Note: Milestones in Geosciences Selected Benchmark Papers Published in the Journal Geologische Rundschau -- Milestones in Geosciences -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- The origins of continents -- Are there aneient deep-sea deposits of geologic significance? -- Amerika und Eurafrika: the origin of the Atlantic-Arctic Ocean -- Stratigraphy of recent deep-sea sediments based upon foraminiferal fauna -- No geology without marine geology -- The physical-chemical conditions relating to the formationof salt deposits and their application to geologic problems -- The chemical and structural metamorphosis of coals -- Geochronology of the last 12,000 years -- On experimental tectonics (with 14 figures) -- Fluid inclusions with gas bubbles as geothermometers -- Investigating the Earth's crust with the help of explosions (belongs to Research on explosions, supported by the Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft) -- The structure of the Earth's crust in Europe.

Note: Intro -- Institutsprofil -- Geleitwort -- Table of contents -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Preface -- 1.2. Why do we move our eyes? -- 1.3. The pursuit system -- 1.3.1. Characteristics of smooth pursuit -- 1.3.2. Paradigms to investigate smooth pursuit -- 1.3.3. The stimulus dependency of smooth pursuit eye movements. -- 1.3.4. Neural pathways of smooth pursuit eye movements -- 1.3.5. Pursuit & -- psychophysics: The oculometric function -- 1.3.6. Smooth pursuit and motion perception -- 1.3.7. Bayesian models of velocity perception and smooth pursuit -- 1.4. Auditory localization -- 1.4.1. Auditory localization of static sounds -- 1.4.2. Auditory localization of dynamic sounds -- 1.5. Multisensory Integration -- 1.5.1. The framework of multisensory integration -- 1.5.2. Audio-visual Integration -- 1.5.3. Audio-visual motion integration in smooth pursuit eye movements -- 1.6. Aim of the present study -- 2. Experiment 1: Audio-visual coherence -- 2.1. Methods -- 2.1.1. Participants -- 2.1.2. Setup and stimuli -- 2.1.3. Data and eye movement analysis -- 2.1.4. Procedure Session1. -- 2.1.5. Parameter estimation -- 2.2 Results -- 2.3. Discussion experiment 1 -- 3. Experiment 2: Audio-visual velocity coherence -- 3.1. Methods -- 3.1.1. Participants -- 3.1.2. Setup and Stimuli -- 3.1.3. Eye movement analysis & -- data reduction -- 3.1.4. Procedure -- 3.2. Results -- 3.2.1. Pursuit characteristics -- 3.2.2. Oculometric results -- 3.3. Discussion experiment 2 -- 4. General discussion -- 4.1. Summary of results -- 4.2. Humans do not integrate for smooth pursuit -- 4.3. Humans do integrate but require positional information -- 4.4. The multisensory motion circuit -- 4.5. Conclusion -- 5. References -- 6. Appendix.

