Note: Front Cover -- Ion Beam Modification of Materials -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editorial -- Committees -- Sponsors -- Part I -- Section I: Basic Processes -- Chapter 1. Disordering and defect production in silicon by keV ion irradiation studied by molecular dynamics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Model implementation -- 3. Results -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2. Systematic study of the ion beam mixing of oxide markers into alumina -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3. Metastable alloys synthesised by ion mixing and thermodynamic and kinetic modelling -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental procedure -- 3. Metastable crystalline phase formation and its growth kinetics -- 4. Role of interface in amorphous alloy formation -- 5. Thermodynamics of metastable alloy formation -- 6. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 4. α-Emission channeling studies of the lattice site of oversized atoms implanted in Fe and Ni single crystals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The experiment -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5. Atomic mixing induced in metallic bilayers by high electronic excitations -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Characterization of Si(100) sputtered with low energy argon -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Radiation damage features on mica and L-valine probed by scanning force microscopy -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experiment -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8. Defect production by MeV cluster impacts -- Abstract. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental procedure -- 3. Results -- 4. Interpretation -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 9. Model for the electronic stopping of channeled ions in silicon around the stopping power maximum -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Random stopping power -- 4. Stopping power under channeling conditions -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10. Electronic stopping power of (100) axial-channelled He ions in Si crystals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental procedure -- 3. Data analysis -- 4. Results and discussions -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. Sputtering of Cu thin films on Ru(0001) by Ne+ ion bombardment -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Cu coverage calibration -- 4. Results and discussion -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Valence band electronic redistribution in ion-beam-mixed Pd-Ag alloys -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental procedures -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13. Influence of nuclear energy deposition density on the ion-beam mixing of metallic bilayers -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 14. Ion beam modification of metal-polymer interfaces for improved adhesion -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experiment -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 15. C60 film growth and the interaction of fullerenes with bare and H terminated Si surfaces, studied by molecular dynamics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Calculation -- 3. Results -- 4. Conclusions -- 5. Movies -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 16. Novel beam effect: mass transport due to the lateral component of the ion momentum -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental procedures -- 3. Surface profilometry: observation of lateral mass transport -- 4. Microscopic or macroscopic momentum transfer? -- 5. Consequences -- is hammering really hammering? -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Section II: Low Energy Processes -- Chapter 17. ECR plasma-assisted deposition of Al2O3 and dispersion-strengthened AlOx -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental conditions -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 18. High pressure phases produced by low energy ion implantation with reference to cubic boron nitride -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Apparatus -- 3. Experimental results for c-BN formation -- 4. The model for c-BN growth -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 19. Ions as a useful tool for carbon film deposition and modification -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ions for film deposition -- 3. Ions for film modification -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 20. Synthesis and corrosion properties of silicon nitride films by ion beam assisted deposition -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Summary -- References -- Chapter 21. Ion beam assisted deposition of ZrO2 thin films -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 22. Internal stresses in nickel films prepared by ion beam and vapor deposition -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 23. Synthesis of (Ti, Al) N films by ion beam assisted deposition -- Abstract. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 24. Synthesis of epitaxial SnxGe1_x alloy films by ion-assisted molecular beam epitaxy -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Model for surface segregation during ion-assisted growth -- 3. Experimental procedure -- 4. Results and discussion -- 5. Conclusions and prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 25. Heavily carbon-doped GaAs layers prepared by low-energy ion-beam impingement during molecular beam epitaxy -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussions -- References -- Chapter 26. Silicon carbide and oxide deposition using low energy (5-100 eV) beams of C+, O+, and CO+ ions -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 27. On the mechanism of crystal growth orientation of ion beam assisted deposited thin films -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental observations -- 3. Discussion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 28. Ion beam assisted deposition in the synthesis and fracture of metal-ceramic microlaminates -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experiment -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 29. Characterization of cubic boron nitride films grown by mass separated ion beam deposition -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 30. Surface treatment by low energy metal ion irradiation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 31. Surface modifications by gas cluster ion beams -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Molecular dynamics simulation. , 3. Characteristics of surface modifications -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 32. Retention of nitrogen implanted into metals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Calculation methods -- 3. Experimental methods -- 4. Results and discussion -- 5. Summary -- References -- Chapter 33. Ne+, Ar+ and Xe+ ion bombardment induced and suppressed topography on Si -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 34. Volatile products and endpoint detection in reactive ion etching of III-V compounds with a broad beam ECR source -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental details -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Section III: Defect Formation and Annealing of Semiconductors -- Chapter 35. Point defects in MeV ion-implanted silicon studied by deep level transient spectroscopy -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental procedure -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 36. Implant damage and transient enhanced diffusion in Si -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evaporation of interstitials from {311} defects -- 3. The "plus one" model -- 4. Formation of other extended defects -- 5. Summary -- References -- Chapter 37. Role of defects during amorphization and relaxation processes in Si -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Computer simulations -- 3. Experimental procedure -- 4. Results and discussions -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 38. Ion beam-induced interfacial growth in Si and silicides -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Kinetics of interfacial growth -- 3. IBIEC and silicide precipitation -- 4. Er in Si -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 39. Secondary defect formation in self-ion irradiated silicon -- Abstract. , 1. Introduction.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- About the book -- Background to the CSIRO Dryland Farming Systems for Catchment Care Program -- Integrating the research program into whole catchment management-the Canberra worshop -- Other publications from the CSIRO Dryland Farming Systems for Catchment Care Program -- References -- Chapter 1 Introduction: perspectives on the problem -- The problem -- Changing perceptions of the problem -- References -- SECTION ONE - PEOPLE: CLIENT NEEDS AND USER INVOLVEMENT -- Chapter 2 People: client needs and user involvement - a summary -- Integrated catchment management - where is it at? -- Assessing the costs of land degradation -- Using models -- Issues in managing land and research -- Managing collaboration between institutions -- Evaluating science-based research and development -- Adopting new technology and change -- Marketing innovation -- Chapter 3 Integrated catchment management - where is it at? -- Introduction -- What is integrated catchment management? -- Where has it been applied? -- How is it performing? -- Issues in assessing performance -- Implications for development of research programs -- References -- Chapter 4 Dryland farming systems for catchment care: natural resource accounting -- Introduction -- Natural resource accounting -- State-wide resource information and accounting system -- Soil erosion in the Lachlan Valley, New South Wales -- Concluding comments -- References -- Chapter 5 Dryland farming and catchment care: regional policy in a mathematical programming framework -- Introduction -- Land degradation -- Socioeconomic aspects -- Modelling -- Three studies -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 6 Technical issues in understanding processes (researching) across scale -- Introduction -- The author's 'land management' perspective. , Experience from a long-term catchment study - a scientist's perspective -- Where is catchment and soil management knowledge now? -- Models as tools for land and catchment management -- Stretching a record -- Effect of erosion on productivity -- Conservation structure design tools -- Whole farm catchment management -- Pesticide movement from agriculture-putting cropping system models together with catchment models at the farm scale -- Does the answer lie in 'high tech' or grass roots? -- Can research and development be done at the same time as technology transfer? -- Point models and spatial models - how useful is it to mix them? -- Are models, like any other science, generally over promised? -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Community participation in CSIRO's Dryland Farming Systems program -- Introduction -- Recent developments in CSIRO's community role -- Why is community participation necessary? -- Why is community participation challenging for science-based organisations? -- Do we know enough about how to go about community participation? -- Methods