Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Author biography -- John Beaver -- Chapter 1 What is science? What is art? -- 1.1 The coherence of our experience -- 1.2 Truth in science -- 1.2.1 Proving a theory false -- 1.3 Operational definitions -- 1.4 Inspiration and perspiration -- 1.5 Criticism and self-esteem -- 1.6 Looking at art -- References -- Chapter 2 What light is -- 2.1 The speed of light -- 2.1.1 The speed of light with a shortwave radio -- 2.1.2 Relativity and the speed of light -- 2.2 Geometry -- 2.3 Waves -- 2.3.1 Amplitude -- 2.3.2 Speed, wavelength and frequency -- 2.3.3 The electromagnetic spectrum -- 2.4 Particles -- References -- Chapter 3 What light does -- 3.1 Reflection, absorption and transmission -- 3.2 Specular reflection -- 3.3 Refraction -- 3.3.1 Total internal reflection -- 3.3.2 Dispersion -- 3.4 Diffuse reflections -- 3.5 Scattering -- 3.5.1 Wavelength-dependent scattering -- 3.5.2 Wavelength-independent scattering -- 3.6 Interference -- 3.7 Diffraction -- 3.8 Fluorescence -- 3.9 Polarization -- Reference -- Chapter 4 The weird world of the photon -- 4.1 Young's double-slit experiment and the wave model of light -- 4.2 The photoelectric effect and the particle model of light -- 4.3 Young's experiment reconsidered -- References -- Chapter 5 Spectra and sources of light -- 5.1 Light and its spectrum -- 5.2 Thermal radiation -- 5.3 Atomic spectra -- 5.4 Sunlight -- 5.5 Fluorescent light -- 5.6 LED light sources -- 5.7 Lasers -- 5.8 Many ways to see a cat -- Reference -- Chapter 6 Geometry and the picture plane -- 6.1 From 3D to 2D -- 6.2 The brain's construction of 3D reality -- 6.3 Linear perspective and the camera obscura -- 6.4 The picture plane -- References -- Chapter 7 Light and shadows 1: eclipses -- 7.1 Angular size of the Sun and Moon -- 7.2 The kinds of eclipses -- 7.3 The geometry of simple shadows. , 7.4 Make your own eclipse -- 7.5 Atmospheres of the Sun and Earth -- 7.5.1 The Sun's atmosphere and solar eclipses -- 7.5.2 Earth's atmosphere and eclipses -- 7.6 Shadows on a sunny day -- References -- Chapter 8 Light and shadows 2: photograms -- 8.1 Shadows and the source of light -- 8.2 Photograms with sunlight -- 8.2.1 Photogram sharpness and exposure time -- 8.2.2 Sharpness and scattering -- 8.2.3 Cloudy days -- 8.3 Contact prints -- 8.3.1 Cliche verré -- 8.4 Shadows and diffraction -- References -- Chapter 9 Ray optics 1: pinhole photography -- 9.1 Focal length and angle of view -- 9.1.1 Image size -- 9.1.2 Detector format -- 9.1.3 Angle of view -- 9.2 Distortion and angle of view -- 9.3 Vignetting -- 9.4 Focal ratio -- Chapter 10 Ray optics 2: a fish's eye -- 10.1 Rectilinear geometry and distortion -- 10.2 A beaver's-eye view -- 10.3 R W Wood's camera -- 10.4 Some variations on Wood's camera -- 10.4.1 An 'ephemeral‐process' R W Wood camera -- 10.4.2 A practical R W Wood camera -- 10.4.3 A 'dry' R W Wood camera, version one -- 10.4.4 A 'dry' R W Wood camera, version two -- 10.5 The birth of the fisheye lens -- References -- Chapter 11 Ray optics 3: lenses -- 11.1 Focus -- 11.2 Focal length -- 11.3 Spherical lenses: the lensmaker's equation -- 11.3.1 Focus of a lens in water -- 11.4 Real images and focus screens -- 11.5 Virtual images and diverging lenses -- 11.6 Depth of focus and focal ratio -- 11.6.1 Zone focusing -- 11.7 Aberrations -- 11.7.1 Ray tracing -- 11.7.2 Spherical aberration -- 11.7.3 Coma -- 