Note: Front Cover -- Prefaces -- In Memoriam -- Contents -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- Chapter 1. The Biogeochemistry of Molybdenum and Tungsten -- Chapter 2. Transport, Homeostasis, Regulation, and Binding of Molybdate and Tungstate to Proteins -- Chapter 3. Molybdenum Nitrogenases: A Crystallographic and Mechanistic View -- Chapter 4. Chemical Dinitrogen Fixation by Molybdenum and Tungsten Complexes: Insights from Coordination Chemistry -- Chapter 5. Biosynthesis of the Nitrogenase Iron-Molybdenum-Cofactor from Azotobacter vinelandii -- Chapter 6. Molybdenum Enzymes Containing the Pyranopterin Cofactor: An Overview -- Chapter 7. The Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors: A Crystallographic View -- Chapter 8. Models for the Pyranopterin-Containing Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors -- Chapter 9. Biosynthesis and Molecular Biology of the Molybdenum Cofactor (Moco) -- Chapter 10. Molybdenum in Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Oxidoreductase* -- Chapter 11. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Nicotinate, Isonicotinate, and Nicotine -- Chapter 12. The Molybdenum-Containing Xanthine Oxidoreductases and Picolinate Dehydrogenases -- Chapter 13. Enzymes of the Xanthine Oxidase Family: The Role of Molybdenum -- Chapter 14. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Quinoline, Isoquinoline, and Quinaldine -- Chapter 15. Molybdenum Enzymes in Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Acids -- Chapter 16. Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes in C1 Metabolism -- Chapter 17. Molybdenum Enzymes and Sulfur Metabolism -- Chapter 18. Comparison of Selenium-Containing Molybdoenzymes -- Chapter 19. Tungsten-Dependent Aldehyde Oxidoreductase: A New Family of Enzymes Containing the Pterin Cofactor -- Chapter 20. Tunsten-Substituted Molybdenum Enzymes -- Chapter 21. Molybdenum Metabolism and Requirements in Humans. , Chapter 22. Metabolism and Toxicity of Tungsten in Humans and Animals -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- Interplay between MetalIons and Nucleic Acids -- Historical Development and Perspectivesof the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Preface to Volume 10 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 10 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ionsin Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in theMetal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: Characterization of Metal Ion-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Solution -- Chapter 2: Nucleic Acid-Metal Ion Interactions in the Solid State -- Chapter 3: Metal Ion-Promoted Conformational Changes of Oligonucleotides -- Chapter 4: G-Quadruplexes and Metal Ions -- Chapter 5: Metal Ion-Mediated DNA-Protein Interactions -- Chapter 6: Spectroscopic Investigations of Lanthanide Ion Binding to Nucleic Acids -- Chapter 7: Oxidative DNA Damage Mediated by Transition Metal Ions and Their Complexes -- Chapter 8: Metal Ion-Dependent DNAzymes and Their Applications as Biosensors -- Chapter 9: Enantioselective Catalysis at the DNA Scaffold -- Chapter 10: Alternative DNA Base Pairing through Metal Coordination -- Chapter 11: Metal-Mediated Base Pairs in Nucleic Acids with Purine- and Pyrimidine-Derived Nucleosides -- Chapter 12: Metal Complex Derivatives of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Preface to Volume 4 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 4 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- 1 Crystals and Life: An Introduction -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Global Effects -- 3. Minerals within Living Systems -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 2 What Genes and Genomes Tell Us about Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. One Gene-One Protein Approaches -- 3. Many Genes-One Structure Approaches -- 4. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 3 The Role of Enzymes in Biomineralization Processes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. From Ions to Minerals: A Pathway Paved by Enzymes -- 3. The "Evolution" of Solids: A Complex Network of Regulation -- 4. Mimicking Nature: How Far Can the Design of Biomineralization Enzymes Take Us? -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 4 Metal-Bacteria Interactions at Both the Planktonic Cell and Biofilm Levels -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Planktonic Bacterial Cells -- 3. Metal-Microbe Interactions -- 4. Microbial Biofilm Communities -- 5. Biofilm Microenvironments and Their Impact on Geochemical Interactions -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 5 Biomineralization of Calcium Carbonate. The Interplay with Biosubstrates -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Control in Biological Mineralization -- 3. Recent Perspectives on Mineralization Strategies -- 4. CaCO3 Growth in Confinement -- 5. Crystal Assembly -- 6. In Vitro Studies of CaCO3 Mineralization. , 7. Calcium Carbonate Nucleation and Growth on Artificial Substrates -- 8. Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 Sulfate-Containing Biominerals -- Abstract -- 1. Sulfate-Containing Biominerals: An Overview -- 2. Gypsum and Bassanite (Calcium Sulfates) -- 3. Celestite (Strontium Sulfate) -- 4. Barite (Barium Sulfate) -- 5. Jarosite (Potassium Iron Hydroxide Sulfate) -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Oxalate Biominerals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metallic Oxalates: Physico-Chemical and Structural Properties -- 3. Calcium Oxalates in Plants -- 4. Calcium Oxalates in Other Forms of Life -- 5. Other Oxalate Biominerals -- 6. Pathological Oxalates -- 7. Oxalates in the Environment -- 8. Oxalate Degrading Systems -- 9. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 8 Molecular Processes of Biosilicification in Diatoms -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Silicon Transport -- 3. Silica Structure Formation -- 4. Regulation of Structure Formation -- 5. Manipulation of Diatom Silica Structure -- 6. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 Heavy Metals in the Jaws of Invertebrates -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Iron Biomineralization in Chitons and Limpets -- 3. Copper and Zinc in Marine Worm Jaws -- 4. Zinc and Manganese in Arthropods -- 5. Heavy Metals and Jaw Mechanics -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 10 Ferritin. Biomineralization of Iron -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Protein Nanocage Structures -- 3. Iron Entry: The Protein Ferroxidase Site -- 4. Mineral Precursor Translocation, Nucleation, and Mineralization -- 5. Ferritin Demineralization and the Nanocage Gated Pores -- 6. Summary and Perspective -- Acknowledgments. , Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 11 Magnetism and Molecular Biology of Magnetic Iron Minerals in Bacteria -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. Magnetotactic Bacteria -- 2. Molecular Biology of Magnetosome Chain Formation -- 3. Magnetic Properties of Magnetosomes -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 12 Biominerals. Recorders of the Past? -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What Are Biominerals? -- 3. Biominerals as Biosignatures? -- 4. Tools to Study Biosignatures -- 5. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 13 Dynamics of Biomineralization and Biodemineralization -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nucleation and Crystal Growth -- 3. Dissolution -- 4. Conclusion and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- List of Symbols -- References -- 14 Mechanism of Mineralization of Collagen-Based Connective Tissues -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Function of Collagen in the Regulation of Vertebrate Biomineralization -- 3. Comparative Composition of the Organic Components of Collagenous Mineralized Tissues -- 4. Is there a Uniform Theory of Vertebrate Mineralization? -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 15 Mammalian Enamel Formation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Delineation of the Extracellular Space -- 3. Ion Composition and Transport -- 4. The Organic Matrix Components -- 5. Function of Organic Matrix in Enamel Formation -- 6. Matrix Degradation -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 16 Mechanical Design of Biomineralized Tissues. Bone and Other Hierarchical Materials -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Growth, Self-Repair, and Structural Hierarchies -- 3. Hierarchical Structure of Bone -- 4. Hierarchical Structure of a Silica Sponge Skeleton. , 5. Some Structural Elements with Mechanical Function -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Bioinspired Growth of Mineralized Tissue -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural Development of Bone -- 3. Connective Tissue Progenitor Cells -- 4. Inductive Soluble Factors -- 5. Bone Structural Properties -- 6. Scaffold Materials for Bioinspired Mineralized Tissue Fabrication -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 18 Polymer-Controlled Biomimetic Mineralization of Novel Inorganic Materials -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Different Crystallization Modes and Ways to Modify Crystallization -- 3. Polymer-Controlled Crystallization -- 4. Conclusion -- 5. Current Trends and Outlook to the Future -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Contents -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Preface to Volume 2 -- Contributors to Volume 2 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- 1 Biogeochemistry of Nickel and Its Release into the Environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemistry of Nickel -- 3. Ancient and Modern Uses of Nickel -- 4. Sources of Atmospheric Nickel -- 5. Deposition and Fate of Atmospheric Nickel -- 6. Historical Records of Nickel Deposition -- 7. Bioavailability and Mobility of Nickel in Soils -- 8. Summary and Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- 2 Nickel in the Environment and Its Role in the Metabolism of Plants and Cyanobacteria -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nickel as a Micronutrient for Plants and Cyanobacteria -- 3. Nickel as an Environmental Pollutant and Its Effects on Plants -- 4. Nickel Hyperaccumulation -- 5. Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 3 Nickel Ion Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Complexes of Amino Acids and Derivatives -- 3. Complexes of Peptides and Related Ligands -- 4. Formation of Nickel(II) Complexes under Biological Conditions: Model Calculations in Multicomponent Systems -- 5. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- 4 Complex Formation of Nickel(II) and Related Metal Ions with Sugar Residues, Nucleobases, Phosphates, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nickel(II)-Sugar Interactions -- 3. Interactions of Nickel(II) with Nucleobase Residues -- 4. Complexes of Nickel(II) with Phosphates -- 5. Nickel(II) Complexes of Nucleotides -- 6. Complexes of Some Less Common Nucleotides -- 7. Complexes of Some Nucleotide Derivatives and Analogs -- 8. Mixed Ligand Complexes Containing a Nucleotide. , 9. Nickel(II) Binding in Nucleic Acids -- 10. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 5 Synthetic Models for the Active Sites of Nickel-Containing Enzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Models for Cofactor F430 -- 3. Models for Sulfur-Rich Nickel Sites -- 4. Models for the Urease Active Site -- 5. Models for Acireductone Reductase -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 Urease: Recent Insights on the Role of Nickel -- 1. Introduction: Urease and Its Biological Signifi cance -- 2. The Biochemistry of Urease -- 3. Structural Studies on Bacterial Ureases -- 4. The Structure-Based Mechanism of Urease -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 7 Nickel Iron Hydrogenases -- 1. Introduction to Hydrogenases -- 2. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology -- 3. Crystallization and X-Ray Structure Analysis -- 4. Spectroscopic Investigations -- 5. Electrochemistry -- 6. Hydrogenase Function and the Catalytic Cycle -- 7. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 8 Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductase and Its Nickel Corphin Coenzyme F430 in Methanogenic Archaea -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and Properties of Coenzyme F430 -- 3. Molecular Properties of Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductase -- 4. Catalytic Properties of Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductase -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 Acetyl-Coenzyme A Synthases and Nickel-Containing Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and Function of Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 3. Sequence Analysis and Phylogeny of Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4. Acetyl-Coenzyme A Synthases/Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 5. Sequence Analysis and Phylogeny of the Subunit -- 6. Corrinoid Iron-Sulfur Proteins. , 7. Acetyl-Coenzyme A Decarbonylase/Synthases -- 8. Physiological Roles and Evolution of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Synthase/Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase