Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Ultrasound Irradiation: Fundamental Theory, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Important Properties, and Physical Principles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Cavitation History -- 1.2.1 Basics of Cavitation -- 1.2.2 Types of Cavitation -- 1.3 Application of Ultrasound Irradiation -- 1.3.1 Sonoluminescence and Sonophotocatalysis -- 1.3.2 Industrial Cleaning -- 1.3.3 Material Processing -- 1.3.4 Chemical and Biological Reactions -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Fundamental Theory of Electromagnetic Spectrum, Dielectric and Magnetic Properties, Molecular Rotation, and the Green Chemistry of Microwave Heating Equipment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Historical Background -- 2.1.2 Green Chemistry Principles for Sustainable System -- 2.2 Fundamental Concepts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Theory -- 2.3 Electrical, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties in Microwave Irradiation -- 2.4 Microwave Irradiation Molecular Rotation -- 2.5 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Theory in Microwave Irradiation -- 2.5.1 Electromagnetic Radiations and Microwave -- 2.5.2 Heating Mechanism of Microwave: Conventional Versus Microwave Heating -- 2.6 Physical Principles of Microwave Heating and Equipment -- 2.7 Green Chemistry Through Microwave Heating: Applications and Benefits -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Conventional Versus Green Chemical Transformation: MCRs, Solid Phase Reaction, Green Solvents, Microwave, and Ultrasound Irradiation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A Brief Overview of Green Chemistry -- 3.2.1 Definition and Historical Background -- 3.2.2 Significance -- 3.3 Multicomponent Reactions -- 3.4 Solid Phase Reactions -- 3.5 Microwave Induced Synthesis -- 3.6 Ultrasound Induced Synthesis -- 3.7 Green Chemicals and Solvents. , 3.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions Under Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation -- 4.1 Ultrasonic Irradiation -- 4.1.1 Iron‐Based Catalysts -- 4.1.2 Copper‐Based Catalysts -- 4.1.2.1 Dihydropyrimidinones by Cu‐Based Catalysts -- 4.1.2.2 Dihydroquinazolinones by Cu‐Based Catalysts -- 4.1.3 Misalliances Metal‐Based Catalysts -- 4.2 Microwave‐Assisted Reactions -- 4.2.1 Solid Acid and Base Catalysts -- 4.2.1.1 Condensation Reactions -- 4.2.1.2 Cyclization Reactions -- 4.2.1.3 Multi‐component Reactions -- 4.2.1.4 Friedel-Crafts Reactions -- 4.2.1.5 Reaction Involving Catalysts of Biological Origin -- 4.2.1.6 Reduction -- 4.2.1.7 Oxidation -- 4.2.1.8 Coupling Reactions -- 4.2.1.9 Micelliances Reactions -- 4.2.1.10 Click Chemistry -- 4.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Microwave‐ and Ultrasonic‐Assisted Coupling Reactions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microwave -- 5.2.1 Microwave‐Assisted Coupling Reactions -- 5.2.2 Ultrasound‐Assisted Coupling Reactions -- 5.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Under Microwave Irradiation Using Name Reactions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classical Methods for Heterocyclic Synthesis Under Microwave Irradiation -- 6.2.1 Piloty-Robinson Pyrrole Synthesis -- 6.2.2 Clauson-Kaas Pyrrole Synthesis -- 6.2.3 Paal-Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis -- 6.2.4 Paal-Knorr Furan Synthesis -- 6.2.5 Paal-Knorr Thiophene Synthesis -- 6.2.6 Gewald Reaction -- 6.2.7 Fischer Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.8 Bischler-Möhlau Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.9 