11.7.4 Chromatic aberration -- 11.7.5 Aperture and aberrations -- 11.8 Lens design -- 11.9 Telescopes and viewfinders -- 11.9.1 The Galilean telescope -- 11.9.2 The Keplerian telescope -- Reference -- Chapter 12 Symmetry -- 12.1 Transformations and invariance -- 12.2 Symmetry in physics -- 12.2.1 Symmetry and mirrors, again. , 12.2.2 Mirror symmetry and P invariance -- 12.3 Symmetry in art -- 12.3.1 Formal symmetry in art -- 12.3.2 Balance in 2D art -- 12.4 Asymmetry and broken symmetry -- References -- Chapter 13 Two-dimensional design -- 13.1 Elements of 2D design -- 13.2 Figure and ground -- 13.3 Lines -- 13.4 Geometric shapes -- 13.5 Value and contrast -- 13.6 Hue and saturation -- 13.7 Depth cues -- 13.8 Unity and repetition -- 13.9 Rhythm -- 13.10 Framing -- 13.11 Composition: some useful rules of thumb -- 13.11.1 The rule of thirds -- 13.11.2 The rule of odds -- 13.11.3 The rule of space -- 13.11.4 The rule of simplicity -- 13.11.5 The rule of diagonals -- 13.11.6 The rule of triangles -- 13.11.7 The golden rectangle and the rule of the golden mean -- 13.12 Some examples of 2D design in photography -- 13.12.1 Child with toy hand grenade by Diane Arbus (p 27) -- 13.12.2 Marilyn Monroe, Hollywood by Eve Arnold (p 31) -- 13.12.3 Dovina with elephants by Richard Avedon (p 34) -- 13.12.4 Andean boy, Cuzco by Werner Bischof (p 61) -- 13.12.5 The lambeth walk by Bill Brandt (p 75) -- References -- Chapter 14 Camera design -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Photochemical detector formats -- 14.3 Plates and sheet film -- 14.4 Roll film -- 14.4.1 Cannister film -- 14.4.2 Paper-backed roll film -- 14.4.3 The framing mechanism -- 14.5 Pointing and focusing -- 14.5.1 Viewfinder cameras -- 14.5.2 View cameras -- 14.5.3 TLR cameras -- 14.5.4 SLR cameras -- 14.6 Digital cameras -- 14.7 Homemade cameras -- Reference -- Chapter 15 The view camera -- 15.1 Description of movements -- 15.2 Movements and the image circle -- 15.3 Selective focus -- 15.4 Controlling perspective -- Chapter 16 Perspective and pinhole photography -- 16.1 Curved paper -- 16.2 Folded paper -- 16.3 Anamorphic pinhole cameras -- 16.4 Pinhole bokeh -- Reference -- Chapter 17 The nature of energy -- 17.1 Energy transfer. , 17.2 Energy, power, force and momentum -- Chapter 18 Energy and exposure -- 18.1 Defining our terms -- 18.2 Power, P -- 18.3 Intensity, B -- 18.4 Illuminance, I -- 18.5 Specific intensity, I0 -- 18.6 The meaning of exposure -- Chapter 19 Tracing the energy from source to camera -- 19.1 The power of light emitted by the Sun -- 19.2 The intensity of sunlight at Earth -- 19.3 The inverse square law -- 19.4 Illuminance of the light on the subject -- 19.5 The power of the light intercepted by the metal disk -- 19.6 The power of the light reflected by the metal disk -- 19.7 The intensity of the reflected light when it reaches the camera -- 19.8 The power of the light that enters the camera lens -- 19.9 The illuminance of the light on the camera detector -- 19.10 The exposure imparted to the detector -- 19.11 Summary of steps -- 19.12 What about focus? -- Chapter 20 The Jones-Condit equation -- 20.1 The Jones-Condit equation -- 20.2 Vignetting -- References -- Chapter 21 Illumination and photograms -- 21.1 Illumination from blackbodies -- 21.2 Nearby sources of light -- 21.3 Thermal versus nonthermal light sources -- 21.4 Laser photograms -- Chapter 22 The elements