Proteins -- 9. Origins and Evolution of ACDS, ACS/CODH, and CODH Complexes -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Appendices -- References -- 10 Nickel Superoxide Dismutase -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Molecular Biology -- 3. Structural Biology -- 4. Mechanism -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Defi nitions -- References -- 11 Biochemistry of the Nickel-Dependent Glyoxalase I Enzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biochemical Investigations of Glyoxalase I -- 3. Biophysical and Mechanistic Studies of Glyoxalase I -- 4. Glyoxalase I Genes and Protein Sequence Comparisons -- 5. Glyoxalase I as a Member of the Superfamily of Proteins -- 6. Other Aspects of Glyoxalase I -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 12 Nickel in Acireductone Dioxygenase -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Methionine Salvage Pathway -- 3. One Protein, Two Enzymes: Acireductone Dioxygenase from Klebsiella oxytoca -- 4. Homologs of Acireductone Dioxygenase from Other Organisms -- 5. Known Acireductone Dioxygenase Structures -- 6. Spectroscopic Probes of Acireductone Dioxygenase Enzyme Active Sites -- 7. Enzymatic Studies of Acireductone Dioxygenase -- 8. Mechanistic Considerations: What is the Role of Ni(II) in Acireductone Dioxygenase Activity? -- 9. Structurally and Functionally Related Enzymes -- 10. Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 13 The Nickel-Regulated Peptidyl Prolyl cis/trans Isomerase SlyD -- 1. Introduction -- 2. SlyD Belongs to the Peptidyl Prolyl cis/trans Isomerases -- 3. Insights into the Biological Role of SlyD -- 4. Conclusions -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 14 Chaperones of Nickel Metabolism. , 1. Introduction to Nickel Metabolism -- 2. Nickel Metallochaperones -- 3. Molecular Chaperones Involved in Nickel Metabolism -- 4. Conclusions and Remaining Questions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 15 The Role of Nickel in Environmental Adaptation of the Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter pylori -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nickel Enzymes and Environmental Adaptation -- 3. Nickel Uptake Systems -- 4. Mechanisms of Nickel Regulation -- 5. Protection of Nickel Metabolism -- 6. Metal Metabolism as Drug Target: Therapeutic Considerations -- 7. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- 16 Nickel-Dependent Gene Expression -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Genetic and Epigenetic Changes in Nickel-Exposed Cells -- 3. Alteration of Gene Expression Following Nickel-Induced Lung Injury -- 4. Nickel-Induced Allergy and Gene Expression -- 5. Nickel-Induced Expression of Erythropoietin -- 6. Alteration of Transcription Factors and Signaling Pathways -- 7. Changes in Gene Expression and Nickel Carcinogenesis -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 17 Nickel Toxicity and Carcinogenesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An Overview of Nickel Toxicity -- 3. Nickel-Induced Carcinogenesis -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Preface to Volume 3 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 3 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- 1 Diversities and Similarities in P450 Systems: An Introduction -- 1. Oxygenases: Mediators of Biochemical Diversity -- 2. P450 Superfamily: Diversity at the Sequence Level -- 3. Diversity of P450 Structures: Folds and Conformations for Functions -- 4. Diversity in P450 Mechanisms -- 5. Diversity in Regulation Across the Superfamily -- 6. Diversity in the Evolution of Common Metabolic Functions -- 7. Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 2 Structural and Functional Mimics of Cytochromes P450 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Iron Porphyrins Carrying a Thiolate or Modified Thiolate Ligand -- 3. Structurally Remote P450 Mimics -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 3 Structures of P450 Proteins and Their Molecular Phylogeny -- 1. Introduction -- 2. P450 Evolution -- 3. P450 Families and Subfamilies -- 4. P450 Structures -- 5. Variation in P450 Function and Fold -- 6. Archaeon P450s -- 7. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 4 Aquatic P450 Species -- 1. Introduction. 'P450s Under the Surface' -- 2. Diversity of Aquatic Species -- 3. P450 Activities in Aquatic Invertebrates -- 4. Aquatic P450 Gene Families Identified -- 5. How Can We Use Information About P450s in Aquatic Species? -- 6. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 5 The Electrochemistry of Cytochrome P450 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Redox Titration (Potentiometric Equilibrium) Measurements -- 3. Voltammetric (Dynamic) Measurements -- 4. Conclusions. , Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 P450 Electron Transfer Reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Catalytic Cycles -- 3. Electron Tunneling Wires -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 7 Leakage in Cytochrome P450 Reactions in Relation to Protein Structural Properties -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Protein Structural Parameters -- 3. The Reaction Cycle of Cytochrome P450 -- 4. Protein Structural Parameters and Extent of Competitive Reactions -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 8 Cytochromes P450 - Structural Basis for Binding and Catalysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ligand Binding: Substrate Recognition and Access to the Distal Pocket -- 3. Architecture of the Active Site of CYP101 -- 4. The Distal Acid-Alcohol Pair -- 5. Experimental Characterization of Reaction Intermediates. Radiolysis as a Tool to Study Redox Reactions -- 6. Crystal Structures of Oxy-Ferrous Complexes -- 7. Mechanism: Summary, Conclusions, Speculations -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 Beyond Heme-Thiolate Interactions: Roles of the Secondary Coordination Sphere in Cytochrome P450 Systems -- 1. Overview of Cytochrome P450 Active Site Structure -- 2. Secondary Coordination Sphere on the Proximal Side -- 3. Secondary Coordination Sphere on the Distal Side -- 4. Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 10 Interactions of Cytochrome P450 with Nitric Oxide and Related Ligands -- 1. Introduction. Interactions of Ligands and Substrates with P450 Enzymes: General Features -- 2. Nitric Oxide and Its Interactions with P450S -- 3. Interactions of Imidazoles and Substituted Imidazoles with P450S -- 4. Other Ligands and Inhibitors of P450 Function -- 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References. , 11 Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Hydroxylations and Epoxidations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Cytochrome P450 Enzymes -- 3. Three-Dimensional Structures of the Active Sites of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes -- 4. Role of the Cys Ligand: the Proximal Thiolate 'Push' and Distal Proton-Delivery -- 5. Multiple Mechanisms of P450 Catalysis -- 6. Multiple Oxidants in P450 Catalysis -- 7. Two States Theory -- 8. Influence of Substrate on the Spectral Properties and Reactivity of P450 Intermediates -- 9. Formation and Reactivity of Transient P450 Oxygen Intermediates -- 10. Summary and Future Prospective -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 12 Cytochrome P450 and Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Steroidogenic P450s -- 3. Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis in the Adrenal Cortex -- 4. Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis in the Gonads -- 5. Extraadrenal and Extragonadal Steroidogenesis -- 6. Outlook for the Future -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 13 Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage by P450 Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cleavage Between Oxygenated Carbons -- 3. Cleavage Alpha to Oxygenated Carbons -- 4. Cleavage Alpha to Carbon Bearing Nitrogen -- 5. Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage Involving Peroxides -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 14 Design and Engineering of Cytochrome P450 Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Engineering Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Systems -- 3. Engineering Mammalian Cytochrome P450 Enzymes -- 4. Engineering Plant P450 Enzymes -- 5. Conclusions and Outlook -- Abbreviations -- References -- 15 Chemical Defense and Exploitation. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes -- 1. Introduction. Chemical Defense -- 2. P450 Systems Involved in Chemical Defense -- 3. Common Themes -- 4. Industrial Applications of P450 Systems for Xenobiotic Decomposition. , 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 16 Drug Metabolism as Catalyzed by Human Cytochrome P450 Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Importance of P450 Enzymes in Drug Metabolism -- 3. Approaches to Predicting P450 Activity in Humans -- 4. P450s Involved in Drug Metabolism -- 5. Examples of Major Issues Involving Drug Metabolism by P450 -- 6. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 17 Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Observations from the Clinic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Drug Interactions -- 3. Drug Metabolism by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes -- 4. Alterations in P450 Enzymes -- 5. Active Transport of Drugs -- 6. Enzyme-Transporter Cooperativity -- 7. Use of Probes to Quantitate CYP Activity in Humans -- 8. Prodrugs -- 9. The Effect of Intravenous Versus Oral Administration on Drug Interactions -- 10. Additional Factors Affecting Drug Interactions -- 11. Herbal and Dietary Effects on CYP -- 12. Interactions with Commonly Used Medications -- 13. Beneficial Effects of Drug Interactions -- 14. FDA Regulations Regarding CYP450-Mediated Drug Interactions -- 15. Clinical Significance of Drug Interactions -- 16. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Series -- Preface to Volume 15 -- Contributors -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1 Categories of Zinc Metalloenzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Catalytic Role of Zinc: Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3. Structural Role of Zinc: Aspartate Transcarbamylase -- 4. Regulatory and Catalytic Roles of Zinc: Leucine Aminopeptidase -- 5. Noncatalytic and Catalytic Roles of Zinc: Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- 6. General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Models for Zn(II) Binding Sites in Enzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3. Peptidases: Carboxypeptidase and Thermolysin -- 4. Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- 5. Alkaline Phosphatase -- 6. Superoxide Dismutase -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 An Insight on the Active Site of Zinc Enzymes Through Metal Substitution -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Zinc(II) in Metalloenzymes -- 3. Zinc Substitution and General Remarks on the Metal Derivatives -- 4. Cobalt(II) Derivatives -- 5. Copper(II) Derivatives -- 6. Manganese(II) Derivatives -- 7. Cadmium(II) Derivatives -- 8. Other Metal Derivatives -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4 The Role of Zinc in DNA and RNA Polymerases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Universal Presence of Zinc in DNA and RNA Polymerases -- 3. DNA Polymerase -- 4. RNA Polymerase -- 5. Possible Role of Intrinsic Zinc -- 6. Conclusions and Perspective -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5 The Role of Zinc in Snake Toxins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metals in Snake Venoms -- 3. Effect of Chelating Agents -- 4. Zinc in Purified Hemorrhagic Toxins and Proteolytic Enzymes -- References -- Chapter 6 Spectroscopic Properties of Metallothionein -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Covalent Structure -- 3. Metal Composition, Removal, and Reconstitution: Preparation of Transition Metal Derivatives. , 4. Spectroscopic Features of Native and Reconstituted Metallothionein -- 5. Conformation of the Polypeptide Chain in Metallothionein -- 6. Coordination Geometry of Metal-Binding Sites in Metallothionein -- 7. Metal-Thiolate Clusters in Metallothionein -- 8. Stability of Metal-Protein Complexes in Metallothionein -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Interaction of Zinc with Erythrocytes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Interaction of Zinc with Erythrocyte Membranes -- 3. Interaction of Zinc with Hemoglobin -- 4. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8 Zinc Absorption and Excretion in Relation to Nutrition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Absorption -- 3. Excretion -- 4. Significance for Zinc Nutrition -- References -- Chapter 9 Nutritional Influence of Zinc on the Activity of Enzymes and Hormones -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of Zinc on Metalloenzyme Activity -- 3. Effects of Zinc on Hormones -- References -- Chapter 10 Zinc Deficiency Syndrome During Parenteral Nutrition in Humans -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metabolic Aspects of Zinc in Human Nutrition -- 3. Zinc Deficiency During Parenteral Nutrition -- 4. Case Reports -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents of Volume 44 -- Preface to the Series -- Preface to Volume 44 -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- Handbook on Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds -- Handbook on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry -- Handbook on Metalloproteins -- Chapter 1 Atmospheric Transport of Metals -- 1. Introduction: The Role of the Atmosphere in Metal Cycling -- 2. Factors Governing Atmospheric Transport -- 3. Sources of Metals in Air -- 4. Sampling and Determination of Metals -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2 The Marine Biogeochemistry of Iron -- 1. Background -- 2. Marine Bacterial Siderophores -- 3. Thoughts on Biological Significance -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 3 Speciation and Bioavailability of Trace Metals in Freshwater Environments -- 1. Introduction: Speciation and Bioavailability of Trace Metals -- 2. Speciation of Trace Metals in Freshwaters -- 3. Bioavailability of Trace Metals as a Function of Aqueous Speciation -- 4. Bioavailability of Metals from Sediments -- 5. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4 Bioavailability and Biogeochemistry of Metals in the Terrestrial Environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Concept of Bioavailability -- 3. Biogeochemistry and Bioavailability of Metals -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5 Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants and Cyanobacteria -- 1. Introduction: Heavy Metals and Plants-A Complex Relationship -- 2. Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals as Plant Micronutrients -- 3. Heavy Metals as Inhibitors of Plant Metabolism -- 4. Hyperaccumulation-Heavy Metal Uptake as a Defense Against Herbivores and Pathogens -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations. , References -- Chapter 6 Arsenic: Its Biogeochemistry and Transport in Groundwater -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Global Arsenic Abundance and Flux Estimates -- 3. Arsenic Minerals and the Geochemical Arsenic Cycle -- 4. Arsenic and Mining -- 5. Arsenic in the Ganges Delta -- 6. Conclusions and Outlook -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7 Anthropogenic Impacts on the Biogeochemistry and Cycling of Antimony -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemistry and Behavior in the Environment -- 3. Abundance and Occurrence in the Environment -- 4. Biological Chemistry and Toxicity -- 5. Total Antimony Determination -- 6. Ancient and Modern Uses of Antimony -- 7. Atmospheric Emissions to the Environment -- 8. Archives of Atmospheric Antimony Deposition -- 9. Antimony and Human Health -- 10. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8 Microbial Transformations of Radionuclides: Fundamental Mechanisms and Biogeochemical Implications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources and Nature of Radioactive Waste -- 3. A Brief Introduction To The Chemistry of Radionuclides -- 4. Radionuclide-Microbe Interactions: Fundamental Mechanisms -- 5. The Biogeochemistry of Key Radionuclides -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9 Biogeochemistry of Carbonates: Recorders of Past Oceans and Climate -- 1. Introduction to Biogenic Carbonate Proxies -- 2. Partition Coefficients -- 3. Recorders of Past Ocean Conditions -- 4. Biomineralization Processes of Different Organisms -- 5. Biological Discrimination Between Calcium and Trace Metals -- 6. Biological Ion Selectivity and the Environment -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- PREFACE TO THE SERIES -- PREFACE TO VOLUME 40 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- HANDBOOK ON METALLOPROTEINS -- Chapter 1: DISTRIBUTION OF THE LANTHANIDES IN THE EARTH'S CRUST -- 1. Geochemical Behavior of the Lanthanides -- 2. Lanthanide Mineralogy -- 3. Samarium-Neodymium and Hafnium-Lutetium Isotope Geochemistry -- 4. The Oceanic Crust of the Earth -- 5. The Continental Crust -- 6. Lanthanides in the Continental Crust -- 7. Europium as a Geochemical Tracer -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 2: MOBILIZATION OF LANTHANIDES THROUGH THE TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE -- 1. Basic Lanthanide Chemistry -- 2. Sources of Lanthanides for Environmental Processes -- 3. Weathering of Rocks: Formation of Soil and Abundance of Lanthanides -- 4. Microbial Interactions with Lanthanides -- 5. Uptake of Lanthanides into Plants -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 3: COMPLEXES OF LANTHANIDE IONS WITH AMINO ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, AND OTHER LIGANDS OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST IN SOLUTION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results from Complexes with Model Ligands -- 3. Complexes of Amino Acids with Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Lanthanide Phospholipid Complexes -- 5. Interactions of Nucleotides and Lanthanide Ions -- 6. Complexes of Lanthanides with Sugar-Type Ligands -- 7. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 4: BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT STRUCTURAL COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF SIMPLE LANTHANIDE ION COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. X-Ray Structural Studies of Simple Lanthanide Ion Complexes -- 3. Summary and Overview -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations. , References -- Chapter 5: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES IN STUDIES OF METAL ION-DEPENDENT ENZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modulation of Enzyme Activity by Lanthanide Ions and Suitability as Probes -- 3. Conclusions -- 4. Appendix: Methodologies -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: LANTHANIDE CHELATES AS FLUORESCENCE LABELS FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanide Fluorescent Complexes and Labels -- 3. Application to Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay -- 4. Application to DNA Hybridization Assay and Cell Activity Assay -- 5. Application to Chromatography -- 6. Application to Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging -- 7. