Note: Front Cover -- Magnetospheric Imaging -- Magnetospheric Imaging: Understanding the Space Environment through Global Measurements -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Introductory chapter: imaging-a new perspective for magnetospheric research -- Potential of global imaging -- Global context of the chapters -- Optical imaging -- Optical imaging -- ULF wave imaging -- ULF wave imaging -- Plasma sheet imaging from particle precipitation -- Plasma sheet imaging from particle precipitation -- Ultraviolet imaging -- Ultraviolet imaging -- Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imaging -- Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imaging -- X-ray imaging -- X-ray imaging -- Radio-frequency imaging -- Radio-frequency imaging -- Magnetic field imaging -- Magnetic field imaging -- Future missions -- References -- 1 - Ground-based all-sky imaging techniques for auroral observations and space weather research -- 1. Overview -- 2. Applications of ground-based all-sky imaging technique -- 2.1 Auroras, geomagnetic storms, and substorms -- 2.2 Wave-particle interactions -- 2.3 Space weather and ionospheric scintillation -- 3. Auroral processes -- 4. Auroral imaging of the magnetosphere -- 4.1 THEMIS all-sky imager array -- 5. Multispectral auroral imaging -- 5.1 Potential application in future missions -- 6. JHU/APL GoIono GBO and all-sky imagers -- 6.1 GoIono imaging array in Alaska -- 6.2 Implementation and operations -- 7. Summary -- References -- 2 - Energetic neutral atom imaging of the terrestrial global magnetosphere -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History -- 3. ENA production mechanisms -- 4. Measurement techniques -- 4.1 High-energy ENA cameras -- 4.2 Low-energy cameras -- 5. Ring current and plasma sheet -- 5.1 Storm ring current morphology and evolution -- 5.2 Plasmasheet -- 6. ENA imaging of ionospheric outflow -- 7. Inversion techniques. , 8. Summary and future directions -- References -- 3 - Making the invisible visible: X-ray imaging -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The governing equations and their inputs -- 2.1 The equations -- 2.2 Measured inputs-mostly ς -- 2.3 Model inputs-mostly Q -- 3. Considerations -- 3.1 Field of view -- 3.2 Angular resolution -- 3.3 Bandpass -- 4. Instruments -- 4.1 Optics -- 4.2 Detectors and their consequences -- 4.3 Shades -- 5. Simulations -- 5.1 Emissivity -- 5.2 Instrument -- 5.3 Backgrounds -- 5.4 Putting it all together -- 6. Extracting information -- 6.1 Location in the image -- 6.2 Propagating from image to standoff distance -- 6.3 Further considerations -- 7. Future missions -- 7.1 CuPID -- 7.2 LEXI -- 7.3 SMILE SXI -- 7.4 STORM XRI -- 8. Summary -- References -- 4 - Radio-frequency imaging techniques for ionospheric, magnetospheric, and planetary studies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Radio remote-sensing techniques -- 2.1 Active techniques -- 2.1.1 Radio sounding with free-space wave modes -- 2.1.1.1 Vertical-incidence ionosondes -- 2.1.1.1 Vertical-incidence ionosondes -- 2.1.1.2 Oblique-incidence and ground scatter ionosondes -- 2.1.1.2 Oblique-incidence and ground scatter ionosondes -- 2.1.1.3 Space-borne sounders -- 2.1.1.3 Space-borne sounders -- 2.1.2 Radio sounding with trapped wave modes (Z and whistler modes) -- 2.1.2.1 Z-mode sounding -- 2.1.2.1 Z-mode sounding -- 2.1.2.1.1 Nonducted earthward propagating Z-Mode echoes -- 2.1.2.1.1 Nonducted earthward propagating Z-Mode echoes -- 2.1.2.1.2 Diagnostic uses of nonducted Z-Mode echoes -- 2.1.2.1.2 Diagnostic uses of nonducted Z-Mode echoes -- 2.1.2.1.3 Ducted and nonducted Z-mode echoes trapped within the Z mode propagation cavity -- 2.1.2.1.3 Ducted and nonducted Z-mode echoes trapped within the Z mode propagation cavity. , 2.1.2.1.4 Remote sensing of plasma composition along the geomagnetic field lines -- 2.1.2.1.4 Remote sensing of plasma composition along the geomagnetic field lines -- 2.1.2.1.5 Scattered or diffuse Z-mode echoes -- 2.1.2.1.5 Scattered or diffuse Z-mode echoes -- 2.1.2.1.6 Diagnostic uses of scattered Z-Mode echoes -- 2.1.2.1.6 Diagnostic uses of scattered Z-Mode echoes -- 2.1.2.2 Whistler-mode sounding -- 2.1.2.2 Whistler-mode sounding -- 2.1.2.2 1Magnetospherically and specularly reflected whistler-mode echoes in a smooth magnetosphere -- 2.1.2.2 1Magnetospherically and specularly reflected whistler-mode echoes in a smooth magnetosphere -- 2.1.2.2.2 WM-echo propagation paths: effects of FAIs on echo propagation -- 2.1.2.2.2 WM-echo propagation paths: effects of FAIs on echo propagation -- 2.1.2.2.3 Examples of whistler mode echoes -- 2.1.2.2.3 Examples of whistler mode echoes -- 2.1.2.2.4 Whistler mode radio sounding of electrons and ions -- 2.1.2.2.4 Whistler mode