of exposure -- 22.1 Shutter speed and aperture -- 22.2 Power and shutter speed -- 22.3 Aperture and focal ratio -- 22.3.1 The effect of focus on exposure -- 22.4 Density and the elements of exposure -- 22.5 The definition of ISO speed -- 22.6 Reciprocity and exposure -- 22.7 Camera settings -- 22.8 Choosing between equivalent settings -- 22.8.1 Aperture and depth of focus -- 22.8.2 Shutter speed and motion blur -- 22.8.3 ISO and noise -- 22.8.4 Changing the light -- 22.8.5 Navigating the trade-offs -- 22.9 Exposure value (EV) -- References -- Chapter 23 Metering -- 23.1 Direct-read versus null meters -- 23.2 Reflected-light metering -- 23.2.1 Spot, center-weighted and matrix metering. , 23.2.2 Manual, automatic, semiautomatic and program exposure modes -- 23.3 Incident-light metering -- 23.4 Flash -- 23.4.1 Distance and flash -- 23.4.2 Flash metering -- 23.4.3 Fill flash -- Reference -- Chapter 24 Low-sensitivity detectors in photography -- 24.1 Regimes of photographic exposure -- 24.2 A benchmark for VLS photography -- 24.3 VLS photography in context -- Reference -- Chapter 25 Ephemeral-process and cyanonegative photography -- 25.1 Cyanonegative and EP wavelength response -- 25.1.1 Wavelength calibration -- 25.1.2 EP versus cyanotype -- 25.2 Cyanonegative photography -- 25.2.1 Cyanonegative focus offset -- 25.3 EP photography -- 25.4 Using EP photography to test the Jones-Condit equation -- References -- Chapter 26 The physical basis of color -- 26.1 Spectra and sources of light -- 26.1.1 Combinations of multiple light sources -- 26.2 Color, light sources and light detectors -- 26.3 The reflection curve and the reflected-light spectrum -- 26.4 Physical causes of the reflection curve -- 26.4.1 Pigments and dyes: color from selective absorption -- 26.4.2 Structural colors: interference and scattering -- 26.4.3 Fluorescent colors -- 26.5 The detector response curve -- 26.6 Color and integration -- 26.6.1 Color detectors -- 26.7 The relation of color to black‐and‐white photography -- References -- Chapter 27 The physiological basis of color -- 27.1 The wavelength response of the retina -- 27.2 The three-color model of color perception -- 27.3 Additive and subtractive colors -- 27.4 RGB color arithmetic -- Chapter 28 The psychological basis of color -- 28.1 The opponent-process model of color perception -- 28.2 Yellow without yellow -- 28.3 Seeing and context -- 28.4 'Hue, saturation and value' and 'hue, saturation and lightness' -- 28.5 HSV and RGB -- References -- Chapter 29 Color synthesis in photography. , 29.1 Color detectors and color pictures.

Note: Cover -- Copyright Page -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Space -- Tools for Understanding Space -- Powers of Ten -- Measuring Distances in Space -- Using Time to Measure Distance -- Angular Diameter and Parallax -- Triangulation, Parallax, and the Astronomical Unit -- Stellar Parallax -- Scaling and Scale Models -- Scaling Ratios -- Surface Area, Volume, Mass, and Density -- References -- Looking Outward -- Earth, Moon, and Sun -- The Shape of the Earth -- The Rotation of Earth -- The Spherical Earth: An Example -- The Size of Earth -- The Solar System -- A Scale Model of the Solar System -- The Data -- The Shapes of Planets and Orbits -- Densities of the Planets -- Stars -- A Scale Model for the Stars -- Densities of Stars -- The Angular Sizes of Stars -- Star Clusters -- HII Regions