Note: front cover -- copyright -- table of contents -- front matter -- Contributors -- body -- 1.0 | TRIBUTE -- 1.1 | DYNAMIC FOOD WEBS -- 1.2 | FOOD WEB SCIENCE: MOVING ON THE PATH FROM ABSTRACTION TO PREDICTION -- 2.0 | VARIATIONS IN COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE AS STABILIZING MECHANISMS OF FOOD WEBS -- 2.1 | FROM FOOD WEBS TO ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS: LINKING NON-LINEAR TROPHIC INTERACTIONS WITH NUTRIENT COMPETITION -- 2.2 | FOOD WEB ARCHITECTURE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CONSUMER RESOURCE OSCILLATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL POND ECOSYSTEMS -- 2.3 | FOOD WEB STRUCTURE: FROM SCALE INVARIANCE TO SCALE DEPENDENCE, AND BACK AGAIN? -- 2.4 | THE ROLE OF SPACE, TIME, AND VARIABILITY IN FOOD WEB DYNAMICS -- 3.0 | POPULATION DYNAMICS AND FOOD WEBS: DRIFTING AWAY FROM THE LOTKA-VOLTERRA PARADIGM -- 3.1 | MODELLING EVOLVING FOOD WEBS -- 3.2 | THE INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE STRUCTURE OF ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES -- 3.3 | LINKING FLEXIBLE FOOD WEB STRUCTURE TO POPULATION STABILITY: A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION ON ADAPTIVE FOOD WEBS -- 3.4 | INDUCIBLE DEFENSES IN FOOD WEBS -- 4.0 | WEARING ELTON'S WELLINGTONS: WHY BODY SIZE STILL MATTERS IN FOOD WEBS -- 4.1 | SPECIES' AVERAGE BODY MASS AND NUMERICAL ABUNDANCE IN A COMMUNITY FOOD WEB: STATISTICAL QUESTIONS IN ESTIMATING THE RELATIONSHIP -- 4.2 | BODY SIZE SCALINGS AND THE DYNAMICS OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- 4.3 | BODY SIZE, INTERACTION STRENGTH, AND FOOD WEB DYNAMICS -- 4.4 | BODY SIZE DETERMINANTS OF THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS: SCALING FROM THE INDIVIDUAL TO THE ECOSYSTEM -- 5.0 | UNDERSTANDING THE MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE DYNAMICS OF FOOD WEBS, RESOURCES, AND NUTRIENTS -- 5.1 | VARIABILITY IN SOIL FOOD WEB STRUCTURE ACROSS TIME AND SPACE -- 5.2 | FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF LEAF LITTER DETRITUS IN TERRESTRIAL FOOD WEBS. , 5.3 | STABILITY AND INTERACTION STRENGTH WITHIN SOIL FOOD WEBS OF A EUROPEAN FOREST TRANSECT: THE IMPACT OF N DEPOSITION -- 5.4 | DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF CONSUMERS ON C, N, AND P DYNAMICS: INSIGHTS FROM LONG-TERM RESEARCH -- 5.5 | MEASURING THE ABILITY OF FOOD TO FUEL WORK IN ECOSYSTEMS -- 5.6 | TOWARDS A NEW GENERATION OF DYNAMICAL SOIL DECOMPOSER FOOD WEB MODELS -- 6.0 | FOOD WEBS, BIODIVERSITY, AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING -- 6.1 | FOOD WEBS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING -- 6.2 | BIODIVERSITY, FOOD WEB STRUCTURE, AND THE PARTITIONING OF BIOMASS WITHIN AND AMONG TROPHIC LEVELS -- 6.3 | TROPHIC POSITION, BIOTIC CONTEXT, AND ABIOTIC FACTORS DETERMINE SPECIES CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING -- 6.4 | DOES BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY RELATE TO FUNCTIONAL ATTRIBUTES OF SOIL FOOD WEBS? -- 6.5 | DIVERSITY, PRODUCTIVITY, AND INVASIBILITY RELATIONSHIPS IN ROCK POOL FOOD WEBS -- 6.6 | MEASURING THE FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF FOOD WEBS -- 7.0 | TRACING PERTURBATION EFFECTS IN FOOD WEBS: THE POTENTIAL AND LIMITATION OF EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES -- 7.1 | INSIGHT INTO POLLUTION EFFECTS IN COMPLEX RIVERINE HABITATS: A ROLE FOR FOOD WEB EXPERIMENTS -- 7.2 | PERTURBATIONS AND INDIRECT EFFECTS IN COMPLEX FOOD WEBS -- 7.3 | DEALING WITH MODEL UNCERTAINTY IN TROPHODYNAMIC MODELS: A PATAGONIAN EXAMPLE -- 7.4 | DESCRIBING A SPECIES-RICH RIVER FOOD WEB USING STABLE ISOTOPES, STOMACH CONTENTS, AND FUNCTIONAL EXPERIMENTS -- 7.5 | COMMUNICATING ECOLOGY THROUGH FOOD WEBS: VISUALIZING AND QUANTIFYING THE EFFECTS OF STOCKING ALPINE LAKES WITH TROUT -- 8.0 | PREFACE: THEMATIC REVIEWS -- 8.1 | HOW DO COMPLEX FOOD WEBS PERSIST IN NATURE? -- 8.2 | POPULATION DYNAMICS AND FOOD WEB STRUCTURE - PREDICTING MEASURABLE FOOD WEB PROPERTIES WITH MINIMAL DETAIL AND RESOLUTION. , 8.3 | CENTRAL ISSUES FOR AQUATIC FOOD WEBS: FROM CHEMICAL CUES TO WHOLE SYSTEM RESPONSES -- 8.4 | SPATIAL ASPECTS OF FOOD WEBS -- back matter -- References -- Keywords -- index -- Color Plates.

