Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [342]-380) and indexes

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I: 1741-1866: Russian America and the Age of Exploration -- 1. The Sea Cow -- 2. The Bering Straits -- 3. Observations on Unalashka -- 4. Prince William Sound -- 5. Arrival at the Arctic Coast -- 6. St. Lawrence Island -- 7. The Bering Straits -- 8. The Pribilof Islands -- 9. Notes on the Copper River -- 10. Notes on the Islands of the Unalashka District -- 11. Nulato, a Settlement on the Yukon -- 12. Letter to Sir John Richardson -- Part II: 1867-1958: Territorial Alaska and the Age of Exploitation -- 13. The Rapids of the Yukon -- 14. The Pribilof Islands -- 15. The Alexander Archipelago -- 16. On Crossing the Alaska Range -- 17. The Grand Canon of the Yukon -- 18. The Gustavus Peninsula -- 19. The Dominant Primordial Beast -- 20. Gold Prospectors of the Susitna Valley -- 21. Taku Inlet -- 22. On the Sheep Ranges -- 23. The Barren Grounds Grizzly Bear -- 24. Koyukon Riddles -- 25. The Ascent of Denali (Mount McKinley) -- 26. The Kuskokwim River -- 27. Eskimo Poems -- 28. The North Fork of the Koyukuk -- 29. The Wolves of Mount McKinley -- Part III: 1959-1989: Alaskan Statehood and the Age of Environmentalism -- 30. Other Days -- 31. The Old Crow -- 32. Glacier Bay Journal -- 33. Sheenjek -- 34. One Man's Wilderness -- 35. The Alaskan Journal -- 36. On Building a Raft -- 37. Here I Am Yet! -- 38. Lake Dwarves and Giant Rat -- 39. An Expedition to the Pole -- 40. The Subsistence Cycle -- 41. Gather at the River -- 42. Yukon-Charley: The Shape of Wilderness -- 43. Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska: A Suite -- 44. This Tangled Brilliance -- 45. Haida Hunters and Legend of the Two Fin Killer Whale -- 46. Two Great Polar Bear Hunters -- 47. The Cormorant Hunters -- 48. Ragged Ear of Sable Pass -- Further Reading -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S. , T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- The niche -- environmental variability -- diversity and abundance -- synthesis of data -- objectives and structure of the book -- Chapter 2 Life processes -- Introduction -- cytology -- reproduction -- behaviour -- function of the test -- test strength -- feeding -- feeding and environment -- symbiosis -- commensalism -- foraminifera as food for other organisms -- relationship with the substrate -- microdistribution patterns -- test form and environment -- ecophenotypes -- Chapter 3 Stable isotope studies -- Introduction -- biogenic carbonate -- summary of modern data -- Chapter 4 Population dynamics -- Introduction -- births -- growth of individuals -- longevity, mortality and survivorship -- population growth -- patterns of production -- carbonate production -- Chapter 5 Relationship between living and dead assemblages -- Introduction -- living, dead and total assemblages -- the relationship between living and dead assemblages -- Chapter 6 Atlantic seaboard of North America -- Marshes -- estuaries and lagoons -- continental shelf -- continental slope - abyssal plain -- Chapter 7 Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea -- Marsh and mangrove swamp -- lagoons and estuaries -- shelf, slope and deep sea -- Chapter 8 Atlantic seaboard of South America -- Mangrove swamps -- lagoons -- shelf -- deep sea -- Chapter 9 Atlantic seaboard of Europe and Africa -- Marshes -- mangrove marsh -- lagoons and estuaries -- continental shelf and slope -- slope and deep sea -- postmortem changes -- planktonic: benthio ratio -- Chapter 10 Atlantic Ocean - summary and comparison -- Marshes -- mangrove swamps -- brackish lagoons and estuaries -- shelf seas -- the Greenland - Scotland Ridge -- slope and deep sea -- conclusions -- Chapter 11 The Mediterranean. , Marshes and lagoons -- lagoons -- shelf and basin -- pollution -- postmortem changes -- comment -- Chapter 12 Indian Ocean -- Introduction -- Red Sea -- Arabian Gulf -- comparison between the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf -- East Africa -- Pakistan - West India -- East India - Bay of Bengal -- Andaman Sea -- west and south Australia -- Atolls and oceanic islands -- deep sea -- summary -- Chapter 13 Western margin of the Pacific Ocean -- Introduction -- marshes and mangats -- lagoons and estuaries -- shelf and slope -- tropical island faunas -- summary -- Chapter 14 Eastern margin of the Pacific Ocean -- Marshes -- lagoons -- rooky shores -- beaches -- shelf and slope -- Chapter 15 Pacific Ocean -- Introduction -- general features -- associations -- Chapter 16 Southern Ocean -- Nearshore -- shelf to deep sea -- recolonisation following volcanic disturbance -- Chapter 17 Arctic Ocean -- Introduction -- shelf to deep sea -- Chapter 18 Summary of modern distribution patterns and characteristics of assemblages -- Résumé of modern faunas -- comments on certain faunas -- Chapter 19 Palaeoecology -- How representative are modern environments? -- methods of interpretation -- palaeoecologtcal interpretations -- stable isotopes and palaeoceanography -- conclusions -- Appendix A Methods -- Sampling -- area of sample -- preservation -- staining methods -- laboratory processing -- data collection -- wall structure -- generic predominance -- comparing samples -- multivariate analysis -- Appendix B Ecological data for selected genera -- Appendix C Faunal reference list - recent taxa -- Appendix D Glossary -- References -- General index -- Geographic index -- Taxonomic index - suprageneric categories -- Taxonomic index - genera and species.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objectives and strategy -- 1.2 Taxonomic scope of foraminifera -- 1.3 Historical development of ecological studies -- 1.4 Major developments over the past decade -- 1.5 The future -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Planning general field surveys -- 2.2 Planning surveys to address a specific question -- 2.3 Types of sampler, taking and handling samples -- 2.4 Collecting live individuals -- 2.5 Distinguishing live from dead foraminifera -- 2.6 Preservation and fixing -- 2.7 Processing modern sediments for foraminifera -- 2.8 Foraminiferal separation using trichloroethylene -- 2.9 Splitting samples -- 2.10 Census data, standing crop and biomass -- 2.11 Analysis of field data -- 2.12 Multivariate analysis -- 2.13 Designing and running experiments in field and laboratory -- 2.14 Essential data in publications -- 2.15 Selection of data used in this book -- 3 Aspects of biology and basic ecology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biology -- 3.2.1 The cell -- 3.2.2 Cell-body cytoplasm -- 3.2.3 Reticulopodia -- 3.2.4 Life cycle -- 3.2.5 Production of tests and population dynamics -- 3.2.6 Dispersal -- 3.2.7 Opportunists/generalists -- 3.2.8 Mode and position of life -- 3.2.9 Behaviour -- 3.2.10 Food and feeding -- 3.2.11 Endosymbiosis -- 3.2.12 Commensalism -- 3.2.13 Predation on foraminifera -- 3.2.14 Disease -- 3.2.15 Test function -- 3.2.16 Selection of test grains -- 3.2.17 Test strength -- 3.2.18 Summary of key points -- 3.2.19 Some of the problems awaiting solution -- 3.3 Basic ecology -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Critical thresholds and the niche -- 3.3.3 Environmental factors -- Abiotic factors -- Biotic factors -- Both abiotic and biotic factors -- 3.3.4 Primary production -- 3.3.5 Sediment macrofaunal communities -- 3.3.6 Disturbance. , 3.3.7 Populations, assemblages, associations, communities -- 3.3.8 Summary of key points -- 4 Marginal marine environments -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Marsh and mangal/mangrove -- 4.2.1 Marsh& -- sol -- mangal foraminifera -- 4.2.2 European marshes -- 4.2.3 Atlantic North American marshes -- 4.2.4 Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic South American marshes& -- sol -- mangals -- 4.2.5 Pacific American marshes -- 4.2.6 Other marsh& -- sol -- mangal faunas -- 4.2.7 Summary of marsh& -- sol -- mangal faunas -- 4.3 Intertidal-subtidal brackish lagoons and estuaries -- 4.3.1 Europe and Africa -- 4.3.2 Atlantic North America -- 4.3.3 Gulf of Mexico and South America -- 4.3.4 Pacific Ocean -- 4.3.5 Indian Ocean -- 4.4 Deltas -- 4.5 Fjords -- 4.5.1 European fjords -- 4.5.2 Canadian fjords -- 4.6 Isolation basins -- 4.7 General attributes of faunas -- 4.7.1 Species diversity -- 4.7.2 Wall structure -- 4.7.3 Standing crop in 0-1 cm sediment layer -- 4.8 Summary -- 5 Shelf seas -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Europe and Africa -- 5.2.1 Kara and Barents seas -- 5.2.2 Baltic Sea -- 5.2.2 Baltic Sea -- 5.2.3 Skagerrak and North Sea -- 5.2.4 Western Britain -- 5.2.5 North Spain -- 5.2.6 Mediterranean -- 5.2.7 Africa -- 5.2.8 Comparisons -- 5.3 Atlantic North America -- 5.4 Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean -- 5.5 South America -- 5.6 Pacific Americas -- 5.6.1 Northern inner shelf -- 5.6.2 Baja California -- 5.6.3 Continental borderland -- 5.6.4 Gulf of California and El Salvador -- 5.7 West Pacific -- 5.8 Australia -- 5.9 New Zealand -- 5.10 Pacific Ocean -- 5.11 Indian Ocean -- 5.12 Southern Ocean -- 5.13 Stable isotopes -- 5.14 Summary -- 6 Carbonate environments -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Warm-water carbonate environments -- 6.2.1 Seagrass communities -- 6.2.2 Larger foraminifera -- 6.2.3 Atlantic lagoons -- 6.2.4 Atlantic shelf seas -- 6.2.5 Indian Ocean-Arabian Gulf. , 6.2.6 Indian Ocean-Red Sea -- 6.2.7 Pacific Ocean -- 6.3 Cool-temperate carbonate environments -- 6.3.1 Atlantic Ocean -- 6.3.2 Balearic Islands, Mediterranean -- 6.4 Distinction between warm and cool-temperate carbonate shelf faunas -- 6.5 Summary -- 7 Deep sea -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Oceanography -- 7.1.2 Primary production -- 7.2 Foraminifera -- 7.2.1 General comments -- 7.2.2 Foraminifera and organic flux -- 7.2.3 Atlantic Ocean: Europe-Africa -- Assemblages under the influence of currents -- Assemblages not influenced by currents -- 7.2.4 Atlantic Ocean: the Mediterranean -- 7.2.5 Atlantic Ocean: the Americas -- 7.2.6 Atlantic Ocean: Gulf of Mexico -- 7.2.7 Indian Ocean: Arabian Sea -- 7.2.8 Indian Ocean: Red Sea -- 7.2.9 Pacific Ocean -- 7.2.10 Pacific Ocean: east -- 7.2.11 Pacific Ocean: west -- 7.2.12 Arctic Ocean -- 7.2.13 Southern Ocean -- 7.2.14 Abyssal plains and trenches -- 7.2.15 Encrusting forms on polymetallic structures -- 7.3 Summary and conclusions -- 8 Summary of living distributions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Major new findings -- 8.3 Response of foraminifera to environmental factors -- 8.3.1 Abiotic factors -- 8.3.2 Biotic factors -- 8.3.3 Combined abiotic and biotic factors -- 8.4 Microdistribution patterns -- 8.5 Interdependent controls on microdistributions -- 8.6 Time-series datasets and environmental variability -- 8.7 Large-scale distribution patterns -- 8.7.1 Common species -- 8.7.2 Test wall -- 8.8 Species diversity -- 8.9 Colonisation/recolonisation -- 8.10 The species pool -- 8.11 Biogeography -- 8.12 Standing crop and biomass -- 8.13 Role of benthic foraminifera in modern ecosystems -- 8.14 Comments on other topics -- 8.15 Final conclusions -- 9 Taphonomic processes: formation of dead and fossil assemblages -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Life processes influencing the contribution of tests to the sediment. , 9.3 Postmortem processes affecting the preservation of foraminifera -- 9.3.1 Destruction of tests -- 9.3.2 Transport -- 9.3.3 Bioturbation and the taphonomically active zone -- 9.3.4 Faunal mixing: reworking and relict deposits -- 9.3.5 Time averaging -- 9.3.6 Diagenetic changes -- 9.3.7 Weathering at outcrop -- 9.3.8 Consequences for interpretation of fossil assemblages -- 9.4 Summary -- 10 Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The present as a key to the past -- 10.3 Sequence stratigraphy biostratigraphy -- 10.4 Palaeoecology -- 10.5 Palaeoceanography -- 10.5.1 Proxy versus general attributes -- 10.5.2 Transfer functions -- 10.5.3 Benthic-foraminiferal accumulation rate (BFAR) -- 10.5.4 Organic flux -- Case study: palaeoproductivity in the Arctic Ocean -- Case study: palaeoproductivity in the Fram Strait -- 10.5.5 Oxygen -- Case study: oxygen minimum zone -- 10.5.6 Seasonal stratification of the water column -- Case study: UK shelf -- 10.5.7 Former contour currents -- Case study: Mediterranean Outflow Water -- 10.5.8 Down-slope transport -- Case study: Morocco -- Case study: Bounty Trough, New Zealand -- 10.5.9 Wave climate -- 10.5.10 Sea level -- Case study: UK marshes -- 10.5.11 Storms and tsunamis -- Case study: Hurricane Hugo, USA -- Case study: Vancouver Island, Canada -- 10.6 Environmental monitoring -- 10.6.1 Natural environmental variation and change -- Case study: changes in southern Scandinavia -- Case study: Chesapeake Bay, USA -- 10.6.2 Man-induced change (excluding pollution) -- 10.6.3 Monitoring pollution -- Field experiments -- Mesocosm experiment -- Contemporary-impact field studies -- Historical studies -- Organic pollution -- Combined organic and heavy-metal pollution -- 10.7 Deformed tests -- 10.8 Summary and conclusions -- Glossary -- Appendix -- Species -- 4 Marginal marine environments -- 4.1 Agglutinated. , 4.2 Porcelaneous -- 4.3 Hyaline -- 5 Shelf environments -- 5.1 Agglutinated -- 5.2 Porcelaneous -- 5.3 Hyaline -- 6 Carbonate environments (larger foraminifera) -- 6.1 Porcelaneous -- 6.2 Hyaline (all have diatom symbionts) -- 7 Deep sea -- 7.1 Agglutinated -- 7.2 Hyaline -- Genera -- References -- Taxonomic index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Dedication -- List of contributors -- 1 Monitoring active volcanoes - an introduction -- 1.1 Why monitor volcanoes? -- 1.2 Recent advances in ground-based volcano surveillance -- 1.3 Airborne and satellite monitoring -- 1.4 Monitoring strategies -- 1.5 Predicting volcanic eruptions -- 1.6 Monitoring and volcanic hazard mitigation -- 1.7 Safe surveillance of active volcanoes -- References -- 2 Data acquisition and telemetry -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Principles of data acquisition and transmission -- 2.3 Examples of acquisition and transmission systems -- 2.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Seismic monitoring at active volcanoes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Locating seismic events: some constraints -- 3.3 The seismic source -- 3.4 The role of instrumentation: past, present and future -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Real-time ground deformation monitoring -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Real-time tiltmeter monitoring at active volcanoes -- 4.3 Tiltmeter and aedm monitoring at Piton de la Fournaise -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Ground deformation surveying of active volcanoes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Measuring horizontal deformation -- 5.3 Measuring vertical deformation -- 5.4 Dry tilt -- 5.5 Benchmarks -- 5.6 Designing a deformation network -- 5.7 Analysis -- 5.8 Conclusions -- References -- 6 GPS - monitoring volcanic deformation from space -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Some basic concepts -- 6.3 Biases and errors -- 6.4 GPS operating equipment and survey design -- 6.5 Data processing -- 6.6 Use of continuous gps measurements for ground deformation monitoring -- 6.7 Case study: GPS surveys at Mount Etna -- 6.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- 7 Infrared thermal monitoring -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 What can thermal measurements tell us about a volcano? -- 7.3 What is remote sensing? -- 7.4 Satellite data -- 7.5 The physics of thermal remote sensing -- 7.6 Case studies of remote sensing of high-temperature thermal anomalies -- 7.7 Case studies of remote sensing of low-temperature thermal anomalies -- 7.8 Ground-based infrared measurements of hot phenomena -- 7.9 Satellite data: where to get them, what to ask for, and what they cost -- 7.10 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Appendix: list of acronyms and related terms -- 8 Microgravity monitoring -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Background -- 8.3 Technique -- 8.4 Interpretation -- 8.5 Applications -- 8.6 Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Geoelectrical methods in volcano monitoring -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Direct-current resistivity methods -- 9.3 Electromagnetic methods -- 9.4 Self-potential methods -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Geomagnetic surveying methods -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Magnetic fields -- 10.3 Method -- 10.4 Case studies -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Remote sensing spectroscopy of volcanic plumes and clouds -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 COSPEC -- 11.3 Activity and SO2 emission -- 11.4 Improvements in COSPEC methodology -- 11.5 Remote sensing of other gases -- 11.6 Satellite methods -- References -- 12 Monitoring fluids and gases at active volcanoes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Sampling and analytical techniques -- 12.3 Interpretation of chemical and isotope data at Campi Flegrei caldera -- 12.4 Geochemical monitoring at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands) -- 12.5 Thermal waters -- 12.6 Soil gases -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Forecasting the behaviour of lava flows -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Basic features -- 13.3 Flow surfaces -- 13.4 Emplacement regimes -- 13.5 Aa flow emplacement. , 13.6 Comparison of lengthening models -- 13.7 Hazard assessment and future requirements -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 The role of monitoring in forecasting volcanic events -- 14.1 Introduction and historical perspective -- 14.2 Volcano monitoring and forecasts -- 14.3 Selected case studies -- 14.4 Lessons for the future -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Prospects for volcano surveillance -- 15.1 An approach for the 21st century -- 15.2 Future technological developments -- 15.3 Conclusion -- References -- APPENDIX Safety measures for volcanologists -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY -- COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY: MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MENTAL ILLNESS -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Meeting Emerging Challengesand Opportunities in PsychiatryThrough ComputationalNeuroscience -- PATHS TOWARD MECHANISTIC DISCOVERY IN PSYCHIATRY -- TACKLING COMPLEXITY OF MECHANISM VIA COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE -- THE CURRENT STATE OF COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY -- The Potential Impact of Computational Psychiatry and What Is Needed to Get There -- Integration Across Levels of Analysis -- Computational Phenotyping and Biomarker Refinement -- Modeling Treatments -- WHAT COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY NEEDS TO SUCCEED? -- Common Language -- Generating Multilevel Data -- Mapping Categorical Versus Continuous Alterations: RDOC Versus DSM -- Conceptually Separate "Big Data Analytics" From "Theory" -- Sharing, Standardization, and Reproducibility -- Ground-Truth Datasets for Benchmarking of Models -- Infrastructure -- Not Losing Track of Time -- Linking Theoretical Approaches -- Training and Development of the Scientific Workforce -- Facilitating Dialogue Between Computational and Experimental Neuroscience -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- I - APPLYING CIRCUIT MODELING TO UNDERSTAND PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS -- 1 - Cortical Circuit Models in Psychiatry: Linking Disrupted Excitation-Inhibition Balance to Cognitive Deficits As ... -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 ROLES FOR BIOPHYSICALLY BASED NEURAL CIRCUIT MODELING IN COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY -- 1.3 LINKING PROPOSITIONS FOR COGNITIVE PROCESSES -- 1.4 ATTRACTOR NETWORK MODELS FOR CORE COGNITIVE COMPUTATIONS IN RECURRENT CORTICAL CIRCUITS -- 1.5 CIRCUIT MODELS OF COGNITIVE DEFICITS FROM ALTERED EXCITATION-INHIBITION BALANCE -- 1.5.1 Working Memory -- 1.5.2 Decision Making -- 1.6 CRITICAL ROLE OF EXCITATION-INHIBITION BALANCE IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION. , 1.7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN NEURAL CIRCUIT MODELING OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION -- 1.7.1 Integrating Cognitive Function With Neurophysiological Biomarkers -- 1.7.2 Incorporating Further Neurobiological Detail -- 1.7.3 Informing Task Designs -- 1.7.4 Studying Compensations and Treatments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 - Serotonergic Modulation of Cognition in Prefrontal Cortical Circuits in Major Depression -- 2.1 METHODS -- 