Note: Intro -- Vorwort -- Danksagung -- Zusammenfassung | Abstract | Shrnutí -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- 1 Einleitung -- 1.1 Glosse - oder Erfahrungen nach über sieben Jahren Recherche -- 1.2 Begriffsklärungen -- 1.2.1 Probleme bei der Definition von Begriffen -- 1.2.2 Aktive Grubenwasserreinigung -- 1.2.3 Basenkapazität (kB -- Acidität -- Azidität -- m-Wert) -- 1.2.4 Bergwerk -- 1.2.5 Bioreaktor -- 1.2.6 Circular Economy -- 1.2.7 Entwässerungsstollen, Erbstollen, Wasserlösungsstollen -- 1.2.8 First Flush (Erstspülung) -- 1.2.9 Grubenflutung -- 1.2.10 Grubenwasser (Schachtwasser, Stollenwasser) -- 1.2.11 Konstruiertes Feuchtgebiet -- 1.2.12 Koagulation und Flockung -- 1.2.13 Netto-acidisches oder netto-alkalisches Grubenwasser -- 1.2.14 Passive Grubenwasserreinigung -- 1.2.15 Pflanzenkläranlage -- 1.2.16 Phytoremediation (Phytosanierung) -- 1.2.17 pH-Wert -- 1.2.18 Säurekapazität (kS -- Alkalität -- Alkalinität -- p-Wert) -- 1.2.19 Sauerwasser -- 1.2.20 Sorption, Adsorption, Kopräzipitation, Oberflächenkomplexierung und andere derartige Reaktionen -- 1.2.21 Schwermetall -- 1.2.22 Unedles Metall -- 1.3 Entstehung von Grubenwasser und Puffermechanismen -- 1.4 Klassifikationen und Klassifizierung von Grubenwasser -- 2 Voruntersuchungen -- 2.1 Einleitende Hinweise -- 2.2 Probenahme von Grubenwasser -- 2.2.1 Checklisten und Hinweise -- 2.2.2 Hinweis zum Arbeitsschutz -- 2.2.3 Verfahren der Probenahme -- 2.2.4 Qualitätskontrolle -- 2.2.5 Messgeräte und Probenahme -- 2.2.6 Bezeichnung der Proben -- 2.2.7 Gelöste und gesamte Konzentrationen oder auch Filtration -- 2.2.8 Dokumentation -- 2.3 Essenzielle Vor-Ort-Parameter -- 2.3.1 Einleitender Hinweis -- 2.3.2 Elektrische Leitfähigkeit (Spezifische Leitfähigkeit) -- 2.3.3 Basenkapazität (kB -- Acidität) -- 2.3.4 Säurekapazität (kS -- Alkalität -- Alkalinität) -- 2.3.5 Durchfluss und Frachten -- 2.3.6 pH-Wert. , 2.3.7 Eisenkonzentration -- 2.3.8 Mangankonzentration -- 2.3.9 Aluminiumkonzentration -- 2.3.10 Redoxspannung (Eh) -- 2.3.11 Sauerstoffsättigung -- 2.4 Wasseranalytik -- 2.5 Untersuchungen zur Kalkzugabe oder Säulenversuche -- 2.6 Aktive oder passive Grubenwasserreinigung? -- 2.7 Die endlose Grubenwasserreinigung -- 2.8 Pourbaix-Diagramme (Stabilitätsdiagramme, Prädominanzdiagramme) -- 3 Aktive Methoden zur Behandlung von Grubenwasser -- 3.1 Einleitung -- 3.2 Neutralisationsverfahren -- 3.2.1 Prinzipien und geschichtliche Entwicklung -- 3.2.2 Dünnschlammverfahren (LDS) -- 3.2.3 Dickschlammverfahren (HDS) -- 3.2.4 In der Schachtel lebt sich's leichter -- 3.3 Elektrochemische Verfahren -- 3.3.1 Elektrokoagulation -- 3.3.2 Elektrosorption (Kondensatorische Deionisierung) -- 3.3.3 Elektrodialyse/Membranelektrolyse -- 3.4 Membranverfahren -- 3.4.1 Einleitung -- 3.4.2 Mikrofiltration -- 3.4.3 Ultrafiltration -- 3.4.4 Nanofiltration -- 3.4.5 Umkehrosmose (Reverse Osmosis, RO) -- 3.4.6 Sparro-Prozess (Slurry Precipitation And Recycle Reverse Osmosis) -- 3.4.7 Vorwärtsosmose (Forward Osmosis, FO) -- 3.5 Fällungsverfahren für seltenere Schadstoffe -- 3.6 Ettringit-Ausfällung -- 3.6.1 SAVMIN™-Verfahren -- 3.6.2 Andere Verfahren -- 3.7 Schwertmannit-Verfahren -- 3.8 Bioreaktoren (Fermenter) -- 3.9 Ionenaustauscher -- 3.10 Sorption -- 3.11 Erweiterte Oxidation -- 3.12 Flotations-Flüssig-Flüssig-Extrahierung (F-LLX: Flotation Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- VEP: Vale Extraction Process -- Hydro Flex Technology) -- 3.13 Eutektische Gefrierkristallisation -- 4 Passive Methoden zur Behandlung von Grubenwasser -- 4.1 Hinweis -- 4.2 Was ist passive Grubenwasserreinigung? -- 4.3 Carbonatkanäle und -gerinne -- 4.3.1 Einteilung der Kanäle und Gerinne -- 4.3.2 Anoxischer Carbonatkanal (Anoxic Limestone Drain, ALD) -- 4.3.3 Oxischer Carbonatkanal (Oxic Limestone Drain, OLD). , 4.3.4 Offene Carbonatgerinne (Open Limestone Channel, OLC) -- 4.4 