Hemetsberger-Knittel Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.10 Leimgruber-Batcho Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.11 Cadogan-Sundberg Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.12 Pechmann Pyrazole Synthesis -- 6.2.13 Debus-Radziszewski Reaction -- 6.2.14 van Leusen Imidazole Synthesis -- 6.2.15 van Leusen Oxazole Synthesis. , 6.2.16 Robinson-Gabriel Reaction -- 6.2.17 Hantzsch Thiazole Synthesis -- 6.2.18 Einhorn-Brunner Reaction -- 6.2.19 Pellizzari Reaction -- 6.2.20 Huisgen Reaction -- 6.2.21 Finnegan Tetrazole Synthesis -- 6.2.22 Four‐component Ugi‐azide Reaction -- 6.2.23 Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis -- 6.2.24 Bohlmann-Rahtz Pyridine Synthesis -- 6.2.25 Boger Reaction -- 6.2.26 Skraup Reaction -- 6.2.27 Gould-Jacobs Reaction -- 6.2.28 Friedländer Quinoline Synthesis -- 6.2.29 Povarov Reaction -- 6.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Microwave‐ and Ultrasound‐Assisted Enzymatic Reactions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Influence Microwave Radiation on the Stability and Activity of Enzymes -- 7.3 Principle of Ultrasonic‐Assisted Enzymolysis -- 7.4 Applications of Ultrasonic‐Assisted Enzymolysis -- 7.4.1 Proteins and Other Plant Components Can Be Transformed and Extracted -- 7.4.2 Modification of Protein Functionality -- 7.4.3 Enhancement of Biological Activity -- 7.4.4 Ultrasonic‐Assisted Acceleration of Hydrolysis Time -- 7.5 Enzymatic Reactions Supported by Ultrasound -- 7.5.1 Lipase -- 7.5.2 Protease -- 7.5.3 Polysaccharide Enzymes -- 7.6 Biodiesel Production via Ultrasound‐Supported Transesterification -- 7.6.1 Homogenous Acid‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification -- 7.6.2 Transesterification with Ultrasound Assistance and Homogenous Base Catalysis -- 7.6.3 Heterogeneous Acid‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification -- 7.6.4 Heterogeneous Base‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification -- 7.6.5 Enzyme‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification -- 7.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Microwave‐ and Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Polymers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Polymers -- 8.3 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Polymers -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 9 Synthesis of Nanomaterials Under Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles -- 9.3 Synthesis of Carbon Dots -- 9.4 Synthesis of Metal Oxides -- 9.5 Synthesis of Silicon Dioxide -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Microwave‐ and Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOF) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COF) -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Principles -- 10.2.1 Principles of Microwave Heating -- 10.2.2 Principle of Ultrasound‐Assisted Techniques -- 10.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave‐ and Ultrasound‐Assisted Techniques -- 10.3 MOF Synthesis by Microwave and Ultrasound Method -- 10.3.1 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of MOF -- 10.3.2 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of MOFs -- 10.4 Factors That Affect MOF Synthesis -- 10.4.1 Solvent -- 10.4.2 Temperature and pH -- 10.5 Application of MOF -- 10.6 COF Synthesis by Microwave and Ultrasound Method -- 10.6.1 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of COFs -- 10.6.2 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of COF -- 10.6.3 Structure of COF (2D and 3D) -- 10.7 Factors Affecting the COF Synthesis -- 10.8 Applications of COFs -- 10.9 Future Predictions -- 10.10 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Solid Phase Synthesis Catalyzed by Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Wastewater Treatment -- 11.3 Biodiesel Production -- 11.