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: RESPONSIVE LUMINESCENT LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanistic Basis for Mode of Action -- 3. pH Dependent Luminescence -- 4. Anion Dependent Luminescence -- 5. Oxygen Dependent Luminescence -- 6. Modulation by Metal Ions and Selected Molecules -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES OF ELECTRON TRANSFER IN PROTEINS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Parvalbumin/Lanthanide Model System -- 3. Proof of Electron Transfer in the Model System -- 4. Application of Markus Theory of Electron Transfer to the Model System -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 9: LANTHANIDE IONS AS LUMINESCENT PROBES OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Photophysical Properties of Lanthanides -- 3. Nucleic Acids -- 4. Proteins and Enzymes -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: LANTHANIDE-PROMOTED PEPTIDE BOND HYDROLYSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Peptide Hydrolysis by Ce(IV) -- 3. Activities of Other Lanthanide and Non-Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Mechanism of Peptide Hydrolysis. , 5. Homogeneous Hydrolysis of Peptides by Lanthanide-Cyclodextrin Complexes -- 6. Origin of the Remarkable Activity of Ce(IV) -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11: LANTHANIDE-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHATE ESTERS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS -- 1. Introduction and Scope -- 2. Mechanisms of Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis -- 3. Formation of Lanthanide Complexes in Water and Their Catalytic Use -- 4. Kinetics of Catalytic Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis -- 5. Lanthanide Alkoxide and Hydroperoxide Complexes -- 6. Catalysis with Di- and Polynuclear Complexes -- 7. Analogs of Functional Amino Acids in Catalytic Centers -- 8. Other Lanthanide-Based Systems -- 9. A Final Performance Comparison of Lanthanides with Other Metal Ions -- 10. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: SEQUENCE-SELECTIVE SCISSION OF DNA AND RNA BY LANTHANIDE IONS AND THEIR COMPLEXES -- 1. Significance of Site-Selective Scission of DNA and RNA -- 2. Molecular Design for a Sequence-Selective Scission -- 3. Sequence-Selective DNA Cutters (Artificial Restriction Enzymes) -- 4. Sequence-Selective RNA Cutters (Ribozyme Mimics) -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES FOR METAL IONS IN THE STRUCTURE AND CATALYTIC MECHANISM OF RIBOZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Using Lanthanides to Study the Catalytic Mechanism of Ribozymes -- 3. Defining Metal Ion Binding Sites by Lanthanide-Induced Cleavage of the Phosphodiester Backbone -- 4. X-Ray Crystal Structures of Ribozymes and Lanthanides -- 5. Conclusions and Possible Future Applications of Lanthanides in Ribozyme Chemistry -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 14: LANTHANIDES AS SHIFT AND RELAXATION AGENTS IN ELUCIDATING THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanides as Structural Probes -- 3. Theory of Paramagnetic NMR Effects of Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Stable Lanthanide-Macromolecule Complexes -- 5. Structural Studies of Proteins in Solution -- 6. Probing Protein Surfaces and Protein Interactions with Lanthanide Chelates -- 7. Ln3+ as Probes of Nucleic Acids -- 8. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 15: LANTHANIDE IONS AS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENTS. NUCLEAR AND ELECTRONIC RELAXATION PROPERTIES. APPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physical Principles of Medical Imaging by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 3. Relaxation Enhancement Induced by Gd(III) Complexes -- 4. Application: Design of High Relaxivity Agents -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Structural Formulas of Ligands -- References -- Chapter 16: INTERACTIONS OF LANTHANIDES AND THEIR COMPLEXES WITH PROTEINS. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- 1. Generalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gd(III)-Based Contrast Agents -- 2. Interactions of Lanthanide(III) Ions with Proteins -- 3. Interactions of Gadolinium(III) Complexes with Proteins -- 4. Responsive Systems Based on Protein Binding -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 17: METABOLISM AND TOXICITY OF THE LANTHANIDES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemistry -- 3. Sites of Deposition in Animals -- 4. Routes of Uptake by Man -- 5. Aspects of Biochemical Behavior and Toxicity -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 18: CELL RESPONSES TO LANTHANIDES AND POTENTIAL PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF LANTHANIDES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biological Effects of Potential Medical Significance -- 3. Therapeutic Significances of the Biological Effects of Lanthanides -- 4. Problems to Be Solved. , Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- PREFACE TO THE SERIES -- PREFACE TO VOLUME 38 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- HANDBOOK ON METALLOPROTEINS -- Chapter 1 PEPTIDE BOND CHARACTERISTICS -- 1. Background -- 2. Proton Binding and Loss -- 3. Metal Ion Binding at the Peptide Bond -- 4. Free Energies of Peptide Bond Hydrolysis and Formation -- 5. Equilibrium Constants for Peptide Bond Formation in the Presence of Metal Ions -- 6. Peptide Oxygen Basicity Determined by Amide Amino Group Basicity -- 7. Metal Ion Effects on Rates of Peptide Bond Hydrolysis -- References -- Chapter 2 LANTHANIDE ION-MEDIATED PEPTIDE HYDROLYSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Amide Hydrolysis by Lanthanide Ions -- 3. Mechanism of Ce(IV) Catalysis -- 4. Cyclodextrin Complexes of Lanthanide Ions for Homogeneous Hydrolysis of Amides -- 5. Relevance of the Lanthanide-Mediated Amide Hydrolysis to DNA Hydrolysis -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3 Co(III)-PROMOTED HYDROLYSIS OF AMIDES AND SMALL PEPTIDES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Early Studies and Scope -- 3. Co(III) Linkage Isomers and Isomerization -- 4. Hydrolysis by Direct Polarization -- 5. Bimolecular Reactions of Co-OH2/OH -- 6. Intramolecular Reactions of CoOH2/OH -- 7. Kinetic Parameters and Reaction Mechanism -- 8. Related Nonmetal Hydrolysis Reactions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4 SYNTHETIC Cu(II) AND Ni(II) PEPTIDASES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hydrolysis of Simple Peptides by Cu(II) and Ni(II) Ions in Solution -- 3. Cleavage of Substrates Containing a Metal Binding Site by Cu(II) and Ni(II) Ions -- 4. Cleavage of Amides, Peptides, and Proteins by Defined Metal Complexes -- 5. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References. , Chapter 5 PALLADIUM(II) AND PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES AS SYNTHETIC PEPTIDASES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Selective Binding of Metal Complexes to Peptides and Peptide Cleavage -- 3. Cleavage of Proteins -- 4. Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Symbols -- References -- Chapter 6 PROTEASE ACTIVITY OF 1,10-PHENANTHROLINECOPPER SYSTEMS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Can Free Copper(II) Ions Degrade Proteins? -- 3. Protein Degradation by the 1,10-Phenanthroline- Copper(II) Complex -- 4. Protease Activity of the Chemically Modified 1,10-Phenanthroline-Copper(II) Complex -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7 SPECIFIC PROTEIN DEGRADATION BY COPPER(II) IONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Peptide Sequence Specificity for Cleavage by Copper(II) Ions -- 3. Conditions Affecting the Rate of Cleavage of Peptides by Copper(II) Ions -- 4. Possible Mechanisms of Copper(II)-Mediated Hydrolysis of Peptide Bonds -- 5. Physiological Relevance of the Degradation of Proteins by Copper(II) Ions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8 ARTIFICIAL IRON-DEPENDENT PROTEASES -- 1. Introduction: Historical Background and Concepts -- 2. Principles and Practical Aspects -- 3. Methodology -- 4. Transcription Complexes in Escherichia coli -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9 HYDROXYL RADICAL FOOTPRINTING OF PROTEINS USING METAL ION COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Methodology of Protein Footprinting -- 3. Applications of Protein Footprinting Methodology -- 4. Future Directions -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 10 NICKEL- AND COBALT-DEPENDENT OXIDATION AND CROSS-LINKING OF PROTEINS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Determinants of Nickel- and Cobalt-Dependent Oxidation -- 3. Intrinsic Sensitivity of Native Proteins -- 4. Mapping Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of Proteins. , 5. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11 EFFECTS OF METAL IONS ON THE OXIDATION AND NITROSATION OF CYSTEINE RESIDUES IN PROTEINS AND ENZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background: Properties and Biological Roles of Cysteine Residues -- 3. Oxidation of Cysteines -- 4. Nitrosation of Cysteines -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12 PROTEIN CROSS-LINKING MEDIATED BY METAL ION COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Small-Molecule Cross-Linking Reagents Used Free in Solution -- 3. Development of Affinity Cross-Linking Reagents: Use of Peptides or Proteins to Deliver a Cross-Linking Reagent Site-Specifically -- 4. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13 FERROCENOYL AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES: PROBING PEPTIDE STRUCTURE -- 1. Introduction: Organometallic Probes in Biological Systems -- 2. Synthetic Studies of Ferrocenoyl Amino Acids and Peptides -- 3. Structural and Theoretical Studies -- 4. Electrochemistry of Ferrocenoyl Amino Acids and Peptides -- 5. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 14 SYNTHETIC ANALOGS OF ZINC ENZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structural and Functional Models of Zinc Enzymes as Classified by Active Site Composition -- 3. Use of Metal Ion Substitution to Provide Insight into the Structures and Mechanisms of Action of Zinc Enzymes -- 4. Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 15 MIMICKING BIOLOGICAL ELECTRON TRANSFER AND OXYGEN ACTIVATION INVOLVING IRON AND COPPER PROTEINS: A BIO(IN)ORGANIC SUPRAMOLECULAR APPROACH -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mimics for Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 3. Mimics for Blue Copper Proteins -- 4. Cytochrome P450 Mimics -- 5. Mimics for Oxygen Binding and Activation by Copper Proteins -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Preface to Volume 13 -- Interrelations Between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 13 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: Metal Ions and Infectious Diseases. An Overview from the Clinic -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Role of Antioxidants -- 1.2 Host Defense Responses to Infection -- 1.3 Alterations in Serum Levels of Trace Elements -- 1.4 Nutritional Immunity -- 1.5 Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein (Nramp) -- 1.6 Calprotectin -- 2 Iron -- 2.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 2.2 The Complex Defense-Counter Defense System in the Battle for Iron -- 2.3 Role of Iron in Infectious Diseases -- 2.3.1 Dialysis Patients -- 2.3.2 Malaria -- 2.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 2.3.4 Diabetes -- 2.3.5 Iron Overload -- 2.3.6 Role of Iron Chelators in Infection -- 3 Zinc -- 3.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 3.1.1 Zn-Metallothionein (Zn-MT) -- 3.1.2 Zn-Metallo β-Lactamases -- 3.2 Role of Zinc in Infectious Diseases -- 3.2.1 Cystic Fibrosis -- 3.2.2 Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Respiratory Tract Infections -- 3.2.2.1 Treatment of Childhood Diarrhea -- 3.2.3 The Common Cold -- 3.2.4 Prevention or Treatment of Malaria -- 3.2.5 Burn Patients -- 3.2.6 Wound Healing -- 3.2.7 Critically Ill Patients -- 3.2.8 Sickle Cell Disease -- 4 Selenium -- 4.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 4.2 Role of Selenium in Infectious Diseases -- 4.2.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 4.2.1.1 Selenium Supplementation in HIV -- 4.2.2 Intensive Care Unit Sepsis -- 4.2.3 Role of Selenium in Other Infections -- 5 Copper -- 5.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. , 5.2 Role of Copper in Infectious Diseases -- 5.2.1 Copper/Zinc Ratio -- 6 Chromium -- 6.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 6.2 Role of Chromium in Infectious Diseases -- 7 Manganese -- 7.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 7.2 Role of Manganese in Infectious Diseases -- 7.2.1 Arginase -- 7.2.2 Manganese Superoxide Dismutase -- 8 Summary and Future Developments -- References -- Chapter 2: Sodium and Potassium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiology of Sodium and Potassium in Humans -- 2.1 Action of Sodium and Potassium on Membranes -- 2.1.1 Nervous System -- 2.1.2 Muscular System -- 2.2 Homeostasis of Sodium and Potassium -- 2.2.1 Absorption and Distribution of Potassium -- 2.2.2 Absorption and Distribution of Sodium -- 2.2.3 Potassium Excretion and Secretion in the Kidneys -- 2.2.4 Sodium Excretion and Secretion in the Kidneys -- 2.3 Mechanism of Other Physiological Systems Influencing Sodium and Potassium Homeostasis -- 2.3.1 Potassium -- 2.3.2 Sodium -- 3 Pathology Associated with Sodium Levels -- 3.1 Hyponatremia -- 3.2 Hypernatremia -- 4 Pathology Associated with Potassium Levels -- 4.1 Hypokalemia -- 4.2 Hyperkalemia -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Magnesium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Distribution