Note: Front Cover -- Arsenic in Soil and Groundwater Environment -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Section I: Introduction -- Chapter 1. Arsenic in soil and groundwater: an overview -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Occurrence, distribution, and sources of As -- 1.2.1 Occurrence and distribution -- 1.2.2 Sources of As in soils and groundwater -- 1.2.2.1 Natural sources -- 1.2.2.2 Transport and partitioning of As from natural sources -- 1.2.3 Anthropogenic sources -- 1.2.3.1 Industrial As transport and partitioning -- 1.3 Geogenic As in groundwater and soils: a brief overview -- 1.3.1 Distribution and chemodynamics of As in groundwater -- 1.4 Accumulation and behavior of As in soils -- 1.5 Bioaccumulation of As in plants and crops -- 1.5.1 Arsenic in crops -- 1.5.2 Phytoremediation of As-contaminated soils -- 1.6 Speciation and behavior of As in contaminated sites -- 1.7 Biogeochemical Controls on As mobilization -- 1.8 Health risks associated with chronic exposure to As in groundwater -- 1.8.1 Impact of high As ingestion -- 1.8.1.1 Social problem -- 1.8.2 Treatment -- 1.9 Removal of As from drinking water -- 1.9.1 Conventional technique -- 1.9.2 Other established and emerging arsenic removal method -- 1.9.2.1 Pond Sand Filters (PSFs) -- 1.9.2.2 Activated alumina filter (ALCAN filter) -- 1.9.2.3 Bishuddhya filter -- 1.9.2.4 Low cost arsenic removal -- 1.9.2.5 Photocatalytic methods -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- Section II: Arsenic in Groundwater: Global Occurrences -- Chapter 2. Trends in arsenic concentration at tubewells in Bangladesh: conceptual models, numerical models, and monitoring proxies -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The hydrogeological context of As occurrence -- 2.2.1 A conceptual model of As in the aquifer -- 2.3 Predicting As in tubewell discharge. , 2.3.1 Modelling As at shallow HTWs -- 2.3.2 Modelling As at DTWs -- 2.4 Evidence for changing As concentration at tubewells -- 2.4.1 Arsenic concentration and tubewell age in Bangladesh -- 2.4.2 Arsenic concentration and tubewell age at village scale -- 2.4.3 Time-series monitoring of As concentration -- 2.4.4 Isotopic indication of vertical leakage -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.6 Future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3. Source identification for groundwater arsenic in the Verde Valley, Central Arizona, USA -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geology of Verde Valley -- 3.2.1 Verde Formation -- 3.2.2 Precambrian rocks -- 3.2.3 Montezuma Well -- 3.2.4 Verde Hot Springs -- 3.2.5 Chemical composition of Verde Valley groundwater -- 3.2.6 Local channelization of groundwater -- 3.3 Experimental -- 3.3.1 Cation and anion analyses -- 3.3.1.1 ICP-MS analysis -- 3.4 Results and discussion -- 3.5 Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4. Natural arsenic in groundwater and alkaline lakes at the upper Paraguay basin, Pantanal, Brazil -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Regional setting -- 4.3 Materials and methods -- 4.3.1 Fieldwork -- 4.3.2 Laboratory work -- 4.3.2.1 Soil samples -- 4.3.2.2 Water samples -- 4.3.3 Statistical treatment -- 4.3.4 Concentration diagrams -- 4.3.5 Thermodynamic modelling -- 4.3.6 Residual alkalinity -- 4.4 Results -- 4.4.1 Soil and water table -- 4.4.2 Chemical variability -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.5.1 Soil system -- 4.5.2 Water table fluctuations -- 4.5.3 Chemistry of major elements -- 4.5.4 Influences on As -- 4.6 Future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. Arsenic in surface- and groundwater in central parts of the Balkan Peninsula (SE Europe) -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Arsenic in the environment -- 5.3 Arsenic in natural waters in the CBP. , 5.3.1 Arsenic in surface- and groundwaters -- 5.3.2 Arsenic in mineral, thermal, and thermomineral waters -- 5.3.2.1 Arsenic in MTWs in Serbia -- 5.3.2.2 Arsenic in MTWs in middle-northeast Bosnia -- 5.3.2.3 Geochemistry of As-rich MTWs in CBP -- 5.4 Environmental impacts -- 5.5 Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- Section III: Arsenic in Soil Environment -- Chapter 6. Geochemical modelling of arsenic adsorption to oxide surfaces -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Arsenic adsorption mechanisms -- 6.3 Surface complexation modelling of arsenate and arsenite to ferrihydrite and goethite -- 6.3.1 Surface complexation models -- 6.3.2 Strategy for model optimization -- 6.3.3 Modelling arsenate adsorption to ferrihydrite -- 6.3.4 Modelling arsenite adsorption to ferrihydrite -- 6.3.5 Modelling arsenate adsorption to goethite -- 6.3.6 Modelling arsenite adsorption to goethite -- 6.4 Arsenate and arsenite adsorption to Al oxides -- 6.5 Interactions with other anions and cations -- 6.5.1 Interactions with inorganic ions on Fe oxide surfaces - literature evidence -- 6.5.2 Interactions with inorganic ions on ferrihydrite - scenarios using generic parameters -- 6.5.3 Interactions with organic acids -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Arsenic in the soil environment of central Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe: occurrence, geochemistry, and impacts -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Basic geology and geochemistry of CBP -- 7.2.1 Geological framework -- 7.2.2 Mineralization and metallogeny -- 7.3 Arsenic in CBP lithosphere: rocks, ores, and soils -- 7.3.1 Arsenic in rocks and ores -- 7.3.2 Arsenic in soils -- 7.4 Arsenic in mining and industrial areas -- 7.4.1 Arsenic in the environment of mining and metallurgical areas -- 7.4.2 Coal-fired power plants. , 7.5 Impact of As on biota -- 7.5.1 Arsenic in mussels along Danube River -- 7.5.2 Soil-plant systems: As in plants -- 7.5.3 Emissions of arsenic-rich aerosols from metallurgical facilities and impacts on wild bees -- 7.6 Conclusions -- 7.7 Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8. Arsenic in soil environments in Albania -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and methods -- 8.2.1 Sampling procedure -- 8.2.2 Analytical procedure of soil samples -- 8.2.3 Analytical procedure of stream sediment samples -- 8.2.4 Quality assurance -- 8.3 Arsenic in soils -- 8.3.1 The geology of the area -- 8.3.2 Arsenic in the soils from sulfide ores area -- 8.3.3 Derivation of As from industry -- 8.3.4 Soils of Korca area -- 8.4 Arsenic in the stream sediments of Albanian rivers -- 8.4.1 Study sites -- 8.4.2 Arsenic in stream sediment samples -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. Arsenic concentration in selected soils around Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The study area -- 9.3 Materials and methods -- 9.4 Results and discussion -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10. Levels of trace metals and sequential extraction of arsenic in topsoil and sand from sandboxes at playgrounds in Oslo, Norway -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Multi-elemental sequential extraction -- 10.3 Arsenic in soils -- 10.3.1 Overview -- 10.3.2 Arsenic in impregnated wood -- 10.3.3 Arsenic in organisms -- 10.4 Methods -- 10.4.1 Sampling and sample preparation -- 10.4.2 Dissolution - sequential extraction procedure -- 10.4.3 Dissolution - total concentration procedure -- 10.4.4 Atomic absorption spectrometry -- 10.4.4.1 Graphite furnace (As) -- 10.4.4.2 Graphite furnace (Cd) -- 10.4.4.3 Flame -- 10.5 Results and discussion. , 10.5.1 Acid-soluble concentrations of seven trace elements in topsoil and sandbox samples at 24 playgrounds -- 10.5.2 Sequential extraction of arsenic in topsoil and sandbox samples at 24 playgrounds -- 10.5.3 Sequential extraction of As in all topsoil samples -- 10.6 Summary and conclusions -- 10.6.1 Acid-soluble concentrations of seven trace elements in topsoil and sandbox samples at 24 playgrounds -- 10.6.2 Sequential extraction of As in topsoil and sandbox samples at 24 playgrounds -- 10.6.3 Sequential extraction of arsenic in all topsoil samples -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Section IV: Arsenic in Plants and Crops -- Chapter 11. Spatial distribution, localization, and speciation of arsenic in the hyperaccumulating Fern Pteris vittata L. -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and methods -- 11.2.1 Tissue preparation -- 11.2.2 X-ray mapping -- 11.2.3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Macro-distribution of As in different organs -- 11.3.2 Micro-distribution of As in the fronds -- 11.3.3 