Note: Intro -- Was Sie in diesem essential finden können -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Über die Autoren -- 1 Einführung -- 2 Beschleuniger und ihre Anwendungen -- 2.1 Beschleuniger: Gigantomanie oder Notwendigkeit? -- 2.2 Strukturanalyse -- 2.3 Erzeugung neuer Teilchen -- 2.4 Erforschung des frühen Universums -- 2.5 Beschleunigertypen -- 2.6 Das Zyklotron heute -- 3 Das klassische Zyklotron -- 3.1 Beschleunigung im Spiegel elektrischer und magnetischer Felder -- 3.2 Lorentz-Kraft und Führungsfeld -- 3.3 Resonanzbedingung (Zyklotron-Prinzip) -- 4 Teilsysteme und ihr Zusammenwirken -- 4.1 Eine faszinierende Idee -- 4.2 Wirkungsgefüge eines Zyklotrons -- 4.3 Grundsätzliche Überlegungen vor dem Bau des Zyklotrons -- Die Teilchenwahl -- Steifigkeit des Ionenstrahls -- 5 Das Magnetsystem -- 5.1 Auf der Suche nach einem Magneten -- 5.2 Der Elektromagnet -- 5.3 Peripherie -- 5.4 Die Dimensionierung -- 6 Das Beschleunigungssystem -- 6.1 Mit welcher Spannung soll man beschleunigen? -- 6.2 Die Amplitude Uo der Beschleunigungsspannung -- 6.3 Die Hochfrequenzeinheit -- 7 Das Vakuumsystem -- 7.1 Warum braucht man ein Vakuum? -- 7.2 Die mittlere freie Weglänge -- 7.3 Bahnlänge, Beschleunigungen und Endenergie -- 7.4 Die Komponenten des Vakuumsystems -- 8 Das Ionensystem -- 8.1 Wie entstehen die Ionen? -- 8.2 Die Gaszufuhr -- 8.3 Der Aufbau der Ionenquelle -- 8.4 Der Ionisierungsprozess -- 8.5 Die Extraktion der Ionen -- 9 Das Detektorsystem und ausgewählte Experimente -- 9.1 Was kann man mit langsamen Protonen anfangen? -- 9.2 Der Detektor -- 9.3 Aufnahme und Auswertung von Spektren -- 10 Resümee -- Was Sie aus diesem essential mitnehmen können -- Zyklotron-(Kreis-)Frequenz -- Mittlere freie Weglänge -- Effektives Saugvermögen, Strömungsleitwert -- Weglänge der Spiralbahn -- Literatur.

Note: Dynamic Stereochemistry of Chiral Compounds -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2 Principles of Chirality and Dynamic Stereochemistry -- 2.1 Stereochemistry of Chiral Compounds -- 2.2 Dynamic Stereochemistry of Cyclic and Acyclic Chiral Compounds -- References -- Chapter 3 Racemization, Enantiomerization and Diastereomerization -- 3.1 Classification of Isomerization Reactions of Chiral Compounds -- 3.1.1 Racemization -- 3.1.2 Enantiomerization -- 3.1.3 Diastereomerization -- 3.1.4 Epimerization and Mutarotation -- 3.2 Stereomutations of Chiral Compounds: Mechanisms and Energy Barriers -- 3.2.1 Alkanes -- 3.2.2 Alkenes and Annulenes -- 3.2.3 Allenes and Cumulenes -- 3.2.4 Helicenes and Phenanthrenes -- 3.2.5 Alkyl Halides, Nitriles and Nitro Compounds -- 3.2.6 Amines -- 3.2.7 Aldehydes, Ketones and Imines -- 3.2.8 Alcohols, Ethers, Acetals, and Ketals -- 3.2.9 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives -- 3.2.10 Amino Acids -- 3.2.11 Silicon, Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds -- 3.2.12 Organometallic Compounds -- 3.2.13 Supramolecular Structures -- 3.3 Atropisomerization -- 3.3.1 Biaryls, Triaryls and Diarylacetylenes -- 3.3.2 Nonbiaryl Atropisomers -- 3.3.3 Cyclophanes -- 3.3.4 Atropisomeric Xenobiotics -- 3.4 Pharmacological and Pharmacokinetic Significance of Racemization -- References -- Chapter 4 Analytical Methods -- 4.1 Chiroptical Methods -- 4.2 NMR Spectroscopy -- 4.3 Dynamic Chromatography -- 4.3.1 Dynamic High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 4.3.2 Dynamic Gas Chromatography -- 4.3.3 Dynamic Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Electrokinetic Chromatography -- 4.4 Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Stopped-flow Analysis -- 4.5 Comparison of Analytical Methods -- References -- Chapter 5 Principles of Asymmetric Synthesis -- 5.1 Classification of Asymmetric Reactions -- 5.2 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control. , 5.3 Asymmetric Induction -- 5.3.1 Control of Molecular Orientation and Conformation -- 5.3.2 Single and Double Stereodifferentiation -- References -- Chapter 6 Asymmetric Synthesis with Stereodynamic Compounds: Introduction, Conversion and Transfer of Chirality -- 6.1 Asymmetric Synthesis with Chiral Organolithium Reagents -- 6.1.1 α-Alkoxy- and α-Amino-substituted Organolithium Compounds -- 6.1.2 Sulfur-, Phosphorus- and Halogen-stabilized Organolithium Compounds -- 6.2 Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryls -- 6.2.1 Intramolecular Atroposelective Biaryl Synthesis -- 6.2.2 Intermolecular Atroposelective Biaryl Synthesis -- 6.2.3 Atroposelective Ring Construction -- 6.2.4 Desymmetrization of Conformationally Stable Prochiral Biaryls -- 6.2.5 Asymmetric Transformation of Stereodynamic Biaryls -- 6.3 Nonbiaryl Atropisomers -- 6.4 Chirality Transfer and Interconversion of Chiral Elements -- 6.4.1 Chirality Transfer in SN2' and SE2' Reactions -- 6.4.2 Rearrangements -- 6.4.2.1 1,2-Chirality Transfer -- 6.4.2.2 1,3-Chirality Transfer -- 6.4.2.3 1,4-Chirality Transfer -- 6.4.2.4 1,5-Chirality Transfer -- 6.4.3 Intermolecular Chirality Transfer -- 6.4.4 Transfer of Stereogenicity Between Carbon and Heteroatoms -- 6.4.5 Conversion of Central Chirality to Other Chiral Elements -- 6.4.6 Conversion of Axial Chirality to Other Chiral Elements -- 6.4.7 Conversion of Planar Chirality to Other Chiral Elements -- 6.5 Self-regeneration of Stereogenicity and Chiral Relays -- 6.5.1 Stereocontrolled Substitution at a Chiral Center -- 6.5.2 Self-regeneration of Stereocenters -- 6.5.3 Self-regeneration of Chiral Elements with Stereolabile Intermediates -- 6.5.4 Chiral Relays -- 6.6 Asymmetric Catalysis with Stereolabile Ligands -- 6.6.1 Stereodynamic Achiral Ligands -- 6.6.2 Stereolabile Axially Chiral Ligands. , 6.7 Stereoselective Synthesis in the Solid State -- References -- Chapter 7 Asymmetric Resolution and Transformation of Chiral Compounds under Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control -- 7.1 Scope and Principles of Asymmetric Resolution and Transformation -- 7.2 Asymmetric Transformation of the First Kind -- 7.3 Asymmetric Transformation of the Second Kind -- 7.3.1 Crystallization-induced Asymmetric Transformation -- 7.3.2 Asymmetric Transformation based on Chromatographic Separation -- 7.4 Kinetic Resolution and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution -- 7.4.1 Kinetic Resolution -- 7.4.1.1 Enzyme-catalyzed Kinetic Resolution -- 7.4.1.2 Nonenzymatic Kinetic Resolution -- 7.4.1.3 Parallel Kinetic Resolution -- 7.4.2 Dynamic Kinetic Resolution -- 7.4.2.1 Enzyme-catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution -- 7.4.2.2 Nonenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution -- 7.5 Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation -- 7.6 Dynamic Thermodynamic Resolution -- References -- Chapter 8 From Chiral Propellers to Unidirectional Motors -- 8.1 Stability and Reactivity of Stereodynamic Gears -- 8.2 Structure and Ring Flipping of Molecular Propellers -- 8.3 Dynamic Gearing in Biaryl-, Triaryl- and Tetraaryl Propellers -- 8.4 Molecular Bevel Gears -- 8.5 Vinyl Propellers -- 8.6 Propeller-like Coordination Complexes with Helicity Control -- 8.7 Static Gearing and Cyclostereoisomerism -- 8.8 Molecular Brakes, Turnstiles and Scissors -- 8.9 Chiral Molecular Switches -- 8.10 Stereodynamic Sensors -- 8.11 Chiral Molecular Motors -- References -- Chapter 9 Topological Isomerism and Chirality -- 9.1 Synthesis of Catenanes and Rotaxanes -- 9.1.1 Statistical Methods -- 9.1.2 Template-assisted Assembly -- 9.1.3 Topological Isomerization -- 9.2 Chiral Catenanes -- 9.3 Chiral Rotaxanes -- 9.4 Knots and Borromean Rings -- 9.5 Topological Isomerism of Shuttles, Switches, Sensors, and Rotors -- References. , Glossary Stereochemical Definitions and Terms -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Inhalt -- Das Wichtigste in Kürze -- 1. Einleitung -- 2. Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung beim Stromnetzausbau -- 2.1 Ausgangssituation: Dialogbrücke Kommu -- 2.2 Einbindung und Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten der Kommunen -- 2.3 Stromnetzausbau in Thüringen und Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung durch 50Hertz -- 2.4 Zusammenfassung -- 3. Komplexe Vorhaben und vielfältige Reaktionen -- 3.1 Stromnetzausbau - „Ob das nun sinnvoll oder nicht sinnvoll war, das wurde bekämpft." -- 3.2 Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung beim Stromnetzausbau „schwer nachvollziehbar" -- 3.3 Beteiligung bei kommunalen Vorhaben - „Kein Vorhaben in der Stadt ohne Bürgerbeteiligun -- 3.4 Ziele und Aufgaben der Mitwirkung - „Das Beste für die Bürger herausholen" -- 3.5 Zusammenfassung -- 4. Fazit und Schluss-folgerungen -- Literatur und Quellen.

Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 03CIE006 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden

Note: Ebook , CHAPTER 1: Introduction: CHAPTER 2: Principles of Chirality and Dynamic Stereochemistry-- 2.1. Stereochemistry of chiral compounds-- 2.2. Dynamic stereochemistry of cyclic and acyclic chiral compounds-- CHAPTER 3: Racemization, Enantiomerization and Diastereomerization-- 3.1. Classification of isomerization reactions of chiral compounds-- 3.1.1. Racemization-- 3.1.2. Enantiomerization-- 3.1.3. Diastereomerization-- 3.1.4. Epimerization and mutarotation-- 3.2. Stereomutations of chiral compounds: Mechanisms and energy barriers-- 3.2.1. Alkanes-- 3.2.2. Alkenes and annulenes-- 3.2.3. Allenes and cumulenes-- 3.2.4. Helicenes and phenanthrenes-- 3.2.5. Alkyl halides, nitriles and nitro compounds-- 3.2.6. Amines-- 3.2.7. Aldehydes, ketones and imines-- 3.2.8. Alcohols, ethers, acetals, and ketals-- 3.2.9. Carboxylic acids and derivatives-- 3.2.10. Amino acids-- 3.2.11. Silicon, phosphorus and sulfur compounds-- 3.2.12. Organometallic compounds-- 3.2.13. Supramolecular structures-- 3.3. Atropisomerization-- 3.3.1. Biaryls, triaryls and diarylacetylenes-- 3.3.2. Nonbiaryl atropisomers-- 3.3.3. Cyclophanes-- 3.3.4. Atropisomeric xenobiotics-- 3.4. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic significance of racemization-- CHAPTER 4: Analytical Methods-- 4.1. Chiroptical methods-- 4.2. Variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy and proton/deuterium exchange measurements-- 4.3. Dynamic chromatography-- 4.3.1. Dynamic high performance liquid chromatography-- 4.3.2. Dynamic gas chromatography-- 4.3.3. Dynamic supercritical fluid chromatography and electrokinetic chromatography-- 4.4. Chromatographic and electrophoretic stopped-flow analysis-- 4.5. Comparison of analytical methods-- CHAPTER 5: Principles of Asymmetric Synthesis-- 5.1. Classification of asymmetric reactions-- 5.2. Kinetic and thermodynamic control-- 5.3. Asymmetric induction-- 5.3.1. Control of molecular orientation and conformation-- 5.3.2. Single and double stereodifferentiation-- CHAPTER 6: Asymmetric Synthesis with Stereodynamic Compounds: Introduction, Conversion and Transfer of Chirality-- 6.1. Asymmetric