Konstruierte Feuchtgebiete -- 4.4.1 Zum Geleit (das wollte ich schon immer einmal schreiben) -- 4.4.2 Aerobes konstruiertes Feuchtgebiet (aerobic wetland, reed bed) -- 4.4.3 Anaerobes konstruiertes Feuchtgebiet (anaerobic wetland, compost wetland) -- 4.5 Reduzierende Alkalinitätssysteme (Reducing and Alkalinity Producing Systems, RAPS -- Successive Alkalinity Producing Systems, SAPS -- Sulfate Reducing Bioreactor, Vertical Flow Wetlands) -- 4.6 Absetzbecken (settlement lagoon) -- 4.7 Permeable reaktive Wände (durchströmte Reinigungswände) -- 4.8 Vertikaldurchflussreaktor (Vertical Flow Reactor, VFR) -- 4.9 Passive Oxidationssysteme (Kaskaden, Trompe) -- 4.10 ARUM-Prozess (Acid Reduction Using Microbiology: mikrobielle Säureerniedrigung) -- 5 Alternative Methoden zum Management von Grubenwasser -- 5.1 Gedanken über alternative Methoden und deren Anwendung im deutschen Sprachraum -- 5.2 Natürliche und kontrollierte natürliche Selbstreinigung -- 5.2.1 Natürliche Selbstreinigung -- 5.2.2 Kontrollierte natürliche Selbstreinigung -- 5.3 Änderung der Abbaumethoden -- 5.4 Biometallurgie, Geobiotechnologie, Biomimetik oder Agrobergbau -- 6 In-situ- und Vor-Ort-Sanierungsmaßnahmen -- 6.1 Vorbemerkung -- 6.2 In-lake-Verfahren -- 6.2.1 Einleitung -- 6.2.2 In-lake-Kalkung -- 6.2.3 Stimulierte Eisen‐ und Sulfatreduktion in Seen -- 6.2.4 Elektrochemische und elektrobiochemische Behandlung -- 6.3 Chemische Maßnahmen zur Schadstoffreduzierung -- 6.3.1 Behandlung von sauren Seen -- 6.3.2 Chemische Vor-Ort-Maßnahmen -- 6.4 Rückspülung von Schlämmen, Reststoffen oder Kalkmilch -- 6.5 Sanierung verunreinigter Fließgewässer -- 6.6 In-situ-Sanierung von uranhaltigen Gruben- und Sickerwässern -- 6.7 Mischung pyrithaltiger Substrate mit alkalischem Material. , 6.8 Verschluss von Entwässerungs- und Bergwerksstollen -- 7 Restnutzung der Sanierungsobjekte oder Aufbereitungsrückstände -- 7.1 Nutzung der Sanierungsobjekte -- 7.2 Aufbereitungsrückstände als Wertstoffe (Circular Economy) -- 8 Finis -- Lagniappe - Bonuskapitel -- Literatur -- Stichwortverzeichnis.

Note: Intro -- Acidic Pit Lakes -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1…Occurrence and Distribution of Pit Lakes -- 1.2…Morphology of Pit Lakes -- 1.3…Local Hydrology and Lake Use -- 1.4…Acidification and Contamination of Lakes -- 1.5…Limnology of Pit Lakes -- 1.6…Modeling and Predictions -- 1.7…Remediation -- 1.8…Case Studies -- 1.9…Aims of this Book -- 2 Terrestrial Environment of Pit Lakes -- 2.1…Morphology, Age, and Development of Pit Lakes -- 2.2…Influence of Groundwater on Pit Lakes -- 3 Limnology of Pit Lakes -- 3.1…Physical Properties of Acidic Pit Lakes -- 3.1.1 Electrical Conductivity -- 3.1.2 Density -- 3.1.3 Optical Properties of Lake Water -- 3.1.4 Stratification and Circulation -- 3.1.5 Waves and Currents in Mining Lakes -- 3.1.6 Mixing and Vertical Transport -- 3.1.7 Concluding Remarks -- 3.2…Limnochemistry of Water and Sediments of Acidic Pit Lakes -- 3.2.1 Pit Lakes from Coal and Lignite Mining -- 3.2.1.1 Water, Sediment, and Pore Water -- Introduction -- Pit Lake Water Chemistry -- Sediment Chemistry -- Sediment Pore Water Chemistry -- Concluding Remarks -- 3.2.1.2 The Role of Iron Minerals in the Biogeochemistry of Acidic Pit Lakes -- Predominant Iron Minerals in Acidic Mine Pit Lakes -- Formation and Stability of Schwertmannite -- The Role of Schwertmannite for the Element Cycles in APLs -- Hydrogeochemical Effects on Schwertmannite Stability Under Transient Hydrological Conditions -- 3.2.1.3 Phosphorus in Acidic Mining Lakes: Importance and Biogeochemical Cycling -- Import of Phosphorus -- Role of Phosphorus in Mine Lake Remediation -- Sedimentation and Accumulation of Particulate Matter and Phosphorus -- Phosphorus Adsorption Properties of Mining Lake Sediments -- Phosphorus Forms in Mining Lake Sediments -- Phosphorus Mobility and Availability: Implications for Mine Lake Succession. , Phosphorus Retention in Mining Lakes and Prognosis of Trophic State -- 3.2.2 Hardrock Metal Mine Pit Lakes: Occurrence and Geochemical Characteristics -- 3.2.