology -- 14.2.4 Central Processing -- 14.3 The Vertebrate Vomeronasal Organ (VNO) and Pheromones -- 14.4 Concluding Remarks -- Part III:Self Assessment -- Part III:Notes, References and Bibliography -- PART IV:PHOTOSENSITIVITY -- Box I4.1 Bacteriorhodopsin -- Chapter 15 Invertebrate Vision -- 15.1 Designs of Invertebrate Eyes -- 15.1.1 Evolution of the Vesicular Eye -- 15.1.2 Evolution of the Compound Eye -- 15.1.3 Scanning Eyes -- 15.2 Examples of Invertebrate Eyes -- 15.2.1 Eyespots of the Protista -- 15.2.2 The Pinhole Eye of Nautilus Pompilius -- 15.2.3 The Mirror Eye of Pecten, the Scallop. , 15.2.4 The Vesicular Eye of Octopus -- 15.2.5 Lateral Eyes of Limulus, the King or Horseshoe 'Crab ' -- 15.2.6 The Advanced Ocellar Eyes of Jumping Spiders (Salticidae) -- 15.2.7 The Advanced Compound Eyes of Flies (Diptera) -- 15.3 Concluding Remarks -- Box 15.1 The Evolution of Opsins -- Box 15.2 Early Genetics of Eyes -- Chapter 16 The Human Eye -- 16.1 Anatomy -- 16.1.1 Eyeball -- 16.1.2 Adnexa -- 16.2 Embryology -- 16.3 Detailed Anatomy and Physiology -- 16.3.1 Cornea -- 16.3.2 Sclera -- 16.3.3 Lens -- 16.3.4 UvealTract -- 16.3.5 Iris -- 16.3.6 Vitreous Humour -- 16.4 Movements of the Eyeball -- 16.5 Concluding Remarks -- Box 16.1 Genetics of Cataract -- Chapter 17 The Retina -- 17.1 Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) -- 17.2 Retina -- 17.2.1 Photoreceptor Cells -- 17.2.2 Horizontal Cells -- 17.2.3 Bipolar Cells -- 17.2.4 M ¨uller Cells -- 17.2.5 Interplexiform Cells -- 17.2.6 Amacrine Cells -- 17.2.7 Ganglion Cells -- 17.2.8 Wiring Diagrams -- 17.2.9 Colour -- 17.3 Concluding Remarks -- Box 17.1 Retinitis Pigmentosa -- Box 17.2 Macular Degeneration -- Chapter 18 Visual Pathways and Cortices -- 18.1 Visual Pathways into the Brain -- 18.1.1 The Retino-Tectal Pathway -- 18.1.2 The Retino-Geniculo-Striate (RGS) Pathway -- 18.2 Primary Visual Cortex -- 18.2.1 Structure -- 18.2.2 Functioning -- 18.2.3 Plasticity -- 18.3 Extrastriate Cortices -- 18.4 Face Recognition -- 18.5 Prosopagnosia -- 18.6 Concluding Remarks -- Box 18.1 The Reality of Cortical Columns -- Box 18.2 Blindsight -- Chapter 19 Other Vertebrate Visual Systems -- 19.1 Visual Pigments -- 19.2 Photoreceptors -- 19.3 Tapeta -- 19.4 Retinae -- 19.4.1 Deep Sea Fish -- 19.4.2 Frog -- 19.4.3 Areae Centrales of Mammals and Birds -- 19.5 Dioptric Apparatus -- 19.6 Median Eyes -- 19.7 Visual Pathways -- 19.8 Visual Centres in the Brain -- 19.8.1 Amphibia -- 19.8.2 Reptiles -- 19.8.3 Birds. , 19.9 Concluding Remarks -- Part IV:Self Assessment -- Part IV:Notes, References and Bibliography -- PART V:OTHER SENSES -- Chapter 20 Thermosensitivity -- 20.1 Molecular Biology -- 20.1.1 Caenorhabditis Elegans -- 20.1.2 Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) -- 20.1.3 Mouse Thermosensory Neurons -- 20.2 Poikilotherms -- 20.3 Homeotherms -- 20.3.1 Thermoreceptors in The Skin -- 20.3.2 Deep Thermoreceptors -- 20.3.3 Hypothalamic Thermoreceptors -- 20.4 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 21 Minority Senses -- 21.1 Infrared Radiation -- 21.2 Polarized Light -- 21.3 Electric Fields -- 21.3.1 Fish -- 21.3.2 Monotremata -- 21.4 Magnetic Fields -- 21.5 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 22 Pain -- 22.1 The Biological Significance of Pain -- 22.2 Neurophysiology of Pain -- 22.2.1 Nociceptor Fibres -- 22.2.2 Nociceptor Ion Channels -- 22.2.3 Molecular Biology -- 22.2.4 Central Pathways -- 22.3 Neuropharmacology of Pain Pathways -- 22.4 Referred Pain -- 22.5 Gate Theory -- 22.6 Concluding Remarks -- Part V:Self Assessment -- Part V:Notes, References and Bibliography -- PART VI:CODA -- Chapter 23 Summing Up -- 23.1 Molecular Themes -- 23.2 Cellular Themes -- 23.3 Sense Organs -- 23.4 Central Analysers -- 23.5 Homeostasis -- 23.6 Different Sensory Worlds -- 23.7 From Abiotic to Biotic: Communication -- 23.8 From Biotic to Social Communication:Mirror Neurons -- 23.9 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 24 Philosophical Postscript -- 24.1 Descartes -- 24.2 Qualia -- 24.3 Tabula Rasa? -- 24.4 Epigenetic Epistemology -- 24.5 Evolutionary Epistemology -- 24.6 Beyond Descartes -- 24.7 Concluding Remarks -- Box 24.1 Sensory Substitution -- Part VI:Self Assessment -- Part VI:Notes, References and Bibliography -- Appendix:Some Techniques -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Index.