radio sounding of electrons and ions -- 2.1.2.2.5 Whistler and Z-mode radio sounding of field-aligned electron-density irregularities -- 2.1.2.2.5 Whistler and Z-mode radio sounding of field-aligned electron-density irregularities -- 2.1.3 Bistatic sensing of plasma using traversing signals -- 2.1.3.1 Total electron content -- 2.1.3.1 Total electron content -- 2.1.3.2 Slant and vertical TEC -- 2.1.3.2 Slant and vertical TEC -- 2.1.3.3 Radio tomography using STEC -- 2.1.3.3 Radio tomography using STEC -- 2.1.3.4 Radio tomographic technique using Faraday rotation -- 2.1.3.4 Radio tomographic technique using Faraday rotation -- 2.1.3.5 Spacecraft-to-spacecraft tomography with radio occultation -- 2.1.3.5 Spacecraft-to-spacecraft tomography with radio occultation -- 2.1.4 Radio sounding via signal scatter -- 2.1.4.1 Incoherent scatter radar -- 2.1.4.1 Incoherent scatter radar. , 2.1.4.2 Coherent scatter radar -- 2.1.4.2 Coherent scatter radar -- 2.1.5 Surface-penetrating radar -- 2.2 Passive wave map technique -- 2.2.1 Wave map -- 2.2.2 Imaging with narrow-beam riometers -- 3. Applications of radio techniques to imaging -- 3.1 Radio Imaging of plasmas by means of sensor data fusion -- 3.2 Ionospheric imaging applications -- 3.2.1 Two-dimensional mapping of VTEC -- 3.2.2 Tomography application based on STEC -- 3.2.2.1 Spacecraft-to-ground 3D tomography -- 3.2.2.1 Spacecraft-to-ground 3D tomography -- 3.2.2.2 Spacecraft-to-spacecraft tomography with radio occultation -- 3.2.2.2 Spacecraft-to-spacecraft tomography with radio occultation -- 3.2.2.3 Spacecraft-to-spacecraft tomography with Faraday rotation -- 3.2.2.3 Spacecraft-to-spacecraft tomography with Faraday rotation -- 3.2.3 Ionosonde networks -- 3.2.3.1 Imaging by averaging with interpolation -- 3.2.3.1 Imaging by averaging with interpolation -- 3.2.3.2 Ionosonde networks for real-time ionospheric imaging -- 3.2.3.2 Ionosonde networks for real-time ionospheric imaging -- 3.2.3.3 HF radio skymap and ionospheric disturbances -- 3.2.3.3 HF radio skymap and ionospheric disturbances -- 3.2.3.4 Frequency-angular sounding -- 3.2.3.4 Frequency-angular sounding -- 3.2.4 SuperDARN -- 3.3 Magnetospheric imaging -- 3.3.1 Active Radio Imaging -- 3.3.1.1 Imaging the plasmasphere -- 3.3.1.1 Imaging the plasmasphere -- 3.3.1.2 Imaging the high-latitude dayside magnetosphere -- 3.3.1.2 Imaging the high-latitude dayside magnetosphere -- 3.3.1.3 Z mode radio imaging of the magnetospheric electron density -- 3.3.1.3 Z mode radio imaging of the magnetospheric electron density -- 3.3.1.4 Whistler-mode radio imaging of magnetospheric electron and ion densities -- 3.3.1.4 Whistler-mode radio imaging of magnetospheric electron and ion densities -- 3.3.2 Passive radio imaging. , 3.3.2.1 Imaging of trapped nonthermal continuum radiation -- 3.3.2.1 Imaging of trapped nonthermal continuum radiation -- 3.4 Imaging planetary environments -- 4. Future capabilities -- 4.1 New technologies -- 4.2 Future ionospheric radars -- 4.3 Application of tomographic techniques (satellite-to-satellite) -- 4.4 Applications of surface-penetrating radar -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- 5 - Magnetospheric imaging via ground-based optical instruments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Instrumentation -- 3. Technique -- 3.1 Application: December 18, 2017 -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- 6 - The future of plasmaspheric extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imaging -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Space plasma imaging -- 1.2 Wide-field extreme ultraviolet imaging 30.4 nm (EUV) imaging at Earth -- 1.2.1 Concept and impact of plasmaspheric 30.4nm imaging -- 1.2.2 The IMAGE EUV optical design -- 1.2.3 Example of IMAGE EUV science images -- 1.2.4 What is the future of plasmaspheric EUV imaging? -- 2. Imaging of terrestrial He+ (30.4 nm) -- 2.1 The D13 EUV imager -- 2.1.1 D13 filter transmission -- 2.1.2 D13 mirror reflectivity -- 2.1.3 Wider field of view -- 2.2 High resolution plasmasphere observatory -- 2.2.1 Global observation of plasmaspheric fine-scale structure -- 2.2.2 HRPO optical design -- 2.2.3 HRPO angular resolution -- 2.2.4 HRPO sensitivity and effective area -- 2.2.5 Simulated HRPO images -- 2.3 Continuous stereo imaging of refilling and erosion -- 2.3.1 System-level refilling -- 2.3.2 System-level convection -- 2.3.3 Interchange instability -- 2.4 Side-view imaging -- 2.4.1 Geosynchronous EUV -- 2.4.2 EUV imaging from the Moon -- 3. Imaging of terrestrial O+ and O++ (83.4 nm) -- 3.1 The dense oxygen torus -- 3.2 EUV imaging of the dense torus -- 3.3 Simulated oxygen torus images -- 3.3.1 Torus formation -- 3.3.2 Torus distribution. , 3.4 The promise of dense oxygen torus imaging.