synthesis with chiral organolithium reagents-- 6.1.1. -Alkoxy- and -amino-substituted organolithium compounds-- 6.1.2. Sulfur-, phosphorus- and halogen-stabilized organolithium compounds-- 6.2. Atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral biaryls-- 6.2.1. Intramolecular atroposelective biaryl synthesis-- 6.2.2. Intermolecular atroposelective biaryl synthesis-- 6.2.3. Atroposelective ring construction-- 6.2.4. Desymmetrization of conformationally stable prochiral biaryls-- 6.2.5. Asymmetric transformation of stereodynamic biaryls-- 6.3. Nonbiaryl atropisomers-- 6.4. Chirality transfer and interconversion of chiral elements-- 6.4.1. Chirality transfer in SN2' and SE2' reactions-- 6.4.2. Rearrangements-- 6.4.2.1. 1,2-Chirality transfer-- 6.4.2.2. 1,3-Chirality transfer-- 6.4.2.3. 1,4-Chirality transfer-- 6.4.2.4. 1,5-Chirality transfer-- 6.4.3. Intermolecular chirality transfer-- 6.4.4. Transfer of stereogenicity between carbon and heteroatoms-- 6.4.5. Conversion of central chirality to other chiral elements-- 6.4.6. Conversion of axial chirality to other chiral elements-- 6.4.7. Conversion of planar chirality to other chiral elements-- 6.5. Self-regeneration of stereogenicity and chiral relays-- 6.5.1. Stereocontrolled substitution at a chiral center-- 6.5.2. Self-regeneration of stereocenters-- 6.5.3. Self-regeneration of chiral elements with stereolabile intermediates-- 6.5.4. Chiral relays-- 6.6. Asymmetric catalysis with stereolabile ligands-- 6.6.1. Stereodynamic achiral ligands-- 6.6.2. Stereolabile axially chiral ligands-- 6.7. Stereoselective synthesis in the solid state-- CHAPTER 7: Asymmetric Resolution and Transformation of Chiral Compounds under Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control-- 7.1. Scope and principles of asymmetric resolution and transformation-- 7.2. Asymmetric transformation of the first kind-- 7.3. Asymmetric transformation of the second kind-- 7.3.1. Crystallization-induced asymmetric transformation-- 7.3.2. Asymmetric transformation based on chromatographic separation-- 7.4. Kinetic resolution and dynamic kinetic resolution-- 7.4.1. Kinetic resolution-- 7.4.1.1. Enzyme-catalyzed kinetic resolution-- 7.4.1.2. Nonenzymatic kinetic resolution-- 7.4.1.3. Parallel kinetic resolution-- 7.4.2. Dynamic kinetic resolution-- 7.4.2.1. Enzyme-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution-- 7.4.2.2. Nonenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution-- 7.5. Dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation-- 7.6. Dynamic thermodynamic resolution-- CHAPTER 8: From Chiral Propellers to Unidirectional Motors-- 8.1. Stability and reactivity of stereodynamic gears-- 8.2. Structure and ring flipping of molecular propellers-- 8.3. Dynamic gearing in biaryl-, triaryl- and tetraaryl propellers-- 8.4. Molecular bevel gears-- 8.5. Vinyl propellers-- 8.6. Propeller-like coordination complexes with helicity control-- 8.7. Static gearing and cyclostereoisomerism-- 8.8. Molecular brakes, turnstiles and scissors-- 8.9. Chiral molecular switches-- 8.10. Stereodynamic sensors-- 8.11. Chiral molecular motors-- CHAPTER 9: Topological Isomerism and Chirality-- 9.1. Synthesis of catenanes and rotaxanes-- 9.1.1. Statistical methods-- 9.1.2. Template-assisted assembly-- 9.1.3. Topological isomerization-- 9.2. Chiral catenanes-- 9.3. Chiral rotaxanes-- 9.4. Knots and Borromean rings-- 9.5. Topological isomerism of shuttles, switches, sensors, and rotors-- GLOSSARY: Stereochemical Definitions and Terms.

Note: Zusammenfassung in englischer und russischer Sprache

Note: Zusammenfassung in englischer und russischer Sprache