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 11.5 Alcoholic Fuel Cells -- 11.6 Conclusion and Future Plans -- References -- Chapter 12 Comparative Studies on Thermal, Microwave‐Assisted, and Ultrasound‐Promoted Preparations -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Background on Preparative Techniques in Chemistry -- 12.1.2 Overview of Thermal, Microwave‐Assisted, and Ultrasound‐Promoted Preparations -- 12.1.3 Significance of Comparative Studies in Enhancing Synthetic Methodologies. , 12.1.3.1 Optimization of Conditions -- 12.1.3.2 Efficiency Improvement -- 12.1.3.3 Methodological Advances -- 12.1.3.4 Sustainability and Green Chemistry -- 12.2 Fundamentals of Thermal, Microwave‐Assisted, and Ultrasound‐Assisted Reactions -- 12.2.1 Explanation of Thermal Reactions and Their Advantages and Limitations -- 12.2.2 Introduction to Microwave‐Assisted Reactions and How They Differ from Traditional Method -- 12.2.3 Understanding the Principles and Mechanisms of Ultrasound‐Promoted Reactions -- 12.3 Case Studies in Organic Synthesis -- 12.3.1 Examining Examples of Organic Reactions Performed Under Thermal Conditions -- 12.3.1.1 Esterification Reaction Under Thermal Conditions -- 12.3.1.2 Dehydration of Alcohols -- 12.3.1.3 Oxidation of Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids Using Water -- 12.3.2 Case Studies Showcasing the Application of Microwave‐Assisted Reactions -- 12.3.2.1 Microwave‐Assisted C C Bond Formation -- 12.3.2.2 Microwave‐Assisted Cyclization -- 12.3.2.3 Microwave‐Assisted Dehydrogenation Reactions -- 12.3.2.4 Microwave‐Assisted Organic Synthesis -- 12.3.3 Highlighting Successful Instances of Ultrasound‐Promoted Organic Synthesis -- 12.3.3.1 Ultrasound‐Promoted in Organic Synthesis -- 12.3.3.2 Ultrasound‐Promoted Oxidations -- 12.3.3.3 Ultrasound‐Promoted Esterification -- 12.3.3.4 Ultrasound‐Promoted Cyclization -- 12.4 Scope and Limitations -- 12.4.1 Discussing the Applicability of Each Method to Different Reaction Types -- 12.4.2 Identifying the Limitations and Challenges Faced by Each Technique -- 12.4.3 Opportunities for Combining Approaches to Overcome Specific Limitations -- 12.5 Future Directions and Emerging Trends -- 12.5.1 Overview of Recent Advancements and Ongoing Research in Thermal, Microwave, and Ultrasound‐Assisted Preparations -- 12.5.1.1 Food Processing Technologies. , 12.5.1.2 Chemical Routes to Materials: Thermal Oxidation of Graphite for Graphene Preparation.

Note: Front Cover -- Handbook of Organic Name Reactions -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Organic reaction mechanism -- 1.1 Basics of organic chemistry -- 1.1.1 Inductive Effect -- 1.1.2 Electromeric Effect -- 1.1.3 Mesomeric effect/Resonating effect /Conjugation effect -- 1.1.4 Resonance -- 1.1.5 Hyperconjugation or no-bond resonance -- 1.2 Reaction intermediates: carbocation, carbanion, free radical, carbene, nitrene, and benzyne -- 1.2.1 Carbocation -- 1.2.2 Carbanion -- 1.2.3 Carbon-free radical -- 1.2.4 Carbene -- 1.2.5 Nitrene -- 1.2.6 Benzyne/aryne -- 1.3 Nucleophilic addition to carbon-heteroatoms multiple bonds -- 1.4 Electrophilic addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds -- 1.4.1 Addition of bromine to alkenes -- 1.4.2 Regioselectivity of electrophilic addition to unsymmetrical alkenes -- 1.4.3 Formation of epoxide from alkene -- 1.4.4 Reaction of NBS to alkene -- 1.4.5 Iodo-and Bromo-lactonization -- 1.4.6 Addition of water