and Giant Molecular Clouds -- Galaxies -- The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy -- Dwarf Galaxies -- Giant Ellipticals -- Clusters of Galaxies -- The Local Group -- The Virgo Cluster -- Superclusters and Voids -- Constellations and the View from Earth -- From the Milky Way to 3C273 -- The Deep Field -- The End of Space -- The Cosmological Horizon -- References -- Looking Inward -- Self Gravitation -- The Size of Life -- The Microscopic -- Molecules, Atoms, and Their Parts -- The Planck Length -- References -- Time -- Tools for Understanding Time -- Timelines -- Logarithmic Timelines -- Light-Travel Distance -- Look-Back Time -- The Cycle of Time and the Arrow of Time -- The Doppler Effect -- References -- The Present -- Space, Time, and Spacetime -- Time Dilation -- Length Contraction -- The Addition of Velocities -- Minkowski Spacetime -- Right Now and Right Here -- Simultaneity and the Meaning of Local -- Time Variations and Size -- Cosmology and the Cosmological Principal -- Cosmological Parameters. , The Hubble Parameter (H_0) and Hubble's Law -- The Expansion of the Universe and the Big Bang -- The Current Age of the Universe (t_0) -- The Baryon Density (_b) -- The Dark Matter Density (_c) -- The Dark Energy Density (_) -- The Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature (T) -- The Chemical Composition of the Universe (XYZ) -- References -- The Past -- Measuring the History of the Universe -- The Beginning -- A Time-Line to Now -- The Planck Era -- Inflation -- The Formation of Protons and Neutrons -- The Fusion Era -- Time of Decoupling -- Time of Re-Ionization: Stars and Galaxies -- Formation of the Milky Way, Sun, and Earth -- Time of Dark Energy Domination -- A Graphical Summary -- A Cosmic Calendar -- References -- The Future -- The Future at Large Scales -- The Future at Small Scales -- References -- Evolution -- Evolution of the Solar System -- Components of the Solar System -- Terrestrial Planets -- Jovian Planets -- Asteroids -- Oort Cloud Comets -- Periodic Comets -- Meteors and Meteorites -- Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) -- Satellites -- Overall Properties of the Solar System -- The Nebular Hypothesis -- The Condensation Sequence -- The Late Heavy Bombardment -- Formation of the Comets and Asteroids -- Stellar Evolution -- M, L, R, and T -- The Relation Between L, T, and R -- The Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram -- Formation of Stars -- The Main Sequence -- Mass and the Main Sequence -- Main Sequence Lifetime -- Evolutionary Track of the Sun -- Lower-Main-Sequence Stars -- Upper-Main-Sequence Stars -- Stellar Explosions -- Star Clusters and Isochrones -- What Remains -- Nucleosynthesis and Evolution of the ISM -- The Evolution of Galaxies -- Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way -- Top-Down Scenario -- Bottom-Up Scenario -- References -- Process -- Fields -- Newton's Gravity -- The Classical Gravitational Field -- Gravity and Spheres. , Gravity and Orbits -- What is Mass? -- Einstein's Gravitational Field -- Gravitational Lenses -- Neutron Stars and Black Holes -- Dark Matter and Dark Energy -- The Electric and Magnetic Fields -- What the Fields Do -- What is Charge? -- Maxwell's Equations and the Causes of and -- References -- Waves -- The Nature of Waves -- Amplitude, Speed, Wavelength, and Frequency -- Light: Electromagnetic Waves -- The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- Light and its Spectrum -- Thermal Radiation -- The Colors of Stars -- Non-Thermal Radiation -- The Spectrum of an Emission Nebula -- Stellar Spectra -- Brightness and the Inverse Square Law -- Scattering of Light -- Scattering by Interstellar Dust -- Views at Different Wavelengths -- Gravitational Waves -- Spiral Density Waves -- Probability Waves: Quantum Physics -- References -- Equilibrium -- Static Equilibrium -- Stability and Instability -- Hydrostatic Equilibrium -- Dynamic Equilibrium -- Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- Atomic Level Populations -- The Absorption Spectra of Stars -- Photoionization-Recombination Equilibrium -- References -- Structure -- The Structure of Energy and Matter -- The Nature of Energy -- Symmetry -- Symmetry in Astronomy -- Symmetry and Conservation Laws -- The Standard Model of Particle Physics -- The Particles and their Interactions -- Where is Gravity? -- Where is Dark Matter? Where is Dark Energy? -- References -- The Interior Structure of Stars -- Main Sequence Stars -- The Fusion Core -- Post-Main Sequence Stellar Structure -- Giants: Hydrogen Shell Fusion -- End Stages of Fusion -- The Structure of Galaxies -- Elliptical and Lenticular Galaxies -- Spiral Galaxies -- The Hubble Tuning-Fork Diagram -- The de Vaucouleurs Classification Scheme -- Irregular and Peculiar Galaxies -- The Causes of Galactic Structure -- References -- Large-Scale Structure of the Universe. , The -CDM Model of Cosmology -- Entropy and Gravity -- The Flat Interaction and Large-Scale Structure -- References -- Units and Scientific Notation -- Units and Dimensions -- Scientific Notation -- References -- Author's Bibliography.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Author biography -- John Beaver -- Chapter 1 Detectors and the characteristic curve -- 1.1 The physics of photons -- 1.2 Photoelectric detectors -- 1.3 Photochemical detectors -- 1.3.1 Negative and positive -- 1.4 Basic photochemistry -- 1.5 The eye as a detector -- 1.6 Exposure, density, and the characteristic curve -- 1.6.1 The characteristic curve and photoelectric detectors -- References -- Chapter 2 Silver gelatin photochemical detectors -- 2.1 Black-and-white silver gelatin emulsions -- 2.2 Chromogenic color emulsions -- 2.3 Reversal-processed silver gelatin emulsion -- 2.4 Lumen process -- 2.5 Ephemeral process (EP) -- 2.5.1 How does it work? -- 2.6 Instant film -- 2.6.1 Peel-apart instant films -- 2.6.2 Integral films -- References -- Chapter 3 Other photochemical detectors -- 3.1 Daguerreotype -- 3.2 Wet collodion, ambrotype, and tintype -- 3.3 Cyanotype and Van Dyke processes -- 3.3.1 New cyanotype -- 3.3.2 Van Dyke brown process -- 3.4 Platinum and palladium processes -- 3.5 Gum bichromate -- 3.6 Anthotypes and chlorophyll prints -- 3.6.1 Anthotypes -- 3.6.2 Chlorophyll prints -- References -- Chapter 4 Some interesting technical details -- 4.1 Reciprocity failure -- 4.1.1 Reciprocity failure and VLS photography -- 4.2 Solarization -- 4.2.1 Sabatier effect -- 4.2.2 True solarization -- 4.2.3 Mackie lines -- 4.2.4 Negative or positive? -- References -- Chapter 5 A brief diversion into the weird world of the photon -- 5.1 Young's double-slit experiment and the wave model of light -- 5.2 The photoelectric effect and the particle model of light -- 5.3 Young's experiment reconsidered -- References -- Chapter 6 Digital photoelectric detectors -- 6.1 CCD and CMOS array detectors -- 6.2 The physics of CCD arrays -- 6.3 Color digital detectors -- Chapter 7 Unusual detectors and 3D photography. , 7.1 Stereo photography -- 7.2 Light-field photography -- 7.3 Autochrome Lumière process -- 7.4 Holography -- 7.5 Lippmann process color photography -- References -- Chapter 8 Comparison of digital and film techniques -- 8.1 Borders and cropping -- 8.2 Brightness and contrast adjustments -- 8.2.1 Digital contrast adjustments -- 8.2.2 Contrast adjustments in the darkroom -- 8.2.3 Levels and curves adjustments -- 8.2.4 Levels and curves in the darkroom: the zone system -- 8.3 Dodging and burning -- 8.3.1 Dodging and burning with GIMP -- 8.3.2 Spot healing and retouching -- 8.3.3 Digital retouching -- 8.4 Color darkroom vs digital -- 8.4.1 Contrast control -- 8.4.2 Color balance -- References -- Chapter 9 The digital and the analog -- 9.1 Pixels and granularity -- 9.2 Resolution -- 9.3 Signal and noise -- 9.3.1 Pennies and Poisson -- 9.3.2 Photons, signal and noise -- 9.3.3 Signal-to-noise ratio -- 9.4 Digital photography and the data revolution in astronomy -- 9.4.1 Digital detectors are reusable -- 9.4.2 Linear response -- 9.4.3 Dynamic range -- 9.4.4 Quantum efficiency -- 9.4.5 Image calibration -- References -- Chapter 10 Is digital manipulation cheating? -- 10.1 Paying one's dues -- 10.2 Honesty -- 10.3 Retouching -- 10.4 Digital filters and cliché -- References -- Chapter 11 The image, the object, and the process -- 11.1 Some preliminary ideas -- 11.1.1 Photographic and representational content -- 11.1.2 The picture plane -- 11.1.3 Control and happy accidents -- 11.1.4 Negative versus positive -- 11.1.5 Order, complexity, and randomness -- 11.1.6 The new antiquarian movement -- 11.1.7 The archival ethos -- 11.2 Four photographers and a musician -- 11.2.1 Almudena Romero -- 11.2.2 Caitlin Noll -- 11.2.3 Diane Fenster -- 11.2.4 Chrystal Lea Nause -- 11.2.5 Hal Rammel -- 11.3 Examples from lumen and ephemeral process photography. , 11.3.1 EP pictures from pictures -- 11.3.2 Limited edition prints from EP negatives -- 11.3.3 Ephemeral prints -- 11.3.4 To …, or not to … -- 11.3.5 EP accelerator transfers -- 11.4 Drawing from negatives -- 11.5 The camera stupida -- References -- Chapter 12 Towards an art and science of nature -- 12.1 A personal note -- Chapter -- A.1 EP accelerator formula -- A.2 Choosing the paper -- A.3 Preparing the paper -- A.4 Washing, drying, and scanning -- Chapter -- Chapter -- C.1 Units and dimensions -- C.2 Scientific notation.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Author biography -- John Beaver -- Chapter 1 The nature of energy -- 1.1 Energy transfer -- Chapter 2 Energy and exposure -- 2.1 Defining our terms -- 2.1.1 Power, P -- 2.1.2 Intensity, B -- 2.1.3 Illuminance, I -- 2.1.4 Specific intensity, I0 -- 2.2 Tracing the energy from source to camera -- 2.2.1 The power of light emitted by the Sun -- 2.2.2 The intensity of sunlight at Earth -- 2.2.3 Illuminance of the light on the subject -- 2.2.4 The power of the light intercepted by the metal disk -- 2.2.5 The power of the light reflected by the metal disk -- 2.2.6 The intensity of the reflected light when it reaches the camera -- 2.2.7 The power of the light that enters the camera lens -- 2.2.8 The illuminance of the light on the camera detector -- 2.2.9 The exposure imparted