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2.2 Occurrence of Hardrock Metal-Mine Pit Lakes -- 3.2.2.3 Hydrogeochemical Processes in Metal-Mine Pit Lakes -- 3.2.2.4 Geoenvironmental Characteristics -- 3.2.2.5 Sulfide Mineral Oxidation -- 3.2.2.6 Water Balance -- 3.2.2.7 Water Column Dynamics -- 3.2.2.8 Mineral Solubilities -- 3.2.2.9 Surface Adsorption -- 3.2.2.10 Sediment Biogeochemical Processes -- 3.2.2.11 Water Quality Trends -- 3.2.2.12 Conclusions -- 3.3…The Biology and Ecosystems of Acidic Pit Lakes -- 3.3.1 Plankton -- 3.3.1.1 Phytoplankton -- Species Diversity and pH -- Algal Communities at a pH of About 3 -- Phytoplankton Communities at pH 3.5 to 5 -- Control Mechanisms of Primary Production and Seasonal Succession of Phytoplankton -- Adaptation Strategies of Phytoplankton -- 3.3.1.2 Zooplankton -- Relationship of Species Occurrence and Taxonomic Diversity to pH -- Factors Influencing Colonization of Acidic Pit Lakes by Zooplankton -- Ecology of Species Colonizing Acidic Pit Lakes -- Ecological Characteristics of Zooplankton Communities in Acidic Pit Lakes -- 3.3.1.3 Prokaryotic Microorganisms, Protists, and Fungi -- Bacterial Numbers and Biomass in Acidic Pit Lakes -- Taxonomic Composition of Bacterioplankton in Acidic Pit Lakes -- Fungi and Yeasts -- Heterotrophic Protists in Acidic Pit Lakes -- 3.3.1.4 Trophic Interactions and Energy Flow -- Adaptations to the Chemical Environment and to the Unusual Light Climate -- pH -- Light -- Metals -- Phosphorus -- Carbon -- Mixotrophy and Resource Limitation of Consumers -- Mixotrophy as a Strategy to Overcome Resource Limitation -- Resource Limitation of Consumers -- Pelagic Primary Production and Bacterial Production in Lusatian Mine Lakes -- Bacteria. , Biomass and Production -- Carbon Sources -- Accumulation of Algae in Subsurface Layers -- Food Web Structure in Acidic Mine Lakes -- Potential of ''Controlled Eutrophication'' for Abatement of Acidification -- 3.3.2 Littoral, Benthic and Sediment Zone -- 3.3.2.1 Macrophytes and Neophyte Invasions -- Introduction -- Vegetation of Mining Lakes -- Strategies of Macrophyte Survival in Acidic Environments -- Macrophyte Invasions in Mining Lakes -- 3.3.2.2 Zygnematalean Green Algae (Streptophyta, Zygnematales) in Lakes Impacted by Acidic Precipitation, Experimental Acidification, and Acid Mine Drainage -- Introduction -- General Features of Zygnematales -- Distinctive Features of Zygnematalean Green Algae -- Ecological Importance of Zygnematalean Green Algae -- The pH-dependent Occurrence of Zygnematalean Green Algae -- Factors that Determine the Distribution and Productivity of Zygnematalean Green Algae -- Abiotic Factors that Determine Distribution and Productivity -- Effects of pH -- Nutrient Limitation and Primary Production -- Deposition and Toxicity of Metals -- Physical Parameters that Determine Distribution and Productivity -- Biotic Factors that Determine Distribution and Productivity -- Summary of Research Needed on Zygnematalean Green Algae in Acid-influenced Habitats -- 3.3.2.3 Benthic primary production -- 3.3.2.4 Benthic and Sediment Community and Processes -- Zoobenthos -- Microbial Numbers and Biomass -- Prokaryotic Diversity in Pit Lake Sediments -- Microbially Mediated Sediment Processes -- Iron and Sulfate Reduction and Potential for Remediation -- 3.4…Modeling of Pit Lakes -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Physical Properties of Pit Lakes -- 3.4.2.1 Water Density -- 3.4.2.2 Vertical Stability -- Dimictic Lakes -- 3.4.3 Geochemical Processes Influencing Pit Lake Chemistry -- 3.4.4 Pit Lake Model Characteristics -- 3.4.4.1 Basic Properties. , 3.4.4.2 Turbulence and Mixing -- 3.4.4.3 Pit Shell