molecule to alkene and alkynes -- 1.4.7 Dihydroxylation of alkenes -- 1.4.8 Ozonolysis -- 1.4.9 Hydroboration -- 1.5 Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution and neighboring group participation -- 1.6 Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1)reaction -- 1.7 Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2)reaction -- 1.8 Neighbouring group participation (NGP) -- 1.9 Substitution nucleophilic internal (SNi) Mechanism -- 1.10 Nucleophilic aromatic substitution -- 1.10.1 Addition-elimination mechanism (An activatedcomplex mechanism) -- 1.10.2 Elimination-addition mechanism (Benzyne mechanism) -- 1.11 Electrophilic aliphatic, alkenyl, and alkynyl substitution reaction -- 1.11.1 Unimolecular electrophilic aliphatic substitution (SE1) reaction -- 1.11.2 Bimolecular aliphatic electrophilic substitution reaction (SE1 and SEi) -- 1.11.3 Electrophilic substitution reaction at the allylic group. , 1.12 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction -- 1.13 Elimination reaction -- 1.13.1 Unimolecular elimination (E1) reaction -- 1.13.2 Bimolecular elimination E2 reaction -- 1.13.3 Unimolecular conjugated base (E1cB) Elimination reaction -- References -- 2 Reactions of aldehydes and ketones -- 2.1 Aldol condensation reaction -- 2.1.1 Cross-aldol condensation reaction -- 2.1.1.1 Reactivity of carbonyl compounds with nucleophilic agents -- 2.1.2 Henry nitroaldol condensation -- 2.1.3 Intramolecular aldol condensation -- 2.1.4 Barbas-list asymmetric aldol reaction -- 2.1.5 Mukaiyama aldol reaction -- 2.2 Baeyer-Villiger oxidation -- 2.3 Bamford-Stevens reaction -- 2.3.1 Selectivity in Bamford-Stevens reaction -- 2.4 Barton decarboxylation reaction -- 2.5 Barbier reaction -- 2.6 Barbier in situ Grignard reaction -- 2.7 Baer-Fischer amino sugar synthesis -- 2.8 Baylis-Hillman reaction -- 2.8.1 Intramolecular Baylis-Hillman reaction -- 2.9 Benzoin condensation -- 2.10 Bischler-Napieralski reaction -- 2.11 Bouveault-Blanc reduction reaction -- 2.12 Brown antialdol via B-enolate -- 2.13 Cannizzaro reaction -- 2.14 Claisen ester condensation -- 2.15 Clemmensen reduction reaction -- 2.16 Ciamician C=O photocoupling -- 2.17 Crimmins-Heathcock chiral anti-(syn) aldols -- 2.18 Cross-Cannizzaro reaction -- 2.19 Dakin reaction -- 2.20 Darzens reaction -- 2.21 De Mayo C=C photocycloaddition -- 2.22 Dieckmann condensation/cyclization reaction -- 2.23 Fujiwara arylation carboxylation -- 2.24 Gattermann aldehyde synthesis -- 2.25 Gattermann-Koch reaction -- 2.26 Haller-Bauer reaction -- 2.27 Haloform reaction -- 2.28 Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction -- 2.29 Hunsdiecker reaction -- 2.30 Hollemann pinacol synthesis -- 2.31 Julia-Colonna asymmetric epoxidation -- 2.32 Knoevenagel reaction -- 2.33 Kiliani-Fischer sugar homologation -- 2.34 Mannich reaction. , 2.35 Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction reaction -- 2.35.1 Applications of the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction reaction -- 2.36 Michael addition -- 2.37 Norrish type-I reaction -- 2.38 Norrish type-II reaction -- 2.39 Paterno-Buchi reaction -- 2.40 Perkin reaction -- 2.41 Peterson olefination -- 2.42 Reformatsky reaction -- 2.43 Riley selenium dioxide oxidation -- 2.44 Ruff-Fenton aldose degradation -- 2.45 Robinson annulation reaction -- 2.46 Rosenmund reaction -- 2.47 Shapiro reaction -- 2.47.1 Selectivity in Shapiro reaction -- 2.48 Stobbe condensation reaction -- 2.49 Stork enamine alkylation -- 2.50 Tebbe reaction -- 2.51 Tishchenko reaction -- 2.52 Tollens reaction -- 2.53 Wittig reaction -- 2.53.1 Methods for the formation of phosphonium ylide -- 2.53.2 