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  • 1
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    Emerging opportunities and challenges in phenology : a review (2016)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ecosphere 7 (2016): e01436, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1436.
    Description: Plant phenology research has gained increasing attention because of the sensitivity of phenology to climate change and its consequences for ecosystem function. Recent technological development has made it possible to gather invaluable data at a variety of spatial and ecological scales. Despite our ability to observe phenological change at multiple scales, the mechanistic basis of phenology is still not well understood. Integration of multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, climate science, and remote sensing, with long-term monitoring data across multiple spatial scales is needed to advance understanding of phenology. We review the mechanisms and major drivers of plant phenology, including temperature, photoperiod, and winter chilling, as well as other factors such as competition, resource limitation, and genetics. Shifts in plant phenology have significant consequences on ecosystem productivity, carbon cycling, competition, food webs, and other ecosystem functions and services. We summarize recent advances in observation techniques across multiple spatial scales, including digital repeat photography, other complementary optical measurements, and solar-induced fluorescence, to assess our capability to address the importance of these scale-dependent drivers. Then, we review phenology models as an important component of earth system modeling. We find that the lack of species-level knowledge and observation data leads to difficulties in the development of vegetation phenology models at ecosystem or community scales. Finally, we recommend further research to advance understanding of the mechanisms governing phenology and the standardization of phenology observation methods across networks. With the opportunity for “big data” collection for plant phenology, we envision a breakthrough in process-based phenology modeling.
    Description: U.S. National Science Foundation Grant Numbers: PLR-1417763, DBI-959333, AGS-1005663; University of Chicago and the MBL Lillie Research Innovation Award; NEXT Program; KAKENHI (MEXT, Japan); National Science Foundation of China Grant Number: 41571103; NERC Grant Number: NE/J02080X/1
    Keywords: Cameras ; Greenness ; ILTER ; Modeling ; Phenology ; Scale ; International LTER
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions of diffusional limitation, photoinhibition and photorespiration to midday depression of photosynthesis in Arisaema heterophyllum in natural high light (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Diurnal changes in photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured under full sunlight to reveal diffusional and non-diffusional limitations to diurnal assimilation in leaves of Arisaema heterophyllum Blume plants grown either in a riparian forest understorey (shade leaves) or in an adjacent deforested open site (sun leaves). Midday depressions of assimilation rate (A) and leaf conductance of water vapour were remarkably deeper in shade leaves than in sun leaves. To evaluate the diffusional (i.e. stomatal and leaf internal) limitation to assimilation, we used an index [1–A/A350], in which A350 is A at a chloroplast CO2 concentration of 350 μmol mol−1. A350 was estimated from the electron transport rate (JT), determined fluorometrically, and the specificity factor of Rubisco (S), determined by gas exchange techniques. In sun leaves under saturating light, the index obtained after the ‘peak’ of diurnal assimilation was 70% greater than that obtained before the ‘peak’, but in shade leaves, it was only 20% greater. The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm′) and thus JT was considerably lower in shade leaves than in sun leaves, especially after the ‘peak’. In shade leaves but not in sun leaves, A at a photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) 〉 500 μmol m−2 s−1 depended positively on JT throughout the day. Electron flows used by the carboxylation and oxygenation (JO) of RuBP were estimated from A and JT. In sun leaves, the JO/JT ratio was significantly higher after the ‘peak’, but little difference was found in shade leaves. Photorespiratory CO2 efflux in the absence of atmospheric CO2 was about three times higher in sun leaves than in shade leaves. We attribute the midday depression of assimilation in sun leaves to the increased rate of photorespiration caused by stomatal closure, and that in shade leaves to severe photoinhibition. Thus, for sun leaves, increased capacities for photorespiration and non-photochemical quenching are essential to avoid photoinhibitory damage and to tolerate high leaf temperatures and water stress under excess light. The increased Rubisco content in sun leaves, which has been recognized as raising photosynthetic assimilation capacity, also contributes to increase in the capacity for photorespiration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00547.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of light availability on the carbon gain of beech (Fagus crenata) seedlings with reference to the density of dwarf bamboo (Sasa kurilensis) in an understory of Japan Sea type beech forest (2004)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Plant species biology 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the understory of Japan Sea type beech (Fagus crenata Bl.) forests, a beech seedling bank persists at the forest floor where the seedlings are shaded by dwarf bamboo (Sasa kurilensis Makino et Shibata). The culm density of dwarf bamboo is reduced by shading from the overstory. To determine the effect of the dwarf bamboo on the photosynthetic productivity of beech seedlings, we evaluated the leaf carbon gain of the beech seedlings with respect to the spatiotemporal variation in light regimes and CO2 concentration in a forest at Buna-Daira, Fukushima Prefecture, central Japan. In midsummer, we measured photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and air CO2 concentration (Camb) at the beech seedling height in the understory beneath the forest canopy with less dwarf bamboo, and in a canopy gap with dense dwarf bamboo. A frequency distribution of log10-transformed PPFD showed that the mode PPFD class was greater beneath the closed canopy patch than in the gap (51–109 µmol/m2 per s vs 24–52 µmol/m2 per s), which was close to the estimated mean background PPFD (diffuse light) in each understory. The total sunfleck period during the midday hours and the mean PPFD of each sunfleck were also greater beneath the closed canopy than in the gap. From the diurnal course of PPFD and Camb, we simulated the midday carbon gain of beech seedlings using the CO2 assimilation (A)–PPFD and A–CO2 curves of beech leaves in the closed canopy patch. The total carbon gain of beech leaves beneath the canopy was 2.35-fold greater than that in the gap, whether the simulation incorporated photosynthetic induction responses to sunflecks or not. High Camb at the forest floor (380–420 µmol/mol) enhanced the total carbon gain 1.12-fold. The simulation indicated that an increase in diffuse light under sparse dwarf bamboo, which could accelerate the photosynthetic responses to sunflecks and high Camb, contributed to the photosynthetic carbon gain of beech leaves beneath the forest canopy. These findings suggest that the light environment of the understory can be determined by the effects of forest canopy structure on the density of understory dwarf bamboo and that the photosynthetic productivity of beech seedlings mainly depends on the diffuse light intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2004.00099.x
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