Morphometry -- Hydrologic Balance in Pit Lakes -- 3.4.4.4 Energy Balance in Pit Lakes -- 3.4.5 Model Inputs and Outputs -- 3.4.6 Model Verification and Sensitivity -- 3.4.7 Examples of Pit Lake Models -- 3.4.7.1 DYRESM -- 3.4.7.2 PitMod -- 3.4.7.3 PitMod: Physical Component -- 3.4.7.4 PitMod: Geochemical Component -- 3.4.8 Case Studies -- 3.4.8.1 The Equity Silver Mine -- 3.4.8.2 A High Latitude Pit Lake -- 3.4.8.3 Scenario 1: CP and Overflow Discharged at Surface -- 3.4.8.4 Scenario 2: Discharge of CP Water at Depth -- 3.4.8.5 Scenario 3: All Inflows Directed to Depth -- 3.4.9 Conclusions -- 4 Remediation and Management of Acidified Pit Lakes and Outflowing Waters -- 4.1…Goals and Conditions of Remediation and Management -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Hydrological Lake Types -- 4.1.3 Flow of Acidity in the Post-mining Landscape -- 4.2…Hydrological Management and Chemical In-Lake Treatments -- 4.2.1 Acidic Pit Lakes Filled and Flow-Through with Fresh Water -- 4.2.2 Chemical Treatment of Acidified Lakes -- 4.2.2.1 Alkaline Substances to Neutralize AMD Water -- Liming While Flooding in Sleeper Lake -- Lime in Lake Koschen (Lake Geierswalde) -- Soda Ash in Lake Bockwitz -- Iron Hydroxide Low-Density Sludge -- Fly Ash, Limestone and Hydrated Lime in Lake Burghammer -- CO2 Addition -- 4.2.2.2 In-Lake Distribution, Particle Size, and Reactivity of Suspended Chemicals -- 4.2.2.3 Sustainability of Chemical Lake Treatment -- 4.2.2.4 Primary and Secondary Chemical Treatments -- 4.2.3 Decontamination by Copper Recovery: A Special Case -- 4.3…Biological In-lake Treatment -- 4.3.1 Stimulation of Sulfate Reduction in Lake Water and Lake Sediment -- 4.3.1.1 Anchor Hill Pit Lake -- 4.3.1.2 Australian Pit Lakes: Garrick East and Ewington -- 4.3.1.3 Conclusions on Biological Treatment of Holomictic Pit Lakes. , 4.3.2 Meromictic Lakes Used for Subhydric Deposition and as Large-scale Reactors -- 4.3.3 Sulfate Reduction in Floating In-Lake Reactors -- 4.3.4 Ecological Engineering of AMD Affected Lakes -- 4.3.5 Carbon Dioxide Accumulation in Meromictic Pit Lakes -- 4.4…Treatments of In- and Out-Flows -- 4.4.1 Water Management in a Mining District -- 4.4.2 Treatment of Acidified Streams -- 4.4.3 Suitability of Passive and Active Treatments -- 4.4.4 Active Treatment -- 4.4.4.1 Chemical Treatment Plants -- 4.4.4.2 Biological Active Treatment Plants -- 4.4.5 Passive Treatment Options -- 4.4.5.1 Natural Attenuation in Dumps and Lakes -- 4.4.5.2 Natural Attenuation in the Hyporheic Zone of Streams -- 4.4.5.3 Passive Treatment at the Sediment-Water Interface -- 4.4.5.4 Passive Treatment and Enhanced Natural Attenuation -- 4.4.5.5 Passive Chemical Treatments and Aerobic Wetlands -- 4.4.5.6 Passive Biological Treatment in Anaerobic Wetlands -- 4.4.6 Assessments of Passive versus Active Treatment -- 4.5…Conclusions and Lessons Learned -- 4.6…Avoidance and Source Treatment -- 5 Case Studies and Regional Surveys -- 5.1…Pit Lakes in Germany: Hydrography, Water Chemistry, and Management -- 5.1.1 Origin and Regional Distribution -- 5.1.2 Data Sources -- 5.1.3 Morphometry and Stratification -- 5.1.4 Water Chemistry -- 5.1.5 Remediation and Management -- 5.1.6 Use of the Pit Lakes -- 5.1.7 Conclusions -- 5.2…Lakes in Large Scale Open-Pits in Poland -- 5.2.1 Contemporary Brown Coal Strip Mining from the Second Half of the 20th Century -- 5.2.1.1 Economic Background -- 5.2.1.2 Social Problems -- 5.2.2 Genesis and Places of Occurrence -- 5.2.3 Historic Brown Coal Mining in the Muzhakov Arc -- 5.2.3.1 Water Chemistry -- 5.2.3.2 Biology of Lakes in the Muzhakov Arc -- 5.2.4 Lakes in Sulfur Opencasts -- 5.2.4.1 Piaseczno [Piasetschno] -- 5.2.4.2 Machów. , 5.2.5 Remediation and Reclamation.