Stereochemistry of Wittig reaction -- 2.54 Wolff-Kishner reduction -- References -- Further reading -- 3 Reaction of alcohols -- 3.1 Barton-McCombie deoxygenation -- 3.2 Baeyer-Villiger aromatic tritylation -- 3.3 Corey-Winter olefin synthesis -- 3.4 Corey-Chan synthesis -- 3.5 Gattermann synthesis reaction -- 3.6 Grieco olefination of alcohols -- 3.7 Houben-Hoesch reaction -- 3.8 Kolbe-Schmitt reaction -- 3.9 Mitsunobu reaction -- 3.9.1 Stereochemistry of Mitsunobu reaction -- 3.10 Moffatt oxidation -- 3.11 Mukaiyama-Ueno oxidation -- 3.12 Reimer-Tiemann reaction -- 3.13 Ritter reaction -- 3.14 Swern oxidation reaction -- 3.15 Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation -- 3.16 Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation -- 3.17 Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation -- 3.17.1 Stereochemistry of Simmons-Smith reaction -- 3.17.2 Selectivity of Simmons-Smith reaction -- 3.17.3 Reactivity of reactants for Simmons-Smith reaction -- 3.17.4 Directed Simmons-Smith reaction -- References -- 4 Reactions of heterocyclic compounds -- 4.1 Algar-Flynn-Oyamada reaction. , 4.1.1 Formation of other products [a side reaction (by-product)] -- 4.2 Bischler-Mohlau indole synthesis -- 4.3 Camps quinoline synthesis -- 4.4 Chichibabin reaction -- 4.5 Clauson-Kaas pyrrole synthesis -- 4.6 Combes quinoline synthesis -- 4.6.1 Electrocyclic mechanism -- 4.7 Dimroth triazole synthesis -- 4.8 Finnegan tetrazole synthesis -- 4.9 Fischer indole synthesis -- 4.10 Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis -- 4.11 Hantzsch thiazole synthesis -- 4.12 Knorr pyrrole synthesis -- 4.13 MacDonald porphyrin synthesis -- 4.14 Madelung indole synthesis -- 4.15 Pfitzinger quinoline synthesis -- 4.16 Pomeranz-Fritsch-Schlitter isoquinoline synthesis -- 4.17 Reissert indole synthesis -- 4.18 Skraup synthesis -- References -- 5 Coupling reactions -- 5.1 Buchwald-Hartwig coupling -- 5.2 Fukuyama thioester coupling -- 5.2.1 Catalytic cycle of Fukuyama thioester coupling reaction -- 5.3 Furstner iron-catalyzed C=C coupling -- 5.4 Glaser-Sondheimer acetylene coupling -- 5.5 Hiyama coupling -- 5.5.1 Catalytic cycle of Hiyama coupling reaction -- 5.6 Heck coupling -- 5.6.1 Examples of Heck coupling reactions -- 5.6.2 Intramolecular Heck coupling reaction -- 5.6.3 Catalytic cycle of Heck coupling reactions -- 5.7 Knochel coupling -- 5.8 Kumada coupling -- 5.8.1 Reactivity of halogens for Kumada coupling reaction -- 5.8.2 Catalytic cycle of Kumada coupling reaction -- 5.9 McMurry coupling -- 5.10 Negishi coupling -- 5.10.1 Catalytic cycle of Negishi coupling reaction -- 5.11 Sonogashira coupling -- 5.11.1 Catalytic cycle of Sonogashira coupling reaction -- 5.12 Stille coupling -- 5.12.1 Catalytic cycle of Stille coupling -- 5.12.2 Catalytic cycle in the presence of CO -- 5.13 Suzuki coupling -- 5.13.1 Reactivity of substrate for Suzuki coupling reaction -- 5.13.2 Catalytic cycle of Suzuki coupling reactions -- 5.14 Castro-Stephens acetylene coupling -- References. , 6 Rearrangements, participation, and fragmentation reactions -- 6.1 Arndt-Eistert homologation -- 6.2 Beckmann rearrangement -- 6.2.1 Stereochemistry of Beckmann rearrangement -- 6.2.2 Beckmann fragmentation -- 6.3 Benzidine rearrangement -- 6.4 Benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement -- 6.4.1 Rate of reaction -- 6.5 Brook rearrangement -- 6.5.1 Characteristics -- 6.6 Sigmatropic rearrangements -- 6.6.1 Aza-Cope rearrangements -- 6.6.2 Claisen rearrangement -- 6.6.2.1 Conditions for Claisen rearrangement -- 6.6.3 Cope rearrangement -- 6.6.3.1 Condition for Cope rearrangement - -- 6.6.4 Intramolecular aldol