of Magnesium in the Human Body -- 1.2 Intestinal Magnesium Absorption and Release into the Blood -- 1.2.1 Apical Side -- 1.2.2 Cellular Transport -- 1.2.3 Basolateral Side -- 1.3 Renal Magnesium Handling and Reabsorption -- 2 Cellular Magnesium Homeostasis -- 2.1 Cellular Magnesium Transport Mechanisms -- 2.2 Regulation of Magnesium Transport -- 3 Magnesium in Disease -- 3.1 Hypermagnesemia -- 3.1.1 Hypermagnesemia in Renal Failure -- 3.2 Hypomagnesemia -- 3.2.1 Cardiovascular Pathologies -- 3.2.1.1 Cardiac Arrhythmias -- 3.2.1.2 Hypertension -- 3.2.2 Hyperaldosteronism. , 3.2.3 Diabetes -- 3.2.3.1 Diabetes Complications -- 3.2.4 Metabolic Syndrome -- 3.2.5 Alcoholism -- 3.2.6 Inflammation -- 3.2.7 Renal Pathologies -- 3.2.7.1 Bartter's Syndrome -- 3.2.7.2 Gitelman's Syndrome -- 3.2.7.3 Defects in Claudin Expression -- 3.2.7.4 Defects in TRPM6 Expression -- 3.2.7.5 Defects in Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling -- 3.2.8 Magnesium and Tumors -- 3.2.9 Magnesium and Prenatal Pathologies -- 3.3 Pharmacological Agents Causing Hypomagnesemia -- 3.3.1 Proton Pump Inhibitors -- 3.3.2 Anti-epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Calcium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Calcium in Nature and in Living Organisms -- 1.2 Regulation of Calcium in Biological Fluids -- 1.3 Calcium in the Mineralized Compartment of the Organisms -- 2 General Properties of Calcium as a Signaling Agent -- 3 Intracellular Calcium Handling -- 3.1 Transport of Calcium Across Membrane Boundaries -- 3.2 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Calcium Signal -- 3.3 Regulation of the Calcium Signal by the Cell Organelles -- 4 Calcium as a Regulator of Biological Processes -- 4.1 Gene Transcription -- 4.2 Intracellular Proteolysis -- 4.3 Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation -- 4.4 Calcium and Bioenergetics -- 4.5 Muscle Contraction -- 4.6 Secretion -- 4.7 Calcium in the Beginning of Cell Life -- 4.8 Apoptotic Cell Death and Autophagy -- 5 The Ambivalence of the Calcium Signal: Defects of Calcium Regulation and Disease -- 5.1 Neuronal Diseases -- 5.1.1 Ataxia -- 5.1.2 Migraine -- 5.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 5.2.1 Parkinson's Disease -- 5.2.2 Alzheimer's Disease -- 5.2.3 Huntington's Disease -- 5.2.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- 5.3 Genetic Hearing Loss -- 5.4 Cardiac Diseases (Cardiomyopathies) -- 5.5 Skeletal Muscle Diseases -- 5.5.1 Malignant Hyperthermia -- 5.5.2 Central Core Disease. , 5.5.3 Brody's Disease -- 5.5.4 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Vanadium. Its Role for Humans -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Distribution and Cycling of Vanadium -- 2.1 Vanadium in Nature -- 2.2 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics -- 3 The Aqueous Chemistry of Vanadium and the Vanadate- Phosphate Antagonism -- 4 The Medicinal Potential of Vanadium -- 4.1 Diabetes Mellitus -- 4.2 Activity in Health Hazards Other than Diabetes -- 4.2.1 Treatment of Cancer -- 4.2.2 Cardiovascular Effects -- Bacterial and Viral Diseases -- 4.2.3 Diseases Caused by Parasites -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects -- References -- Chapter 6: Chromium: Is It Essential, Pharmacologically Relevant, or Toxic? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Is Chromium Essential? -- 2.1 Current Opinions -- 2.2 Evidence -- 2.2.1 "Low Chromium" Rodent Diets -- 2.2.2 Absorption and Transport -- 2.2.3 Total Parenteral Nutrition -- 3 Is Chromium Pharmacologically Relevant? -- 3.1 Rodent Disease Model Studies -- 3.2 Clinical Studies -- 3.3 Proposed Mechanisms of Action -- 3.3.1 Insulin Signaling -- 3.3.2 Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Metabolism -- 3.3.3 Inflammation and Oxidative Stress -- 4 Is Chromium Toxic? -- 4.1 Chromate -- 4.2 Chromium Picolinate and Other Cr(III) Complexes -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Future Direction -- References -- Chapter 7: Manganese in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Manganese Essentiality -- 1.2 Manganese Pharmacokinetics -- 1.3 Manganese Biochemistry and Physiology -- 2 Manganese Transport -- 2.1 Manganese Uptake in Relation to Oxidative State -- 2.2 Cellular Manganese Uptake -- 2.3 Cellular Manganese Efflux -- 3 Manganism. A Neurodegenerative Disease -- 4 Symptoms and Sensitive Populations -- 5 Manganism versus Parkinson's Disease -- 6 Manganese in the Etiology of Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. , 6.1 Manganese and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- 6.2 Manganese and Alzheimer's Disease -- 6.3 Manganese and Huntington's Disease -- 7 Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity -- 7.1 Dopamine Oxidation -- 7.2 Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- 7.3 Astrocytosis -- 8 Genetic Susceptibility -- 9 Treatment -- 10 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Iron: Effect of Overload and Deficiency -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Aqueous Iron Solution Chemistry -- 1.2 Iron-Dependent Proteins. The Nature of the Iron Binding Sites -- 1.2.1 Heme-Containing Proteins -- 1.2.2 Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 1.2.3 Non-heme, Non-sulfur, Iron-Dependent Enzymes -- 1.2.4 Transport and Iron Storage Proteins -- 1.3 Iron Transport -- 1.3.1 Cellular Iron Transport -- 1.3.1.1 Transport of Iron-Loaded Transferrin -- 1.3.1.2 Absorption of Dietary Iron -- 1.3.1.3 Mitochondrial Iron Transport -- 1.3.1.4 Ferroportin-Mediated Iron Efflux -- 1.3.1.5 Iron Metabolism Facilitated by the Macrophage -- 1.3.2 Regulation of Iron Metabolism -- 1.4 Iron Physiology -- 1.4.1 The Role of Hepcidin -- 2 Iron Deficiency and Anemia -- 2.1 Iron Requirements of Man -- 2.2 The Influence of Anemia on Human Physiology -- 2.3 Dietary Sources of Iron -- 2.4 Iron Fortification -- 2.5 Oral Iron Supplementation -- 2.6 Anemia of Chronic Disease -- 3 Systemic Iron Overload -- 3.1 Non-transferrin Bound Iron -- 3.2 Hereditary Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.1 HFE Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.2 Juvenile Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.3 Ferroportin Disease -- 3.2.4 Treatment by Iron Chelation -- 3.3 Transfusional Siderosis -- 3.3.1 The Hemoglobinopathies -- 3.3.1.1 Thalassemia -- 3.3.1.2 Sickle Cell Disease -- 3.3.2 Myelodysplastic Syndrome -- 3.4 Hereditary Disorders of Mitochondrial Iron Overload -- 3.4.1 Sideroblastic Anemia -- 3.4.2 Friedreich's Ataxia -- 3.4.3 Glutaredoxin-5 Deficiency -- 3.5 Animal Models of Iron Overload. , 3.6 Genetic Screening for Thalassemia.