Analysis of xylem sap -- 11.4 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12. Arsenic accumulation by Talinum cuneifolium - application for phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils of Patancheru, Hyderabad, India -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study area -- 12.3 Materials and methods -- 12.3.1 Experimental design -- 12.3.2 Plant material -- 12.3.3 Collection of As-contaminated soil and characterization -- 12.3.4 Heavy metal analysis -- 12.4 Results and discussion -- 12.4.1 Time dependency studies -- 12.4.2 Dose-response studies -- 12.4.3 Arsenic bioconcentration and translocation factors -- 12.4.4 Fractionation studies -- 12.4.5 Uptake of As in presence of co-metal ions -- 12.4.6 Effect of As uptake in the presence of co-anions and chelators. , 12.4.7 Arsenic uptake from contaminated soils of Patancheru.

Note: 98 Structure and Bonding -- Localized to Itinerant Electronic Transitionin Perovskite Oxides -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- General Considerations -- Transport Properties -- Local Atomic Structure of CMR Manganites and Related Oxides -- Optical Spectroscopic Studies of Metal-Insulator Transitions in Perovskite-Related Oxides -- Author Index Volumes 1-98.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures, Tables and Boxes -- The People and Plants Initiative by Alan Hamilton -- Preface -- Introduction -- People and Plants partners -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Conservation and context: different times, different views -- Introduction -- Historical context -- Management myths and effective partnerships -- Vegetation and change: spatial and time scales -- Human influence: landscapes and species -- 2. Local inventories, values and quantities of harvested resources -- Introduction -- Local priorities: vegetation types, resource categories and species -- Choosing the right methods -- Before starting: attitudes, time spans and cross-checking -- Taxonomy with all your senses: the use of field characters -- Potentials and pitfalls: combining skills in inventories -- Local to international units -- 3. Settlement, commercialization and change -- Introduction -- Local markets: order within 'chaos' -- Location and mapping of marketplaces -- Characteristics of markets -- Market schedules -- Marketing chains and types of seller -- Inventory and frequency of plants on sale -- 4. Measuring individual plants and assessing harvesting impacts -- Introduction -- Necessary equipment -- Measuring diameter, height and bark thickness -- Methods for ageing plants -- Harvesting impacts -- 5. Opportunities and constraints on sustainable harvest: plant populations -- Introduction -- Plant populations and practical constraints: selecting species -- Bridging gaps in knowledge: life forms, plant architecture and reproductive strategies -- Plant life forms -- Costs and complexity: inventory, management and monitoring -- Yields: supply versus demand -- Population modelling using transition matrices -- 6. Landscapes and ecosystems: patterns, processes and plant use -- Introduction. , Tools for the 'big picture': aerial photographs and satellite images -- Distribution, degree of threat and disturbance -- Local knowledge, landscapes and mapping -- 7. Conservation behaviour, boundaries and beliefs -- Introduction -- Conservation and the ingredients for common property management -- Ecological factors, land use, tenure and territoriality -- Property rights: land and resource tenure -- Boundaries and tenure, meaning and mapping -- Ritual, religion and resource control -- Who are the stakeholders? -- 8. Striving for balance: looking outward and inward -- Introduction -- Looking outward -- Looking inward -- examining innovative local approaches -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- Further reading -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Aquaculture Toxicology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- Chapter One: Introduction to aquaculture -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Structure of the global aquaculture industry -- 1.2.1. Aquatic animal species in aquaculture -- 1.2.2. Aquaculture techniques, systems, and facilities -- 1.2.3. Finfish aquaculture -- 1.3. Mollusk aquaculture -- 