condensation -- 6.6.5 Ireland-Claisen rearrangement -- 6.6.6 Oxy-Cope rearrangements -- 6.7 Carroll allyl β-ketoester rearrangement -- 6.8 Chan acyloxyacetic ester rearrangement -- 6.9 Curtius rearrangement -- 6.10 Demjanov diazonium rearrangement -- 6.11 Eschenmoser fragmentation reaction -- 6.12 Favorskii rearrangement -- 6.12.1 Favorskii rearrangement in cyclic ketones -- 6.13 Fries rearrangement -- 6.13.1 Reason for the o-isomer to be a major product -- 6.13.2 Conditions for Fries rearrangement -- 6.14 Grob fragmentation -- 6.15 Hofmann rearrangement -- 6.16 Lossen rearrangement -- 6.17 Nazarov cyclization -- 6.18 Neber rearrangement -- 6.19 Photo-Fries rearrangement -- 6.20 Pschorr cyclization -- 6.21 Payne rearrangement -- 6.22 Semipinacol rearrangement -- 6.23 Schmidt rearrangement -- 6.24 Smiles rearrangement -- 6.25 Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement -- 6.26 Tiffeneau-Demjanov ring expansion -- 6.27 von Richter rearrangement -- 6.28 Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement -- 6.29 Wittig rearrangement -- 6.30 Wolff rearrangement -- 6.30.1 Nature of 1,2 migration -- 6.31 Zimmerman Di-π methane rearrangement -- 6.31.1 Stereochemistry of Di-π methane rearrangement -- 6.31.2 Selectivity in the breaking of cyclopropane ring -- References. , 7 Reaction of amines, carboxylic acid, and derivatives.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1 Organometallic Compounds: The Fundamental Aspects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Organometallic Chemistry -- 1.1.2 Organometallic Compounds -- 1.1.3 Structure of Organometallic Compound -- 1.2 Milestones in Organometallic Compounds -- 1.2.1 Equation (1.1): Synthesis of First Organometallic Compound -- 1.2.2 Equation (1.2): Preparation of Zeise's Salt -- 1.2.3 Equations (1.3)-(1.5): Preparation of Organochlorosilane Compound -- 1.2.4 Equation (1.6): Synthesis of First Metal Carbonyl Compound -- 1.2.5 Equation (1.7): Synthesis of First Binary Metal Carbonyl Complex -- 1.2.6 Equation (1.8): Barbier Reaction -- 1.2.7 Equation (1.9): Synthesis of Organic Compound Using a Grignard Reagent -- 1.2.8 Equations (1.10) and (1.11): Synthesis of Alkyllithium Compound -- 1.2.9 Equations (1.12) and (1.13): Synthesis of Organolithium Compound -- 1.2.10 Equation (1.14): Hydroformylation Reaction -- 1.2.11 Equation (1.15): Synthesis of Organochlorosilane Compound -- 1.2.12 Equation (1.16): Trimerization of Acetylene -- 1.2.13 Equation (1.17): Synthesis of Ferrocene -- 1.2.14 Equation (1.18): Asymmetric Catalysis Reaction -- 1.2.15 Equation (1.19): Palladium Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling Reaction -- 1.2.16 Equation (1.20): Synthesis of Bucky Ferrocene -- 1.3 Stability of Organometallic Compounds -- 1.4 Properties of Organometallic Compounds -- 1.5 Basic Concepts in Organometallic Compounds -- 1.5.1 18‐Electron Rule -- 1.5.1.1 Statement of 18 Electron Rule -- 1.5.1.2 Examples -- 1.5.2 Π -Back Bonding or Back Donation -- 1.5.3 Hapticity ηx -- 1.6 Hapticity of Ligands -- 1.7 Change in Hapticity -- 1.8 Hapticity Verses Denticity -- 1.9 Counting of Electrons and Finding out Metal-Metal Bonds -- 1.9.1 Calculating the Number of Metal-Metal Bonds. , 1.9.2 Writing the Probable Structure of Compound -- 1.9.3 How to Draw the Probable Structure of Ni(η1‐C3H5) (η3‐C3H5) -- 1.9.4 How to Draw the Probable Structure of (μ‐CO)‐[η5‐CpRh]3(CO) -- 1.10 Metals of Organometallic Compounds -- 1.10.1 Organometallic Compounds of Transition Metals -- 1.10.2 The Bonding and Structure in Different Metal complexes -- 1.10.2.1 Alkene Complexes -- 1.10.2.2 Allyl Complexes -- 1.10.2.3 Carbonyl Complexes -- 1.10.2.4 