2.2 RESULTS -- 2.3 DISCUSSION -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 - Dopaminergic Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Their Dysregulation in Nicotine Addiction -- 3.1 NICOTINE, DOPAMINE, AND ADDICTION -- 3.2 MODELING RECEPTOR KINETICS -- 3.2.1 Ligand-Receptor Interaction -- 3.2.1.1 A Two-Gate Receptor Model -- 3.2.1.2 Steady-State Receptor Current -- 3.2.1.3 Temporal Dynamics of the Receptor Current -- 3.2.2 Competition and Cooperation Between Ligands, or Between Ligand and the Endogenous Transmitter -- 3.2.2.1 Competitive Inhibition -- 3.2.2.2 Coagonism -- 3.2.2.3 Positive Allosteric Modulation -- 3.2.3 Miscellaneous and Secondary Receptor Effects -- 3.3 CIRCUIT MODELS OF THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA -- 3.3.1 Reorganization of the Ventral Tegmental Area in Addiction -- 3.3.2 Circuit Simulations of the Normal and Reorganized Ventral Tegmental Area -- 3.4 MODELING TONIC VERSUS PHASIC DOPAMINE RELEASE -- 3.4.1 Modeling the Firing Pattern of Dopamine Neurons -- 3.4.2 Effects of Nicotine on the Dopamine Cell's Spike Pattern -- 3.5 SUMMARY -- APPENDIX A: THE DOPAMINE NEURON MODEL -- References -- II - MODELING NEURAL SYSTEM DISRUPTIONS IN PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS -- 4 - Computational Models of Dysconnectivity in Large-Scale Resting-State Networks -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.1.1 The Study of Large-Scale Brain Connectivity -- 4.2 RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AND NETWORKS IN FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. , 4.3 DYNAMIC FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY -- 4.4 MEASURING STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY -- 4.5 EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY -- 4.6 TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NETWORKS -- 4.7 COMPARING CONNECTIVITY AMONG GROUPS -- 4.7.1 Clinical Applications of Large-Scale Resting State Connectivity -- 4.8 MODELING THE LARGE-SCALE BRAIN ACTIVITY-I: LINKING STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- 4.9 MODELING THE LARGE-SCALE BRAIN ACTIVITY-II: ADDING DYNAMICS INTO THE EQUATION -- 4.10 DISCUSSION -- References -- 5 - Dynamic Causal Modeling and Its Application to Psychiatric Disorders -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION TO DYNAMIC CAUSAL MODELING -- 5.1.1 Dynamic Causal Models for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 5.1.2 Dynamic Causal Models for Electrophysiological Data -- 5.1.3 Model Comparison -- 5.1.3.1 Model Family Comparison -- 5.1.4 Model Parameter Estimates: Physiological and Clinical Interpretations -- 5.1.4.1 Posterior Parameter Estimates -- 5.1.4.2 Model Averaging -- 5.1.4.3 Generative Embedding -- 5.1.5 Other Variants of Dynamic Causal Modeling -- 5.2 APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC CAUSAL MODELING IN PSYCHIATRY -- 5.2.1 Using Dynamic Causal Modeling to Understand Mechanism of Behavioral/Cognitive Dysfunction -- 5.2.2 Using Dynamic Causal Modeling to Investigate Synaptic Dysfunction -- 5.2.3 Using Dynamic Causal Modeling to Dissect Spectrum Disorders -- 5.2.4 Current Dynamic Causal Modeling Limitations -- 5.3 OUTLOOK -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 - Systems Level Modeling of Cognitive Control in Psychiatric Disorders: A Focus on Schizophrenia -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 MECHANISMS OF CONTROL: PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE -- 6.2.1 Proactive Versus Reactive Control Deficits in Schizophrenia -- 6.2.2 Computational Models of Proactive and Reactive Control -- 6.2.2.1 Connectionist Modeling of Proactive Control in Schizophrenia: Guided Activation Framework. , 6.2.2.1.1 Using Proactive Control Models to Make Predictions About Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activity -- 6.2.2.2 Reactive Control-When to Engage or Upregulate Control -- 6.2.2.2.1 Performance Monitoring and Reactive Control in Schizophrenia -- 6.2.2.3 Relationships Between Proactive Control and Reactive Control in Schizophrenia -- 6.3 UPDATING CONTROL REPRESENTATIONS-DOPAMINE, THE STRIATUM AND A GATING MECHANISM -- 6.3.1 