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: Prediction and Prevention of AMD Formation -- Chapter 1 Management of Metalliferous Solid Waste and its Potential to Contaminate Groundwater: A Case Study of O'Kiep, Namaqualand Sout -- List of Abbreviations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 CMMs: Overview and Challenges -- 1.3 Metalliferous Solid Waste -- 1.3.1 Stockpiled Overburden Materials -- 1.3.2 Stockpiled Metalliferous Waste -- 1.3.3 Metalliferous Tailings -- 1.4 Environmental and Social Impact of CMMs and MSW -- 1.5 Soil Contamination -- 1.6 Groundwater Contamination -- 1.7 Atmospheric Contamination -- 1.8 Metalliferous Solid Waste Management -- 1.9 Rehabilitation and Restoration Strategies -- 1.10 ARD Formation and Groundwater Contamination -- 1.11 Overview of Challenges Associated with CMMs -- 1.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Mine Water Treatment and the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Acid Mine Drainage Prediction -- List of Abbreviations -- 2.1 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) -- 2.1.1 AMD Generation -- 2.1.2 Factors Controlling AMD Generation -- 2.2 Remediation of AMD -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Passive Treatment of AMD -- 2.2.3 Active Treatment of AMD -- 2.2.4 Challenges With Current AMD Treatment -- 2.2.5 Value Recovery From AMD Treatment -- 2.3 Prediction of AMD -- 2.3.1 Limitations of Predictive Tools -- 2.4 Application of Artificial Intelligence for AMD Quality Prediction -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Different AI Techniques Used to Predict AMD Quality -- 2.4.3 Limitations of AI Techniques in Prediction of AMD Quality -- 2.4.4 Case Study-Ermelo Coalfield, South Africa -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 The Prediction of Acid Mine Drainage Potential Using Mineralogy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mineralogical Approach for Prediction of AMD Potential. , 3.2.1 AMD Chemistry for Maximum Acid Generation or Consumption Potential -- 3.2.2 Mineral Modal Abundance -- 3.2.3 Mineral Reactivity -- 3.2.4 Mineral Liberation -- 3.2.5 Calculation of the AMD Potential -- 3.3 Application of the AMD Predictive Protocol -- 3.3.1 Experimental Procedures -- 3.3.2 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusions and Further Work -- References -- Chapter 4 Oxidation Processes and Formation of Acid Mine Drainage from Gold Mine Tailings: A South African Perspective -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Weathering and Oxidation of the Witwatersrand Gold Tailings -- 4.3 Water Infiltration and Oxygen Diffusion vs Oxidation Processes -- 4.3.1 Hydrogeology of Tailings Storage Facilities -- 4.3.1.1 Introduction -- 4.3.1.2 Primary Hydraulic Characteristics -- 4.3.1.3 Geological Structures as Preferential Flow Paths -- 4.3.2 Oxygen Diffusion -- 4.4 Geochemical and Mineralogical Evolution -- 4.4.1 Tailings Geochemistry and Mineralogy -- 4.4.2 Pore Water Geochemistry -- 4.5 Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations -- 4.5.1 Discussion -- 4.5.1.1 Mapping of the Oxidation Zones in Tailings Dams -- 4.5.1.2 Hydrogeological Situation -- 4.5.1.3 Oxygen Diffusion With Depth -- 4.5.1.4 Mineralogical and Geochemical Evolution of Tailings -- 4.5.1.5 Evolution of Pore Water Chemistry -- 4.5.1.6 Oxidation Processes and Drainage Formation -- 4.5.2 Conclusions -- 4.5.3 Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part 2: AMD Treatment -- Chapter 5 Technologies that can be Used for the Treatment of Wastewater and Brine for the Recovery of Drinking Water and Saleable Produc -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Formation of Acid Mine Water -- 5.1.2 Water Volumes -- 5.1.3 Legislation -- 5.1.4 Government Initiatives -- 5.1.5 Required Criteria -- 5.2 Neutralization Technologies -- 5.2.1 Neutralization Using Lime -- 5.2.1.1 Conventional Treatment With Lime. , 5.2.1.2 High-Density Sludge Process -- 5.2.2 Limestone Neutralization -- 5.2.3 Limestone Handling and Dosing