Metallocenes -- 1.10.2.5 Dihydrogen Complexes -- 1.10.2.6 Transition Metal Carbene Complex -- 1.11 Importance of Organometallic Compounds -- 1.11.1 Types of Organometallic Compounds -- 1.11.2 Uses of Organometallic Compounds -- 1.12 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Nomenclature of Organometallic Compounds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Aim of the Nomenclature -- 2.3 Type of Nomenclature System -- 2.3.1 Binary Nomenclature -- 2.3.2 Substitutive Nomenclature -- 2.3.3 Additive Nomenclature or Coordination nomenclature -- 2.4 Concepts and Conventions -- 2.4.1 Oxidation Number -- 2.4.2 Coordination Number -- 2.4.3 Chelation -- 2.4.4 Ligands -- 2.4.5 Specifying Connectivity - The Kappa (κ) Convention -- 2.4.6 Bridging Ligands - The Mu (μ) Convention -- 2.4.7 Hapticity - The Eta (η) Convention -- 2.5 Regulations Concerning the Nomenclature of Transition Element Organometallic Compounds -- References -- Chapter 3 Classification of Organometallic Compounds -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classification of Organometallic Compound -- 3.2.1 Sigma‐Bonded Organometallic Compound -- 3.2.2 π‐Bonded Organometallic Compounds -- 3.2.3 Ionic Bonded Organometallic Compounds -- 3.2.4 Multicentered Bonded Organometallic Compounds -- 3.2.4.1 Based on Heptacity (η1 to η8): -- 3.3 Grignard Reagent (G.R.) -- 3.3.1 Physical Properties -- 3.3.2 Chemical Properties -- 3.3.2.1 Alkanes -- 3.3.2.2 Alkenes -- 3.3.2.3 Alkynes -- 3.3.2.4 Ethers. , 3.3.2.5 Reaction with carbon dioxide -- 3.3.2.6 Insertion Reaction -- 3.3.2.7 Synthesis of Silicones -- 3.3.2.8 Nucleophilic Substitution -- 3.4 Organozinc Compounds -- 3.4.1 Physical Properties -- 3.4.2 Chemical Properties -- 3.5 Organolithium Compounds -- 3.5.1 Reaction Resembling Grignard Reagents -- 3.5.2 Reactions Different from Grignard Reagents -- 3.6 Organosulfur Compounds -- 3.6.1 Physical Properties -- 3.6.2 Chemical Properties -- 3.6.3 Properties Different from Alcohols -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Synthesis Methods of Organometallic Compounds -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Synthesis Methods of Organometallic Compounds -- 4.2.1 Electrochemical Methods for the Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds -- 4.2.1.1 Synthesis of Cyano Cu(I) Complexes in the Electrochemical Cell -- 4.2.1.2 Synthesis of an Organorhenium Cyclopentadienyl Complex in the Electrochemical Cell -- 4.2.1.3 Synthesis of N‐heterocyclic Carbene Complexes in the Electrochemical Cell -- 4.2.1.4 Synthesis of Organocopper (I) π‐Complexes in the Electrochemical Cell -- 4.2.1.5 Synthesis of Organonickel σ‐Complexes in the Electrochemical Cell -- 4.2.2 Synthesis of Organic Compounds in the Electrochemical Cell by Metal organic Catalysts -- 4.2.2.1 The Synthesis of Organic Compounds in the Electrochemical Cell by the Ni‐Organic Catalyze -- 4.2.2.2 The Synthesis of Organic Compounds in the Electrochemical Cell by the Pd‐Organic Catalyses -- 4.2.2.3 Synthesis of Organic Compounds in the Electrochemical Cell by the Sm‐Organic Catalyses -- 4.2.3 Synthesis of Organometallic Nucleosides -- 4.2.3.1 A Category: Main Compounds -- 4.2.3.2 A1 Subcategory: Main Compounds -- 4.2.3.3 B Category: Main Compounds -- 4.2.3.4 C Category: Main Compounds -- 4.2.3.5 C1 Subcategory: Main Compounds -- 4.2.3.6 D Categories: Main Compounds -- 4.