Note: Front Cover -- Mathematical and Physical Fundamentals of Climate Change -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Climate Change Research -- Chapter 1: Fourier Analysis -- 1.1 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform -- 1.2 Bessel's Inequality and Parseval's Identity -- 1.3 Gibbs Phenomenon -- 1.4 Poisson Summation Formulas and Shannon Sampling Theorem -- 1.5 Discrete Fourier Transform -- 1.6 Fast Fourier Transform -- 1.7 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle -- 1.8 Case Study: Arctic Oscillation Indices -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Time-Frequency Analysis -- 2.1 Windowed Fourier Transform -- 2.2 Wavelet Transform -- 2.3 Multiresolution Analyses and Wavelet Bases -- 2.3.1 Multiresolution Analyses -- 2.3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform -- 2.3.3 Biorthogonal Wavelets, Bivariate Wavelets,and Wavelet Packet -- 2.4 Hilbert Transform, Analytical Signal, and Instantaneous Frequency -- 2.5 Wigner-Ville Distribution and Cohen's Class -- 2.6 Empirical Mode Decompositions -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Filter Design -- 3.1 Continuous Linear Time-Invariant Systems -- 3.2 Analog Filters -- 3.3 Discrete Linear Time-Invariant Systems -- 3.3.1 Discrete Signals -- 3.3.2 Discrete Convolution -- 3.3.3 Discrete System -- 3.3.4 Ideal Digital Filters -- 3.3.5 Z-Transforms -- 3.3.6 Linear Difference Equations -- 3.4 Linear-Phase Filters -- 3.4.1 Four Types of Linear-Phase Filters -- 3.4.2 Structure of Linear-Phase Filters -- 3.5 Designs of FIR Filters -- 3.5.1 Fourier Expansions -- 3.5.2 Window Design Method -- 3.5.3 Sampling in the Frequency Domain -- 3.6 IIR Filters -- 3.6.1 Impulse Invariance Method -- 3.6.2 Matched Z-Transform Method -- 3.6.3 Bilinear Transform Method -- 3.7 Conjugate Mirror Filters -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Remote Sensing -- 4.1 Solar and Thermal Radiation. , 4.2 Spectral Regions and Optical Sensors -- 4.3 Spatial Filtering -- 4.4 Spatial Blurring -- 4.5 Distortion Correction -- 4.6 Image Fusion -- 4.7 Supervised and Unsupervised Classification -- 4.8 Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide -- 4.9 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Data Products and Climate Change -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: Basic Probability and Statistics -- 5.1 Probability Space, Random Variables, and Their Distributions -- 5.1.1 Discrete Random Variables -- 5.1.2 Continuous Random Variables -- 5.1.3 Properties of Expectations and Variances -- 5.1.4 Distributions of Functions of Random Variables -- 5.1.5 Characteristic Functions -- 5.2 Jointly Distributed Random Variables -- 5.3 Central Limit Theorem and Law of Large Numbers -- 5.4 Minimum Mean Square Error -- 5.5 2-Distribution, t-Distribution, and F-Distribution -- 5.6 Parameter Estimation -- 5.7 Confidence Interval -- 5.8 Tests of Statistical Hypotheses -- 5.9 Analysis of Variance -- 5.10 Linear Regression -- 5.11 Mann-Kendall Trend Test -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Empirical Orthogonal Functions -- 6.1 Random Vector Fields -- 6.2 Classical EOFs -- 6.3 Estimation of EOFs -- 6.4 Rotation of EOFs -- 6.5 Complex EOFs and Hilbert EOFs -- 6.6 Singular Value Decomposition -- 6.7 Canonical Correlation Analysis -- 6.8 Singular Spectrum Analysis -- 6.9 Principal Oscillation Patterns -- 6.9.1 Normal Modes -- 6.9.2 Estimates of Principal Oscillation Patterns -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7: Random Processes and Power Spectra -- 7.1 Stationary and Non-stationary Random Processes -- 7.2 Markov Process and Brownian Motion -- 7.3 Calculus of Random Processes -- 7.4 Spectral Analysis -- 7.4.1 Linear Time-Invariant System for WSS Processes -- 7.4.2 Power Spectral Density -- 7.4.3 Shannon Sampling Theorem for Random Processes -- 7.5 Wiener Filtering. , 7.6 Spectrum Estimation -- 7.7 Significance Tests of Climatic Time Series -- 7.7.1 Fourier Power Spectra -- 7.7.2 Wavelet Power Spectra -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8: Autoregressive Moving Average Models -- 8.1 ARMA Processes -- 8.1.1 AR(p) Processes -- 8.1.2 MA(q) Processes -- 8.1.3 