and applications: examples -- A stakeholder's view of how we should incorporate participation -- Putting involvement into operation -- Assumptions we should test and questions we should ask -- Bibliography -- Appendix 7.1 -- Chapter 8 Managing institutional collaboration in catchment systems research -- Introduction -- Good institutional collaboration: some underlying values -- The theoretical argument -- The false assumption of continuous involvement and commitment -- The false assumption of the sharing of ideas -- Escalating commitment -- An emergent process view of communicating and making decisions -- Public consultative processes -- Some communication practices engaged in by public sector organisations -- Prescriptive ways of managing an emergent decision process -- References. , Chapter 9 Evaluation of science-based research and development: a review in the context of integrated catchment management -- Introduction -- Integrated resource management in Australia -- Can science-based research and development contribute to catchment care programs? -- Integrated catchment management: an environmental, social or institutional problem? -- Evaluation in science-based research and development for integrated catchment management -- Approaches to evaluation of research and development for catchment care -- Problems in evaluation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Strategies for achieving adoption of new technology or alternative management practices -- Introduction -- Participatory technology development -- Examples of success in community-based technology design -- Contemporary resource management extension -- Socioeconomic issues -- Information technology -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Market research -- Introduction -- Adoption and diffusion -- Adoption and diffusion parameters -- A model of the adoption of new technology -- Individual decision-making processes -- Implications and recommendations -- References -- SECTION TWO - POINTERS: INDICATORS OF CATCHMENT HEALTH -- Chapter 12 Environmental indicators of catchment and farm health -- Introduction -- The place of environmental indicators -- How can we define indicators? -- Selecting indicators -- Some common difficulties encountered with indicators -- Benefits and constraints in application of indicators -- A suggested core set of indicators for use at paddock-farm-catchment scales -- Concluding comments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- SECTION THREE - PROBLEMS AND PROCESSES: THE LINKS BETWEEN DRYLAND FARMING AND LAND AND WATER QUALITY. , Chapter 13 Landscape structure and function - the fundamental causes of land and water degradation -- Landscape processes -- Landscape characteristics -- The effect of different agricultural systems and practices -- General principles versus detailed knowledge -- Implications for dryland farming systems -- References -- Chapter 14 Dryland farming regions and systems of Australia -- Introduction -- What are dryland farming systems? -- The Australian dryland farming zone -- Dryland farming regions and systems -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15 Land degradation processes and water quality effects: decline in soil structure -- Introduction -- The nature of soil structure and its decline -- Methods for assessing soil structure and its decline -- Effects of cultivation on soil structure -- Effects of pasture and grazing on soil structure -- Research and development issues -- References -- Chapter 16 Land degradation processes and water quality effects: soil acidification -- Introduction -- Causes of soil acidification -- Effects of acidification -- Knowledge gaps and future research and development issues -- References -- Chapter 17 Land degradation processes and water quality effects: waterlogging and salinisation -- Introduction -- Water and salt balances in a catchment -- Components of water and salt balances and their variation in relation to landscape characteristics and processes -- Determining catchment processes: a prerequisite for appropriate management -- Dryland agriculture: a soil and vegetation management system -- Principles for designing dryland farming systems for managing catchment water and salt balances -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18 Land degradation processes and water quality effects: organic matter, soil and nutrient loss, and chemical residues -- Introduction. , Effect of dryland farming on landscape properties and processes affecting land quality -- Links between land processes and the water quality of catchments -- References -- Chapter 19 Dryland farming, erosion and stream sediments - the problem of catchment scale -- Introduction -- Catchments -- Large catchment regularities -- Sediment sources -- Erosion, sediment transport and agricultural land use -- The effect of land management -- Sources of phosphorus -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20 The relationship between remnant vegetation and other land resources in dryland agricultural systems -- Introduction -- A comparison of fluxes within natural and agricultural systems -- Relationships between remnant vegetation and adjoining agricultural areas -- Discussion - the place of remnant vegetation in dryland farming systems -- References -- SECTION FOUR - PREDICTION: MODELS OF FARMING CATCHMENT SYSTEMS THAT PREDICT THEIR PRODUCTION AND EFFECT ON CATCHMENT LAND AND WATER QUALITY -- Chapter 21 Understanding models -- Models - what are they? -- Conceptual models -- Mathematical models - quantifying our concepts -- Biophysical systems -- Understanding biophysical systems - the role of models -- Why so many models and how do they differ? -- Reliability of models - model calibration and validation -- Simulation, prediction and optimisation - different ways of using a model -- The limitations of models -- Choosing an appropriate model -- Models and associated computer technology -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 22 The capability of current models to predict production and the effect of dryland farming systems on catchment land and water quality - a brief overview -- The role of models -- Farm production and catchment models -- Catchment biodiversity and models -- Organisational issues. , Chapter 23 Evaluation of the status of farm production and cropping system models.