System -- 5.2.4 Utilization of Alkali in Mine Water for Removal of Iron(II) -- 5.2.5 Modeling -- 5.2.6 Lime/Limestone Neutralization -- 5.2.6.1 Description of the Process -- 5.2.6.2 Removal of H2SO4, Fe3+, and Al3+ with Limestone -- 5.2.6.3 Removal of H2SO4, Fe3+, Al3+, and Fe2+ with Limestone -- 5.3 Chemical Desalination -- 5.3.1 SAVMIN -- 5.3.2 Barium Sulfate Treatment Process -- 5.4 Membrane Processes -- 5.4.1 Reverse Osmosis -- 5.4.2 NF Technologies -- 5.4.3 High Recovery Precipitating Reverse Osmosis (HiPRO®) Process -- 5.4.4 Electrodialysis -- 5.4.5 Vibration Shear Enhanced Process -- 5.4.6 Multi-Effect Membrane Distillation -- 5.4.7 Forward Osmosis Desalination -- 5.4.8 Biomimetic Desalination-Aquaporin Proteins -- 5.4.9 Carbon Nanotube Distillation -- 5.5 Ion-Exchange Technologies -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 Conventional Ion-Exchange -- 5.5.3 The GYP-CIX -- 5.5.4 KNeW -- 5.6 Biological Processes -- 5.6.1 Background -- 5.6.2 Biological Sulfate Reduction -- 5.6.3 Constructed Bioreactors -- 5.6.4 Paques Technologies -- 5.6.5 BioSURE Technology -- 5.6.6 The VitaSOFT Process -- 5.6.7 In Situ Reactor -- 5.6.8 Constructed Aerobic Wetlands -- 5.6.9 Permeable Reactive Barriers -- 5.6.10 General Aspects and Various Passive Technologies -- 5.7 Electrochemical Processes -- 5.7.1 Electrocoagulation -- 5.7.2 Nanoelectrochemical Process for the Treatment of AMD -- 5.8 Freezing-Based Technologies -- 5.8.1 Basics -- 5.8.2 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization -- 5.8.3 HybridICE™ Technology -- 5.9 Sludge Processing -- 5.9.1 Background -- 5.9.2 Recovery of Saleable Products or Raw Materials -- 5.10 Integrated Processes-ROC Process -- 5.10.1 Background -- 5.10.2 Process Description -- 5.11 Feasibility Models -- 5.11.1 Introduction. , 5.11.2 Feasibility of Individual Stages -- 5.11.2.1 Neutralization Technologies -- 5.11.2.2 Desalination Technologies -- 5.11.2.3 Brine Treatment -- 5.11.2.4 Product Recovery -- 5.11.3 Feasibility of Various Process Configurations -- 5.12 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part 3: Recovery of Values from AMD -- Chapter 6 Recovery of Ochers from Acid Mine Drainage Treatment: A Geochemical Modeling and Experimental Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 Simulation Studies-Model Setup as an Experimental Design Approach -- 6.2.2 Experimental Studies -- 6.2.2.1 Experiment 1 -- 6.2.2.2 Using NaOH as a Neutralizing Agent -- 6.2.2.3 Addition of Ferrocyanide to Mineral Salts Used to Simulate AMD (Experiment 2) -- 6.2.2.4 Using MgCO3 as a Neutralizing Agent -- 6.2.3 Characterization of Fe Oxides -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Simulation Studies -- 6.3.1.1 Individual Neutralizing Agents -- 6.3.1.2 Combined Neutralizing Agents -- 6.3.1.3 Equilibrating with CO -- 6.3.1.4 Equilibrating with O -- 6.3.1.5 Fixed pH -- 6.3.1.6 Varying Temperature -- 6.3.1.7 Varying Concentrations of Neutralizing Agents -- 6.3.2 Characterization of HDS -- 6.3.2.1 Aims and Dry Matter -- 6.3.2.2 Physical Characterization of HDS -- 6.3.2.3 Chemical Characterization of HDS -- 6.3.2.4 Mineralogy and Chemical Composition of HDS -- 6.3.3 Experimental Studies -- 6.3.3.1 Procedure Description -- 6.3.3.2 Formation of Precipitates -- 6.3.3.3 Characterization of Fe Precipitates -- 6.3.3.4 Application in Paintings and Artwork -- 6.3.3.5 Water Chemistry -- 6.4 Indicative Cost Analysis -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Innovative Routes for Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Valorization: Advocating for a Circular Economy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Problem Description -- 7.1.2 Physico-Chemical-Microbiological Properties of AMD. , 7.2 Health Effects Associated with Contaminants in AMD -- 7.3 Abatement of AMD -- 7.4 Techniques for AMD Treatment -- 7.4.1 Overview -- 7.4.2 Chemical Precipitation -- 7.4.3 Adsorption -- 7.4.4 Filtration -- 7.4.4.1 Introduction to Membrane Technologies -- 7.4.5 Phyto Remediation -- 7.4.5.1 Theory of the MD Process -- 7.4.6 Phytoremediation -- 7.5 Valorization of AMD -- 7.5.1 Aims of Valorization -- 7.5.2 Reclamation of Drinking Water -- 7.5.3 Recovery of Valuable Minerals -- 7.5.4 Synthesis of Valuable Minerals -- 7.6 Case Study -- 7.7 Challenges Relating to Valorization -- 7.