to the detector -- 2.2.10 Summary of steps -- 2.3 The Jones-Condit equation -- Reference -- Chapter 3 Shutter speed and aperture -- 3.1 Power and shutter speed -- 3.2 Aperture and focal ratio -- 3.2.1 The effect of focus on exposure -- Chapter 4 Density and the elements of exposure -- 4.1 Reciprocity and exposure -- 4.2 Camera settings -- 4.3 Choosing between equivalent settings -- 4.3.1 Aperture and depth of focus -- 4.3.2 Shutter speed and motion blur -- 4.3.3 ISO and noise -- 4.3.4 Changing the light -- 4.3.5 Navigating the trade-offs -- 4.4 Exposure value (EV) -- References -- Chapter 5 Metering -- 5.1 Direct-read versus null meters -- 5.2 Reflected-light metering -- 5.2.1 Spot, center-weighted and matrix metering -- 5.2.2 Manual, automatic, semi-automatic and program exposure modes -- 5.3 Incident-light metering -- 5.4 Flash -- 5.4.1 Distance and flash -- 5.4.2 Flash metering -- 5.4.3 Fill flash -- Chapter 6 VLS detector photography -- 6.1 An exposure benchmark for VLS photography -- 6.2 VLS photography in context. , Chapter 7 Ephemeral-process (EP) and cyanonegative photography -- 7.1 Cyanonegative and EP wavelength response -- 7.1.1 Wavelength calibration -- 7.1.2 EP versus cyanotype -- 7.2 Cyanonegative photography -- 7.2.1 Cyanonegative focus offset -- 7.3 Ephemeral process (EP) photography -- 7.4 Using EP photography to test the Jones-Condit equation -- References -- Chapter 8 The physical basis of color -- 8.1 Spectra and sources of light -- 8.1.1 Combinations of multiple light sources -- 8.2 Color, light sources and light detectors -- 8.3 The reflection curve and the reflected-light spectrum -- 8.4 Physical causes of the reflection curve -- 8.4.1 Pigments and dyes: color from selective absorption -- 8.4.2 Structural colors: interference and scattering -- 8.4.3 Fluorescent colors -- 8.5 The detector response curve -- 8.6 Color and integration -- 8.6.1 Color detectors -- 8.7 The relation of color to black and white photography -- Chapter 9 The physiological basis of color -- 9.1 The three-color model of color perception -- 9.2 Additive and subtractive colors -- 9.3 RGB color arithmetic -- Chapter 10 The psychological basis of color -- 10.1 The opponent-process model of color perception -- 10.2 Yellow without yellow -- 10.3 Seeing and context -- 10.4 HSV and HSL -- 10.5 HSV and RGB -- References -- Chapter 11 Filters -- 11.1 Filters and black and white photography -- 11.2 Filters and color photography -- 11.2.1 Color temperature and white balance -- 11.2.2 Filters and color temperature -- 11.3 Polarizing filters -- Reference -- Chapter 12 'Color' in astronomy -- References -- Chapter 13 Color experiments with EP photography -- Chapter -- Chapter -- Chapter -- C.1 EP accelerator formula -- C.2 Choosing the paper -- C.3 Preparing the paper -- C.4 The camera and lens -- C.5 The film back -- C.6 Washing, drying and scanning -- Chapter -- D.1 Units and dimensions. , D.2 Scientific notation.