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment. , Authors Contributions -- Conflicts of Interest -- References -- Chapter 5 Metal Carbonyls: Synthesis, Properties, and Structure -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classification of Metal Carbonyls -- 5.2.1 Classification Based on Coordinated Ligands -- 5.2.1.1 Homoleptic Carbonyls -- 5.2.1.2 Heteroleptic Carbonyls -- 5.2.2 Classification Based on Number of Metals and the Constitution of Carbonyls -- 5.2.2.1 Mononuclear Carbonyl Complexes -- 5.2.2.2 Polynuclear Carbonyl Complexes -- 5.3 Synthesis of Metal Carbonyls -- 5.3.1 Direct Reaction of Metal with Carbon Monoxide -- 5.3.2 Reductive Carbonylation -- 5.3.3 Photolysis and Thermolysis -- 5.3.4 Abstraction of CO from a Reactive Organic Carbonyl Compounds -- 5.4 Properties of Metal Carbonyls -- 5.4.1 Physical Properties -- 5.4.2 Chemical Properties -- 5.4.2.1 Ligand Substitution Reactions -- 5.4.2.2 Reaction with Sodium Metal -- 5.4.2.3 Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide -- 5.4.2.4 Reaction with Halogens -- 5.4.2.5 Reaction with Hydrogen -- 5.4.2.6 Reaction with Nitricoxide (NO) -- 5.4.2.7 Disproportionation -- 5.5 Structure of Metal Carbonyls -- 5.5.1 Structures of Some Mononuclear Carbonyl Complexes -- 5.5.2 Structures of Some Bi and Polynuclear Carbonyl Complexes -- 5.6 Bonding in Metal Carbonyls -- 5.6.1 Formation of Mixed Atomic Orbitals -- 5.7 Synergistic Effect -- 5.8 Conclusion -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 6 Metal-Carbon Multiple Bonded Compounds -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nomenclature -- 6.3 Classifications -- 6.3.1 Metal-alkylidene Complexes -- 6.3.2 Metal-alkylidyne Complexes -- 6.4 Structure -- 6.4.1 Alkylidene (Carbene) -- 6.4.2 Carbyne (Alkylidyne) -- 6.5 Preparation Methods -- 6.5.1 Metal-alkylidene Complexes -- 6.5.1.1 By Nucleophilic Carbene -- 6.5.1.2 By Electrophilic Alkylidenes -- 6.5.2 Metal-alkylidyne Complexes -- 6.6 Important Reactions. , 6.6.1 Reaction of Alkylidene Metathesis -- 6.6.2 Important Reaction of Alkylidyne Metathesis -- 6.7 Applications -- References -- Chapter 7 Metallocene: Synthesis, Properties, and Structure -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Structure of Metallocene -- 7.3 Synthesis of Metallocene -- 7.4 Chemical Properties of Metallocene -- 7.4.1 Ferrocene and Its Derivatives -- 7.4.2 Other Metallocene Sandwiches -- 7.4.3 Main‐group Metallocene -- 7.4.4 Metal-bis‐arene Sandwich Complexes -- 7.4.4.1 General View -- 7.4.4.2 Structure -- 7.4.4.3 Reactions -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 σ‐Complexes, π‐Complexes, and ηn‐CnRn Carbocyclic Polyenes‐Based Organometallic Compounds -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 σ‐Bond Containing Organometallic Compounds -- 8.2.1 Metal Carbonyl -- 8.2.1.1 General Overview -- 8.2.1.2 Syntheses of Metal Carbonyls -- 8.2.1.3 Structure of Metal Carbonyls -- 8.2.1.4 Reactions of Metal Carbonyls -- 8.2.2 Metal-Alkyl, -Vinyl, and -Hydride Complexes -- 8.2.2.1 Metal Alkyls -- 8.2.2.2 Metal Vinyls -- 8.2.2.3 Metal Hydrides -- 8.2.2.4 Metal-Carbene Complexes -- 8.3 π‐Bond Containing Organometallic Compounds -- 8.3.1 Metal-Olefin Complexes -- 8.3.1.1 General Overview -- 8.3.1.2 Syntheses of Metal-Olefin Complexes -- 8.3.1.3 Reactions of Metal-Olefin Complexes -- 8.3.2 Metal-Diene Complexes -- 8.3.3 Metal-Alkyne Complexes -- 8.3.4 π-Allyl Complexes -- 8.3.4.1 Structure of π-Allyl Complexes -- 8.3.4.2 Syntheses of π-Allyl Complexes -- 8.3.4.3 Reactions of π-Allyl Complexes -- 8.4 ηn‐CnRn Carbocyclic Polyenes Containing Organometallic Compounds -- 8.4.1 Cyclopropenyls, η3‐C3R3 -- 8.4.2 Cyclobutadienes, η4‐C4R4 -- 8.4.3 Cyclopentadienyls, η5‐C5R5 -- 8.4.3.1 General Overview -- 8.4.3.2 Structure of Metallocene -- 8.4.3.3 Syntheses of Metallocene -- 8.4.3.4 Chemical Properties of Metallocene -- 8.4.3.5 Applications of Metallocene -- 8.5 Conclusion. , References.