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8 Recovery of Critical Raw Materials from Acid Mine Drainage (AMD): The EIT-Funded MORECOVERY Project -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Recovery of CRMs from AMD -- 8.3 Upscaling of Successful Technologies and Economic Suitability -- 8.4 Coupling Environmental and Resources Policy: The EIT-Funded MORECOVERY Project -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9 Deriving Value from Acid Mine Drainage -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 AMD Formation -- 9.3 AMD Treatment Options -- 9.3.1 General Philosophy -- 9.3.2 High-Density Sludge Neutralization of AMD -- 9.3.3 Sulfate Removal Options -- 9.3.3.1 Reverse Osmosis -- 9.3.3.2 Ettringite Precipitation -- 9.3.3.3 Barium Carbonate Addition -- 9.3.3.4 Biological Sulfate Reduction -- 9.4 Deriving Value from AMD -- 9.4.1 Fit-for-Use Water -- 9.4.1.1 The Cascade Model -- 9.4.1.2 Water Suitable for Irrigation -- 9.4.1.3 Water Suitable for Industrial Use -- 9.4.1.4 Water Suitable for Environmental Discharge -- 9.4.1.5 Water Suitable for Sanitation -- 9.4.1.6 Potable Water -- 9.4.1.7 Cooling Water -- 9.4.1.8 Boiler Water -- 9.4.2 By-Products from AMD Treatment Processes -- 9.4.2.1 Overview -- 9.4.2.2 Gypsum Containing Products -- 9.4.2.3 High-Value Iron-Bearing Products. , 9.4.2.4 Uranium and Base Metals.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Abstract | Zusammenfassung | Shrnutí -- English Abstract -- German Zusammenfassung -- Czech Shrnutí -- Contents -- Notes from the Author -- Legal Notice -- Company Names -- Note on Gender Mainstreaming -- Texts and Illustrations from Previous Publications -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Sidenotes - or Experiences After More Than a Decade of Literature Review -- 1.2 Definition of Terms -- 1.2.1 Problems with the Definition of Terms -- 1.2.2 Active Mine Water Treatment -- 1.2.3 Base Capacity (kB -- Acidity -- m-Value) -- 1.2.4 Mine -- 1.2.5 Bioreactor -- 1.2.6 Circular Economy -- 1.2.7 Mine Water Discharge - "Decant" -- 1.2.8 First Flush -- 1.2.9 Mine Flooding -- 1.2.10 Mine Water (Mine Drainage, Mining Influenced Water) -- 1.2.11 Constructed Wetlands for Mine Water Treatment -- 1.2.12 Coagulation and Flocculation -- 1.2.13 Net Acidic or Net Alkaline Mine Water -- 1.2.14 Passive Mine Water Treatment -- 1.2.15 Treatment Wetlands for Municipal Wastewater -- 1.2.16 Phytoremediation -- 1.2.17 pH Value -- 1.2.18 Acid Capacity (kA -- Alkalinity -- p-Value) -- 1.2.19 Acid Mine Drainage -- 1.2.20 Sorption, Adsorption, Coprecipitation, Surface Complexation and Other Such Reactions -- 1.2.21 Heavy Metal -- 1.2.22 Base Metal -- 1.3 Formation of Mine Water and Buffer Mechanisms -- 1.4 Classification of Mine Water -- 2: Preliminary Investigations -- 2.1 Introductory Remarks -- 2.2 Mine Water Sampling -- 2.2.1 Checklists and Notes -- 2.2.2 Note on Occupational Health and Safety -- 2.2.3 Sampling Methods -- 2.2.4 Quality Control -- 2.2.5 Measuring Instruments and Sampling -- 2.2.6 Sample Names -- 2.2.7 Dissolved and Total Concentrations -- 2.2.8 Documentation -- 2.3 Essential On-Site Parameters -- 2.3.1 Introductory Note. , 2.3.2 Electrical Conductivity (Specific Conductance) -- 2.3.3 Base Capacity (kB -- Acidity) -- 2.3.4 Acid Capacity (kA -- Alkalinity) -- 2.3.5 Flow and Loads -- 2.3.6 pH Value -- 2.3.7 Iron Concentration -- 2.3.8 Manganese Concentration -- 2.3.9 Aluminium Concentration -- 2.3.10 Redox