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Author biography -- John Beaver -- Chapter 1 What is science -- what is art? -- 1.1 The coherence of our experience -- 1.2 Truth in science -- 1.2.1 Proving a theory false -- 1.3 Operational definitions -- 1.4 Inspiration and perspiration -- 1.5 Criticism and self esteem -- 1.6 Looking at art -- References -- Chapter 2 What light is -- 2.1 The speed of light -- 2.1.1 The speed of light with a shortwave radio -- 2.1.2 Relativity and the speed of light -- 2.2 Geometry -- 2.3 Waves -- 2.3.1 Amplitude -- 2.3.2 Speed, wavelength and frequency -- 2.3.3 The electromagnetic spectrum -- 2.4 Particles -- Reference -- Chapter 3 What light does -- 3.1 Reflection, absorption and transmission -- 3.2 Specular reflection -- 3.3 Refraction -- 3.3.1 Total internal reflection -- 3.3.2 Dispersion -- 3.4 Diffuse reflections -- 3.5 Scattering -- 3.5.1 Wavelength-dependent scattering -- 3.5.2 Wavelength-independent scattering -- 3.6 Interference -- 3.7 Diffraction -- 3.8 Fluorescence -- 3.9 Polarization -- Chapter 4 Sources of light -- 4.1 Light and its spectrum -- 4.2 Thermal radiation -- 4.3 Non-thermal radiation -- Reference -- Chapter 5 Wavelength reconsidered -- Chapter 6 Geometry and the picture plane -- 6.1 From 3D to 2D -- 6.2 The human brain's construction of three-dimensional reality -- 6.3 Linear perspective and the Camera Obscura -- 6.4 The picture plane -- References -- Chapter 7 Light and shadow: photograms -- 7.1 Shadows and the source of light -- 7.2 Laser photograms -- References -- Chapter 8 Ray optics 1: pinhole photography -- 8.1 Focal length and angle of view -- 8.1.1 Image size -- 8.1.2 Detector format -- 8.1.3 Angle of view -- 8.2 Distortion and angle of view -- 8.3 Vignetting -- 8.4 Focal ratio -- Chapter 9 Ray optics 2: lenses -- 9.1 Focus -- 9.2 Focal length -- 9.3 Depth of focus and focal ratio. , 9.4 Zone focusing -- 9.5 Ray tracing -- 9.6 Aberrations and distortion -- 9.6.1 Spherical aberration -- 9.6.2 Coma -- 9.6.3 Chromatic aberration -- 9.6.4 Aperture and aberrations -- 9.6.5 Distortion -- 9.7 Resolution -- 9.8 Lens design -- Chapter 10 Symmetry -- 10.1 Transformations and invariance -- 10.2 Symmetry in physics -- 10.2.1 Symmetry and mirrors, again -- 10.2.2 Mirror symmetry and P-invariance -- 10.3 Symmetry in art -- 10.3.1 Formal symmetry in art -- 10.3.2 Balance in two-dimensional art -- 10.4 Asymmetry and broken symmetry -- References -- Chapter 11 Two-dimensional (2D) design -- 11.1 Elements of 2D design -- 11.2 Figure and ground -- 11.3 Lines -- 11.4 Geometric shapes -- 11.5 Value and contrast -- 11.6 Hue and saturation -- 11.7 Depth cues -- 11.8 Unity and repetition -- 11.9 Rhythm -- 11.10 Framing -- 11.11 Composition: some useful rules of thumb -- 11.11.1 The rule of thirds -- 11.11.2 The rule of odds -- 11.11.3 The rule of space -- 11.11.4 The rule of simplicity -- 11.11.5 The rule of diagonals -- 11.11.6 The rule of triangles -- 11.11.7 The golden rectangle and the rule of the golden mean -- 11.12 Some examples of 2D design in photography -- 11.12.1 The Lambeth Walk by Bill Brandt -- 11.12.2 Child with Toy Hand Grenade by Diane Arbus -- 11.12.3 Marilyn Monroe, Hollywood by Eve Arnold -- 11.12.4 Dovina with Elephants by Richard Avedon -- 11.12.5 Andean Boy, Cuzco by Werner Bischof -- References -- Chapter 12 The view camera -- 12.1 Description of movements -- 12.2 Movements and the image circle -- 12.3 Selective focus -- 12.4 Controlling perspective -- 12.4.1 Altering perspective with a pinhole camera -- Chapter -- A.1 Cyanotype photograms -- A.2 Ephemeral process photograms -- A.2.1 Accelerator formulae -- A.2.2 Choosing the paper -- A.2.3 Preparing the photogram -- A.2.4 Exposing, washing and drying. , A.2.5 Scanning, and the option of fixing -- References -- Chapter -- Chapter -- Chapter -- D.1 Units and dimensions -- D.2 Scientific notation.