Keywords:
Biotic communities--Mongolia.
;
Ecology--Mongolia.
;
Biotic communities. fast (OCoLC)fst00832828.
;
Ecology. fast (OCoLC)fst00901476.
;
Mongolia. fast (OCoLC)fst01208752.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This detailed presentation of the ecological and social aspects of environmental issues in Mongolia, such as desertification and the sustainability of nomadism, deploys the latest field research techniques to assess the nature of the threats the country faces.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (317 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9784431540526
Series Statement:
Ecological Research Monographs
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=972155
DDC:
577.8/209517
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- The Mongolian Ecosystem Network -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Ecosystem Network and Mongolian Nomadism -- Chapter 1: Ecosystem Networks as Social-Ecological Systems -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Ecosystem Network for Mongolian Grasslands -- 1.3 Simplification of the Ecosystem Network and Implications for Conservation -- References -- Chapter 2: Characteristics and Transformation of the Pastoral System in Mongolia -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Historical Descriptions of Nomadic Pastoralists on the Mongolian Plateau -- 2.3 Adaptation to the Environment -- 2.3.1 Adaptation to the Natural Environment -- 2.3.2 Social Environment Relative to Natural Conditions -- 2.4 Characteristics of Pastoral Management -- 2.4.1 Pastoral System Featured by Castrated Male Livestock -- 2.4.2 Diversified Growing Pattern -- 2.5 Transformations of the Socialist Period -- 2.5.1 Socialist Collectivization -- 2.5.2 Industrialization of Livestock Rearing -- 2.5.3 Rise of Solidified Facilities -- 2.6 Changes Since Democratization -- 2.6.1 Appearance of Regional Disparities -- 2.6.2 Appearance of Disparities Among Households -- 2.7 Remaining Issues -- References -- Chapter 3: Distribution Patterns of Vegetation as a Fundamental Factor in Mongolian Ecosystems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Vegetation Patterns -- 3.3 Vegetation Degradation -- 3.4 Desertification -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Natural Environment and the Ecosystem Network -- Chapter 4: Long-Term Study of the Relationship Between Precipitation and Productivity in the Main Pasture Vegetation of a Steppe Ecosystem in Eastern Mongolia -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Site and Materials -- 4.2.1 Location -- 4.2.2 Landscape -- 4.2.3 Climate -- 4.3 Methods -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Productivity Dynamics of Aboveground Green Phytomass.
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4.4.2 Dependency of Green Phytomass Dynamics on Weather Conditions -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Water Dynamics Within the Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere System in a Steppe Region Covered by Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Observations and Measurements -- 5.2.3 Sampling of Water and Stable Isotope Analysis -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Evaporation and Transpiration -- 5.3.2 Subsurface Water Dynamics -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: A Possible Future Picture of Mongolian Forest-Steppe Vegetation Under Climate Change and Increasing Livestock: Results from a New Vegetation Transition Model at the Topographic Scale -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 An Interesting Pattern at the Topographic Scale Observed in Northern Mongolia -- 6.1.2 Previous Explanations for the Target Pattern -- 6.2 The Model -- 6.2.1 The Mathematical Model -- 6.2.1.1 Dynamics of Biomasses of the Two Plant Types -- 6.2.2 Results of the Mathematical Model -- 6.2.2.1 Bistable Steady States and the Transition Between Vegetation Types -- 6.2.2.2 Vegetation Regime Shifts and Hysteresis Loop Are the Keys for the Target Pattern -- 6.2.2.3 Uneven Diet Preference of Herbivores Might Alter the Precipitation Range of Vegetation Bistability -- 6.3 Application to the Real Ecosystem: A Preliminary Result of Our Trial -- 6.3.1 Spatial Heterogeneity in Soil Water Content Caused by the Topography Effect in the Forest-Steppe Zone -- 6.3.2 Vegetation Distribution Estimated by Satellite Remote Sensing Data -- 6.3.3 Study Site in the Forest-Steppe Zone -- 6.3.4 Preliminary Results of Field Measurements at Our Study Site -- 6.3.5 Comparison Between Estimated Potential Evaporation and Vegetation Distribution at a Sample Site in the Forest-Steppe Zone.