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Chaotic Beginnings -- Notes -- 3: Lighting that Doesn't Need Lighting -- Notes -- 4: Streetcars, Subways, Trains and Suburbs -- Notes -- 5: First You Have to Make It: The Spread of the Electricity Supply -- Notes -- 6: Beginnings of Mass Production: Electric Power in Industry -- Notes -- 7: Early Mass Media: Newspapers and Cinema -- Notes -- 8: The Catless Miaow: Wireless Telegraphy -- Notes -- 9: Healthy? Early Medical Electricity -- Notes -- 10: Portable Power: Batteries -- Notes -- 11: A Good Investment: Electricity Grids -- Notes -- 12: Willing Servants: The Growth of Appliances in the 1930s -- Notes -- 13: Blackout: War and Crisis in Electric Power Generation -- Notes -- 14: Give Someone a Bell: Telephones -- Notes -- 15: Horseless Carriages: Road Vehicles -- Notes -- 16: Too Cheap to Meter? Nuclear Power and Beyond -- Notes -- 17: Keeping it Fresh: Fridges and Freezers -- Notes -- 18: Banishing Washday: Home Laundry -- Notes -- 19: Going Up… or Down: Elevators and Escalators -- Notes -- 20: Gadgets: Small Household Appliances -- Notes -- 21: Freedom of the House: Central Heating and Air Conditioning -- Notes -- 22: Power Tools and the DIY Revolution -- Notes -- 23: The Electric Century -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- DELEGATES AND LECTURERS -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETERS -- CHAPTER 1. FLASH PHOTOLYSIS REACTIONS -- PHOTOLYSIS OF KETENE -- PHOTOLYSIS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE -- NITROGEN DIOXIDE SENSITIZED REACTION BETWEEN HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN -- DECOMPOSITION OF NITROMETHANE -- TERMOLECULAR RECOMBINATION OF IODINE ATOMS IN THE PRESENCE OF NITRIC OXIDE -- REACTION OF EXCITED IODINE (2P1 / 2) ATOMS WITH METHYL IODIDE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. FLASH PYROLYSIS REACTIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- FLASH-TUBE PYROLYSIS -- LASER PYROLYSIS -- FLASH PYROLYSIS OF METALS AND METALLIC COMPOUNDS BY CONDUCTION HEATING -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. SHOCK WAVE REACTIONS -- COUPLING BY MEANS OF A PIN-HOLE LEAK OR SMALL NOZZLE IN THE END WALL OF THE SHOCK TUBE -- EXPANDED FLOW TECHNIQUE -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4. FAST RECORDING TECHNIQUES FOR TIME RESOLVED MASS SPECTROMETRY -- INTRODUCTION -- OSCILLOSCOPE DATA RECORDING TECHNIQUES -- PROPOSED DATA RECORDING AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- NOTE ADDED IN PROOF -- CHAPTER 5. DETECTION OF THE NH2 FREE RADICAL AND OTHER AMMONIACAL COMPLEXES IN THE ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE DECOMPOSITION OF AMMONIA GAS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ADDENDA -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. NEGATIVE IONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STABILITY OF NEGATIVE IONS -- 3. ELECTRON-MOLECULE ATTACHMENT PROCESSES -- 4. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRON-IMPACT STUDIES -- 5. NEGATIVE ION LIFETIMES -- 6. NEGATIVE ION-MOLECULE REACTIONS -- 7. NEGATIVE IONS PRODUCED BY SLOW SECONDARY ELECTRONS -- 8. APPLICATION OF THE QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM THEORY OF MASSSPECTRA TO NEGATIVE IONS -- 9. NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTRA -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 7. THE REACTIONS OF IONS WITH MOLECULES IN THE GAS PHASE AND THE SPUTTERING OF SOLID SURFACES BY ION BOMBARDMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUE -- RESULTS -- ION-SOLID INTERACTIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. HIGH TEMPERATURE STUDIES OF INORGANIC SOLIDS -- INTRODUCTION -- KNUDSEN CELL INLET SYSTEMS -- THE DETERMINATION OF VAPOUR PRESSURE -- THERMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS -- SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE MEASURING TECHNIQUE -- SOME PROBLEMS OF STUDYING DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS -- THE VAPORIZATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS BY SHOCK HEATING -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. SOME APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY TO INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS -- QUALITATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS ELUTED FROM A GAS CHROMATOGRAPH -- QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION BY COMBINED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY -- EXAMINATION OF VOLATILE MATERIALS AND GASEOUS MIXTURE -- EXAMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATERIALS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INTRODUCTION -- REVIEWS -- INSTRUMENTATION -- QUALITATIVE MASS SPECTRAL DATA -- GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC EFFLUENT MONITORING -- REACTION MECHANISM STUDIES -- THERMAL ANALYSIS -- KNUDSEN CELL -- IONIZATION PHENOMENA AND APPEARANCE POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS -- ION-MOLECULE REACTIONS -- NEGATIVE IONS -- MISCELLANEOUS -- AUTHOR INDEX -- SUBJECT INDEX.