1.4. Crustacean aquaculture -- 1.5. Chemicals in aquaculture -- 1.6. Governance of aquaculture -- References -- Chapter Two: General introduction to toxicology of aquatic animals -- 2.1. Introduction to toxicology -- 2.2. Water quality criteria/guidelines -- 2.3. Intraspecies variation of toxicity -- 2.4. Models to predict toxicity of contaminants -- 2.4.1. Biotic ligand model (BLM) -- 2.4.2. Toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) models -- 2.4.3. Principal component analysis (PCA) -- 2.4.4. Generalized additive modeling (GAM) -- References -- Chapter Three: Antifoulants and disinfectants -- 3.1. Overview -- 3.2. Definitions and uses -- 3.2.1. Antifoulants -- 3.2.2. Disinfectants -- 3.3. Mode of action -- 3.3.1. Antifoulants -- 3.3.2. Disinfectants -- 3.4. Ecotoxicity and biological effects -- 3.4.1. Antifoulants -- 3.4.2. Disinfectants -- 3.5. Ecological risks and regulation -- 3.6. Further considerations -- References -- Chapter Four: Metals -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Biochemical effects -- 4.3. Physiological effects -- 4.4. Behavioral effects -- References -- Chapter Five: Agrochemicals: Ecotoxicology and management in aquaculture -- 5.1. Water and soil contamination by agrochemicals -- 5.2. Environmental contamination by agrochemicals and risk assessment in aquaculture: Effects on aquatic organisms and fo ... -- 5.2.1. Ecotoxicology and biomarkers of agrochemical toxicity. , 5.2.2. Toxicity mechanisms of organophosphorus compounds (OPs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), neonicotinoids, and pyr ... -- 5.2.2.1. Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) -- 5.2.2.2. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) -- 5.2.2.3. Neonicotinoids -- 5.2.2.4. Pyrethroids -- 5.3. Mitigation of agrochemicals -- 5.3.1. Bioremediation (plants, bacterial strains, and actinobacteria) -- 5.3.2. Nanomaterials and use of solar energy to mitigate agrochemicals -- 5.4. Agrochemicals banned from use in agriculture and aquaculture -- 5.5. Regulatory process for new chemicals and good agricultural practices -- References -- Chapter Six: Pharmaceutical pollutants -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment -- 6.3. Pharmaceutical sources and pathway to the environment -- 6.4. Pharmaceutical exposure effects in nontarget species -- 6.4.1. Antiinflammatory/Analgesics/Antipyretic drugs -- 6.4.2. Hormones -- 6.4.3. Antidepressants and other psychoactive pharmaceuticals -- 6.4.4. Antibiotics -- 6.4.5. Antiparasitic pharmaceuticals -- 6.5. Final considerations -- References -- Chapter Seven: Oil and derivatives -- 7.1. Oil and derivatives and the aquatic contamination -- 7.2. Aquaculture and the problem of oil and derivative contamination -- 7.3. Effects of oil and derivatives on fish species -- 7.3.1. Physiological responses -- 7.3.1.1. Behavioral and hormonal responses -- 7.3.1.2. Gills responses -- 7.3.1.3. Hematological responses -- 7.3.2. Biochemical responses -- 7.3.3. Molecular and genetic responses -- 7.3.3.1. Fish genes affected by oil and derivatives -- 7.3.3.1.1. Ras oncogene and Hif-1a gene -- 7.3.3.1.2. p53 gene -- 7.3.3.2. CYP1A -- 7.3.3.3. Transcriptome fish response and perspective for fish population adaptation -- 7.4. Effects of oil and derivatives on mollusks and crustaceans -- 7.4.1. Physiological responses. , 7.4.2. Biochemical responses -- 7.4.3. Molecular and genetic responses -- 7.5. Interaction of oil and derivatives with water characteristics -- 7.5.1. Fish -- 7.5.2. Mollusks and crustaceans -- 7.5.3. Climate change -- 7.6. Future perspectives on oil and derivative contamination and aquaculture -- References -- Chapter Eight: Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics and associated pollutants -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Impacts of microplastic on marine animals -- 8.3. Plastic additives -- 8.4. Microplastic and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) -- 8.5. Microplastics and metals -- 8.6. Microplastics and microorganisms: The plastisphere -- 8.6.1. Pathogens dispersed by floating plastic debris -- 8.6.2. Microplastics and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) -- 8.7. Microplastics and other compounds -- 8.8. Final considerations -- References -- Index.