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6.3.6 Preliminary Results from the Numerical Model for the Gachuurt Study Site -- References -- Chapter 7: Deforestation and Reforestation of Degraded Forestland in Mongolia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Forest Resources of Mongolia -- 7.2.1 Subalpine Belt -- 7.2.2 Taiga Belt -- 7.2.3 Subtaiga Belt -- 7.2.4 Pseudo-Taiga Belt -- 7.3 Driving Factors of Deforestation -- 7.3.1 Climate Change Impact -- 7.3.2 Forest Degradation and Logging -- 7.3.3 Desertification and Land Degradation -- 7.3.4 Uncontrolled Grazing and Land Destruction -- 7.3.5 Forest Fire -- 7.4 Forest Rehabilitation and Tree Planting -- 7.5 Issues on Forest Rehabilitation and Tree Planting -- 7.6 Recommendations -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Soil Diversity in Mongolia -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Characteristics of Soil Formation in Mongolia -- 8.3 Soils of the Mongolian Grassland -- References -- Chapter 9: Effects of Climate and Grazing on Surface Soil in Grassland -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.2.1 Study Sites -- 9.2.2 Soil Sampling and Analyses -- 9.2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- References -- Chapter 10: Degradation of Mongolian Grassland Vegetation Under Overgrazing by Livestock and Its Recovery by Protection from Livestock Grazing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.3 Results -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Annual Production and Species Diversity of Mongolian Pasture Plants in Relation to Grazing Pressure by Livestock -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Sites -- 11.2.2 Mowing Experiments -- 11.2.3 Interval Experiment -- 11.2.4 Height Experiments in Two Different Habitats -- 11.2.5 Height and Interval Experiments -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Effects of Different Mowing Intervals on Annual Production.
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11.3.2 Effects of Different Mowing Heights on Annual Production in Two Different Habitats -- 11.3.3 Effects of Different Combinations of Mowing Intervals and Heights on Annual Production -- 11.3.4 Effects of Different Combinations of Mowing Intervals and Heights on Species Diversity -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.4.1 Optimization of Plant Production by Mowing -- 11.4.2 Enhancement of Species Diversity by Mowing -- References -- Chapter 12: Use of Steppe Vegetation by Nomadic Pastoralists in Mongolia -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Material and Methods -- 12.2.1 Study Site -- 12.2.2 Experimental Method and Data Collection -- 12.2.3 Data Analysis -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 Variation of Aboveground Biomass Among Years and Effects of Livestock -- 12.3.2 Relationship Between Aboveground Production and Grazing Intensity -- 12.3.3 Variation in Species Diversity (Shannon-Wiener Index) Among Years and Grazing Pressure -- 12.3.4 Relationship Among Nomadic Pastoral Mobility, Number of Livestock, and Aboveground Production -- 12.4 Discussion -- 12.4.1 Relationship Between Nomadic Livestock and Aboveground Production of Steppe Vegetation -- 12.4.2 Effects of Nomadic Pastoral Herding on Species Composition of the Plant Community -- 12.4.3 Relationship Between Species Diversity and Nomadic Pastoral Herding -- 12.4.4 Some Lessons from Interviews on the Sustainability of the Steppe Ecosystem and Nomadic Pastoralism -- References -- Chapter 13: Vegetation Interactions for the Better Understanding of a Mongolian Ecosystem Network -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Forest Presence Versus Slope Orientation and Location on the Slope -- 13.3 Pasture Production Versus Precipitation and Air Temperature -- 13.4 Edible Versus Grazing-Tolerant Plants in Pastures -- 13.5 Grazing-Tolerant Plants and Soil pH -- 13.6 Pasture Plant Species Diversity Recovery After Disturbance Versus Soil pH.
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13.7 Herb Versus Shrub Leaf Production -- 13.8 Distribution and Root Depth of Shrub Versus Soil-Particle Distribution -- 13.9 Pasture Domination by Shrubs Versus the Effects of Human Activity -- 13.10 Wind Erosion Versus Shrub Patch Degradation -- 13.11 Goat Grazing Versus Sheep Grazing -- 13.12 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Socioeconomic Activity and the Ecosystem Network -- Chapter 14: Pastoral Mobility and Pastureland Possession in Mongolia -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Legislation Background -- 14.3 Proposed Legislation -- 14.4 Household Surveys -- 14.5 Discussion -- 14.5.1 Mobility: Paradigm of Equilibrium Versus Nonequilibrium Model -- 14.5.2 "Community:" Size and Boundaries -- 14.5.3 Inclusive Versus Exclusive Use of Pastureland and Roles of Local Governments -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: A Mathematical Model of Population Shift Between Urban and Rural Areas -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Basic Model -- 15.3 Model with Migration Costs -- 15.4 Discussion -- 15.5 Appendix -- References -- Chapter 16: Change in Livestock Species and Their Spatial Distribution -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Background -- 16.2.1 Transition of the Mongolian Livestock Population -- 16.2.2 Study Area -- 16.3 Data and Methods -- 16.3.1 Spatial Variation of Livestock Distribution -- 16.3.2 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis -- 16.4 Results -- 16.4.1 Local Spatial Association of Livestock Distribution -- 16.4.2 Relationship Between Goat Population Change and Sheep Units -- 16.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: The Cash in Cashmere: Herders' Incentives and Strategies to Increase the Goat Population in Post-Socialist Mongolia -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Historical Background of the Herders' Labor Style in Mongolia -- 17.2.1 The Shift of Livestock Ownership and Labor in Modern Mongolia.
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17.2.2 The Collapse of the Cash Salary Supply System: Dismantlement of the Herder's Cooperatives.
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