Shift Operator -- 8.1.4 ARMA(p,q) Processes -- 8.2 Yule-Walker Equation andSpectral Density -- 8.3 Prediction Algorithms -- 8.3.1 Innovation Algorithm -- 8.3.2 Durbin-Lovinson Algorithm -- 8.3.3 Kolmogorov's Formula -- 8.4 Asymptotic Theory -- 8.4.1 Gramer-Wold Device -- 8.4.2 Asymptotic Normality -- 8.5 Estimates of Means and CovarianceFunctions -- 8.6 Estimation for ARMA Models -- 8.6.1 General Linear Model -- 8.6.2 Estimation for AR(p) Processes -- 8.6.3 Estimation for ARMA(p,q) Processes -- 8.7 ARIMA Models -- 8.8 Multivariate ARMA Processes -- 8.9 Application in Climatic and Hydrological Research -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9: Data Assimilation -- 9.1 Concept of Data Assimilation -- 9.2 Cressman Method -- 9.3 Optimal Interpolation Analysis -- 9.4 Cost Function and Three-Dimensional Variational Analysis -- 9.5 Dual of the Optimal Interpolation -- 9.6 Four-Dimensional Variational Analysis -- 9.7 Kalman Filter -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10: Fluid Dynamics -- 10.1 Gradient, Divergence, and Curl -- 10.2 Circulation and Flux -- 10.3 Green's Theorem, Divergence Theorem, and Stokes's Theorem -- 10.4 Equations of Motion -- 10.4.1 Continuity Equation -- 10.4.2 Euler's Equation -- 10.4.3 Bernoulli's Equation -- 10.5 Energy Flux and Momentum Flux -- 10.6 Kelvin Law -- 10.7 Potential Function and Potential Flow -- 10.8 Incompressible Fluids -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11: Atmospheric Dynamics -- 11.1 Two Simple Atmospheric Models -- 11.1.1 The Single-Layer Model -- 11.1.2 The Two-Layer Model -- 11.2 Atmospheric Composition. , 11.3 Hydrostatic Balance Equation -- 11.4 Potential Temperature -- 11.5 Lapse Rate -- 11.5.1 Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- 11.5.2 Buoyancy Frequency -- 11.6 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation -- 11.6.1 Saturation Mass Mixing Radio -- 11.6.2 Saturation Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- 11.6.3 Equivalent Potential Temperature -- 11.7 Material Derivatives -- 11.8 Vorticity and Potential Vorticity -- 11.9 Navier-Stokes Equation -- 11.9.1 Navier-Stokes Equation in an Inertial Frame -- 11.9.2 Navier-Stokes Equation in a Rotating Frame -- 11.9.3 Component Form of the Navier-Stokes Equation -- 11.10 Geostrophic Balance Equations -- 11.11 Boussinesq Approximation and Energy Equation -- 11.12 Quasi-Geostrophic Potential Vorticity -- 11.13 Gravity Waves -- 11.13.1 Internal Gravity Waves -- 11.13.2 Inertia Gravity Waves -- 11.14 Rossby Waves -- 11.15 Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12: Oceanic Dynamics -- 12.1 Salinity and Mass -- 12.2 Inertial Motion -- 12.3 Oceanic Ekman Layer -- 12.3.1 Ekman Currents -- 12.3.2 Ekman Mass Transport -- 12.3.3 Ekman Pumping -- 12.4 Geostrophic Currents -- 12.4.1 Surface Geostrophic Currents -- 12.4.2 Geostrophic Currents from Hydrography -- 12.5 Sverdrup's Theorem -- 12.6 Munk's Theorem -- 12.7 Taylor-Proudman Theorem -- 12.8 Ocean-Wave Spectrum -- 12.8.1 Spectrum -- 12.8.2 Digital Spectrum -- 12.8.3 Pierson-Moskowitz Spectrum -- 12.9 Oceanic Tidal Forces -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 13: Glaciers and Sea Level Rise -- 13.1 Stress and Strain -- 13.2 Glen's Law and Generalized Glen's Law -- 13.3 Density of Glacier Ice -- 13.4 Glacier Mass Balance -- 13.5 Glacier Momentum Balance -- 13.6 Glacier Energy Balance -- 13.7 Shallow-Ice and Shallow-Shelf Approximations -- 13.8 Dynamic Ice Sheet Models -- 13.9 Sea Level Rise -- 13.10 Semiempirical Sea Level Models -- Problems -- Bibliography. , Chapter 14: Climate and Earth System Models -- 14.1 Energy Balance Models -- 14.1.1 Zero-Dimensional EBM -- 14.1.2 One-Dimensional EBM -- 14.2 Radiative Convective Models -- 14.3 Statistical Dynamical Models -- 14.4 Earth System Models -- 14.4.1 Atmospheric Models -- 14.4.2 Oceanic Models -- 14.4.3 Land Surface Models -- 14.4.4 Sea Ice Models -- 14.5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project -- 14.6 Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Approaches to studying food webs -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Traditions in ecology -- 1.2.1 The community perspective -- 