Potential (Eh, ORP) -- 2.3.11 Oxygen Saturation -- 2.4 Water Analysis -- 2.5 Lime Addition or Column Tests -- 2.6 Active or Passive Mine Water Treatment? -- 2.7 The Endless Mine Water Treatment Plant -- 2.8 Pourbaix Diagrams (Stability Diagrams, Predominance Diagrams, Eh-pH-Diagrams, "Confusogram" sensu P. Wade) -- 3: Active Treatment Methods for Mine Water -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Neutralisation Process -- 3.2.1 Principles and Historical Development -- 3.2.2 Low Density Sludge (LDS) Process -- 3.2.3 High Density Sludge (HDS) Process -- 3.2.4 It Is Easier to Live in a Box -- 3.3 Electrochemical Processes -- 3.3.1 Electrocoagulation -- 3.3.2 Electrosorption (Condensation Deionisation) -- 3.3.3 Electrodialysis/Membrane-Based Electrolysis -- 3.4 Membrane-Based Processes -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Microfiltration -- 3.4.3 Ultrafiltration -- 3.4.4 Nanofiltration -- 3.4.5 Reverse Osmosis (RO) -- 3.4.6 Sparro Process (Slurry Precipitation and Recycle Reverse Osmosis) -- 3.4.7 Forward Osmosis (FO) -- 3.5 Precipitation Methods for Uncommon Contaminants -- 3.6 Ettringite Precipitation -- 3.6.1 SAVMIN™ Process -- 3.6.2 Other Procedures -- 3.7 Schwertmannite Process -- 3.8 Bioreactors (Fermenters) -- 3.9 Ion Exchange -- 3.10 Sorption -- 3.11 Advanced Oxidation -- 3.12 Flotation Liquid-Liquid Extraction (F-LLX -- VEP -- HydroFlex™ Technology) -- 3.13 Eutectic Freeze Crystallisation -- 4: Passive Treatment Methods for Mine Water -- 4.1 Note -- 4.2 What Is Passive Mine Water Treatment? -- 4.3 Limestone Drains and Channels. , 4.3.1 Classification of Limestone Drains and Channels -- 4.3.2 Anoxic Limestone Drain (ALD) -- 4.3.3 Oxic Limestone Drain (OLD) -- 4.3.4 Open Limestone Channel (OLC) -- 4.4 Constructed Wetlands -- 4.4.1 Prologue (I Have Always Wanted to Write This) -- 4.4.2 Aerobic Constructed Wetland (Reed Bed) -- 4.4.3 Anaerobic Constructed Wetland (Anaerobic Wetland, Compost Wetland) -- 4.5 Reducing and Alkalinity Producing Systems (RAPS) -- Successive Alkalinity Producing Systems (SAPS) -- Sulfate Reducing Bioreactor, Vertical Flow Wetlands -- 4.6 Settling Pond (Settling Basin, Settlement Lagoon) -- 4.7 Permeable Reactive Walls -- 4.8 Vertical Flow Reactor (VFR) -- 4.9 Passive Oxidation Systems (Cascades, "Trompe") -- 4.10 ARUM (Acid Reduction Using Microbiology) Process -- 5: Alternative Methods for the Management of Mine Water -- 5.1 Thoughts on Alternative Treatment Methods and Their Application -- 5.2 Natural and Monitored Natural Attenuation -- 5.2.1 Natural Attenuation -- 5.2.2 Monitored Natural Attenuation -- 5.3 Change in Mining Methods -- 5.4 Biometallurgy, Geobiotechnology, Biomimetics or Agro-metallurgy -- 6: In Situ and On-site Remediation Measures -- 6.1 Introductory Remark -- 6.2 In-lake Processes -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 In-lake Liming -- 6.2.3 Stimulated Iron and Sulfate Reduction in Lakes -- 6.2.4 Electrochemical and Electro-biochemical Treatment -- 6.3 Chemical Treatment Measures to Reduce Pollutants -- 6.3.1 Treatment of Acidic Lakes -- 6.3.2 On-site Chemical Treatment Measures -- 6.4 Reinjection of Sludge, Treatment Residues or Lime -- 6.5 Remediation of Contaminated Watercourses -- 6.6 In situ Remediation of Uranium-Containing Mine and Seepage Water -- 6.7 Mixing of Pyrite-containing Substrates with Alkaline Material -- 6.8 Closure of Drainage and Mine Adits. , 7: Post-mining Usage of Mine Sites or Residues of the Treatment Process -- 7.1 Post-mining Usage of Remediated Sites -- 7.2 Treatment Residues as Recyclable Materials (Circular Economy) -- 8: Finish -- Correction to: Introduction -- Correction to: -- Lagniappe - Bonus Chapter -- Explanation of Terms/Glossary/Abbreviations -- Introductory Remarks -- Glossary -- Abbreviations -- Symbols and Units -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- References -- Index.