Dopamine and Gating in Schizophrenia -- 6.4 COGNITIVE CONTROL, VALUE, AND EFFORT ALLOCATION -- 6.4.1 Cognitive Control, Utility, and Exploitation Versus Exploration -- 6.4.2 Model-Based Learning and a Decision-Making as a Form of Cognitive Control -- 6.4.3 Cognitive Control Impairments as a Core Feature of Psychopathology -- 6.5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- 7 - Bayesian Inference, Predictive Coding, and Computational Models of Psychosis -- 7.1 HIERARCHICAL MODELS AND PREDICTIVE CODING -- 7.2 PSYCHOSIS, SYNAPTIC GAIN, AND PRECISION -- 7.3 COMPUTATIONALLY MODELING THE FORMATION OF DELUSIONS -- 7.4 MODELING THE MAINTENANCE OF DELUSIONS -- 7.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- III - CHARACTERIZING COMPLEX PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS VIA MATHEMATICAL MODELS -- 8 - A Case Study in Computational Psychiatry: Addiction as Failure Modes of the Decision-Making System -- 8.1 THE MACHINERY OF DECISION-MAKING -- 8.2 ADDICTION AS FAILURE MODES OF DECISION-MAKING SYSTEMS -- 8.3 BEYOND SIMPLE FAILURE MODES -- 8.4 RELIABILITY ENGINEERING -- 8.5 IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT -- 8.6 CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 9 - Modeling Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION: NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA -- 9.2 DOPAMINE SYSTEMS AND PREDICTION ERRORS -- 9.3 MODELING IN REWARD-RELATED DECISION TASKS -- 9.4 PROBABILISTIC STIMULUS SELECTION-COMBINED ACTOR-CRITIC/Q-LEARNING -- 9.4.1 Rationale -- 9.4.2 Q-Learning. , 9.4.3 Actor-Critic Model -- 9.4.4 Combined Actor-Critic/Q-Learning -- 9.4.5 Findings -- 9.5 TIME CONFLICT-TEMPORAL UTILITY INTEGRATION TASK -- 9.5.1 Rationale -- 9.5.2 Time Conflict Model -- 9.5.3 Findings -- 9.6 PAVLOVIAN BIAS-EXTENDED Q-LEARNING -- 9.6.1 Rationale -- 9.6.2 Pavlovian Bias Model -- 9.6.3 Findings -- 9.7 DIRECT ADDITION OF WORKING MEMORY TO REINFORCEMENT LEARNING MODELS -- 9.7.1 Rationale -- 9.7.2 Reinforcement Learning and Working Memory Model -- 9.7.3 Findings -- 9.8 SUMMARY -- 9.9 CONCLUSION -- References -- 10 - Bayesian Approaches to Learning and Decision-Making -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 MARKOV DECISION PROBLEMS -- 10.2.1 Bellman Equation -- 10.2.2 Solving the Bellman Equation -- 10.2.2.1 Model-Free Temporal Difference Prediction Error Learning -- 10.2.2.2 Phasic Dopaminergic Signals -- 10.2.3 Policy Updates -- 10.3 MODELING DATA -- 10.3.1 General Considerations -- 10.3.2 A Toy Example -- 10.3.3 Generating Data -- 10.3.4 Fitting Models -- 10.3.5 Model Comparison -- 10.3.6 Group Studies -- 10.4 DISSECTING COMPONENTS OF DECISION-MAKING -- 10.4.1 Reward Learning -- 10.4.2 Pavlovian Influences -- 10.4.3 Model-Based and Model-Free Decision-Making -- 10.4.4 Complex Planning -- 10.5 DISCUSSION -- References -- 11 - Computational Phenotypes Revealed by Interactive Economic Games -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 REINFORCEMENT LEARNING SYSTEMS AND THE VALUATION OF STATES AND ACTIONS -- 11.3 REACHING TOWARD HUMANS -- 11.4 COMPUTATIONAL PROBES OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY USING HUMAN SOCIAL EXCHANGE: HUMAN BIOSENSOR APPROACHES -- 11.5 EPILOGUE: APPROACH AND AVOIDANCE IS NOT RICH ENOUGH -- References -- Further Reading -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- Z -- Back cover.

Note: Intro -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Revised Preface to the 2003 Edition -- Chapter One: The Journal -- Chapter Two: The Essay -- Chapter Three: The Writing Process -- Chapter Four: The Opening -- Chapter Five: The Closing -- Chapter Six: Word Pictures -- Chapter Seven: Figurative Language -- Chapter Eight: Character and Dialogue -- Chapter Nine: Story-Telling -- Chapter Ten: Style -- Chapter Eleven: Fiction and Poetry -- Chapter Twelve: Revision -- Chapter Thirteen: Research -- Chapter Fourteen: Workshopping -- Chapter Fifteen: Publication -- Chapter Sixteen: Nature Writing and Environmental Activism -- Appendix: -- Recommended Readings -- Creative Writing Programs -- Environmental Organizations -- Writing Conferences -- References Cited -- Index:.

Note: Literaturverz. S. 257 - 259