1.2.2 The ecosystem perspective -- 1.3 Food webs and traditions in ecology -- 1.3.1 Theoretically based food webs -- 1.3.2 Empirically based food webs: architecture -- 1.3.3 Empirically based food webs: information -- 1.3.4 How useful are these descriptions? -- 1.4 Bridging perspectives through energetics -- 1.4.1 Core concepts and elements -- 1.4.2 Comments on our approach to studying food webs -- 1.5 An overview of the parts and chapters -- 1.6 Summary -- Part I: Modeling simple andmultispecies communities -- Chapter 2 Models of simple and complex systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Model structure and assumptions -- 2.3 Stability -- 2.4 Simple food chains -- 2.5 The dynamics of primary-producer-based and detritus-based models -- 2.6 Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 3 Connectedness food webs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Soil food webs -- 3.3 The CPER soil food web -- 3.4 Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 4 Energy flux food webs -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biomass and physiological parameters -- 4.3 Feeding rates and mineralization rates -- 4.4 Energy flux descriptions -- 4.5 Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 5 Functional webs -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Interaction strengths -- 5.3 A functional food web for the CPER -- 5.4 Summary and conclusions -- Part II: The dynamics and stability of simple and complex communities -- Chapter 6 Energetic organization and food web stability -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Energetic organization and stability -- 6.3 Distribution of interaction strengths: trophic-level-dependent interaction strengths -- 6.4 Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 7 Enrichment, trophic structure, and stability -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Simple primary-producer-based and detritus-based models. , 7.3 Trophic structure and dynamics along a productivity gradient -- 7.4 More complex models -- 7.5 Connections to real-world productivity -- 7.6 Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 8 Modeling compartments -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Complexity, diversity, compartments, and stability -- 8.3 Defining compartments -- 8.4 Approaches to studying compartments -- 8.5 The energy channel -- 8.6 Energy channels-structure and stability -- 8.7 Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 9 Productivity, dynamic stability, and species richness -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Trophic structure, dynamics, and productivity -- 9.3 Feasibility revisited -- 9.4 Feasibility and the hump-shaped curve -- 9.5 Trophic structure and the diversity of production -- 9.6 A review of hypotheses -- 9.7 Summary and conclusions -- Part III: Dynamic food web architectures -- Chapter 10 Species-based versus biomass-based food web descriptions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Dynamic food webs-playing Jenga -- 10.3 Two case studies -- 10.4 Stability, disturbance, and transition -- 10.5 Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 11 Dynamic architectures and stability of complex systems along productivity gradients -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Food web structure in a cave ecosystem -- 11.3 Food web structure and stability along the primary succession gradient at the Wadden island of Schiermonnikoog, The Netherlands -- 11.4 Food web structure in a changing Arctic -- 11.5 General framework -- 11.6 Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 12 Food web dynamics beyond asymptotic behavior -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Variability, equilibrium states, and asymptotic stability -- 12.3 Transient dynamics -- 12.4 Spatial systems -- 12.5 Asymptotically ambiguous states -- 12.6 Reconciling asymptotic stability, spatial structure, and transient dynamics -- 12.7 Summary and conclusions -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E. , F -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W.

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index

Note: Literaturangaben