Note: Front Cover -- Inorganic Anticorrosive Materials -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- I. Overview on metal oxides -- 1 Nanomaterials as corrosion inhibitors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Corrosion and its consequences -- 1.1.2 Corrosion inhibition -- 1.2 Nanomaterials -- 1.2.1 General introduction, types, and synthesis methods -- 1.2.1.1 Bottom-up method -- 1.2.1.2 Top-down approach -- 1.2.2 Characterization of nanomaterials -- 1.3 Nanomaterials as anticorrosive materials -- 1.3.1 Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles as corrosion inhibitors -- 1.3.2 Quantum dots as corrosion inhibitors -- 1.3.3 Nanotubes as corrosion inhibitors -- 1.3.4 Nanofibers as corrosion inhibitors -- 1.3.5 Nano containers as corrosion inhibitors -- 1.3.6 Nanocomposites as corrosion inhibitors -- 1.4 Challenges facing the use of nanomaterials as corrosion inhibitors -- 1.4.1 Toxicity -- 1.4.2 Agglomeration -- 1.4.3 Prediction of mechanism -- 1.5 Conclusion -- 1.6 Future research directions -- Useful links -- References -- 2 Metal oxides: Advanced inorganic materials -- 2.1 Outline of chapter -- 2.2 Introduction to metal oxide and its materials -- 2.2.1 Inorganic oxides -- 2.2.2 Metal oxide -- 2.2.3 Mixed metal oxide -- 2.2.4 Nanotechnology -- 2.3 Synthetic methodologies of metal oxides -- 2.3.1 Physical methods -- 2.3.1.1 Physical vapor deposition -- 2.3.1.2 Milling -- 2.3.1.3 Spray pyrolysis -- 2.3.1.4 Laser ablation -- 2.3.1.5 Inert gas condensation -- 2.3.1.6 Arc discharge -- 2.3.1.7 Thermolysis -- 2.3.2 Chemical methods -- 2.3.2.1 Sol-gel method -- 2.3.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition -- 2.3.2.3 Polyol method -- 2.3.2.4 Electrochemical synthesis -- 2.3.2.5 Sonochemical synthesis -- 2.3.3 Green synthesis or biological methods -- 2.3.3.1 Green synthesis using plant extracts -- 2.3.3.2 Green synthesis using microorganisms. , 2.3.3.3 Green synthesis using biomolecules -- 2.4 Fundamental science and properties of nanometal oxide as advanced material -- 2.4.1 Properties of nanoparticulated oxides -- 2.4.1.1 Optical properties-surface plasmon resonance -- 2.4.1.2 Transport properties -- 2.4.1.3 Mechanical properties -- 2.4.1.4 Chemical properties -- 2.4.1.5 Quantum effects -- 2.5 Review of metal oxide nanomaterials used for varied applications in different fields of research -- 2.6 Application, discussion and future claims -- 2.6.1 Environmental and solar applications -- 2.6.2 Corrosion and electrochemical applications -- 2.6.2.1 Corrosion of Steel in Acidic Solution and Inhibition Mechanism -- 2.6.2.2 Mechanism -- 2.6.2.3 Potential with zero charge -- 2.6.2.4 Factors affecting the efficiency of inhibitors -- 2.6.2.4.1 Disperability-nano metal oxide -- 2.6.3 Biomedical applications -- 2.6.3.1 Drug delivery -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Molecularly imprinted magnetite nanomaterials and its application as corrosion inhibitors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Effects of coating on magnetite by the silica (Fe3O4/SiO2) nanomaterials -- 3.1.2 Molecularly imprinted nanomaterials (Fe3O4/SiO2/Thermosensitive/EDTA) -- 3.1.2.1 Coupling of chitosan on functionalized EDTA graftted thermosensetive modified magnetite molecularly imprinted nanom... -- 3.1.3 General principle of molecularly imprinted nanomaterials -- 3.1.4 Structure of magnetite nanomaterials -- 3.2 Distinctive synthetic approach of molecularly imprinted magnetite nanomaterials -- 3.2.1 Coprecipitation method -- 3.2.2 Reverse micellar method -- 3.2.3 Sonochemical technique -- 3.2.4 Hydrothermal technique -- 3.2.5 Thermal decomposition technique -- 3.2.6 Sol-gel technique -- 3.3 Functionalization of molecularly imprinted magnetite nanoparticles -- 3.3.1 Silica -- 3.3.2 Metal or nonmetal. , 3.3.3 Metal oxides and metal sulfides -- 3.3.4 Coating of organic compounds on the surface of the magnetite nanoparticles -- 3.3.5 Polymers -- 3.3.6 Biological molecules -- 3.4 Characterization techniques -- 3.4.1 XRD analysis -- 3.4.2 Surface morphology and elemental analysis -- 3.4.3 Vibrating sample magnetometer -- 3.4.4 Dynamic light scattering -- 3.5 Conclusions -- Author declaration -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Basics of metal oxides: properties and applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Properties of metal oxide -- 4.3 Application of metal oxides -- 4.3.1 Cupric oxide -- 4.3.2 Zinc oxide (ZnO) -- 4.3.3 Cobolt oxide (II, III)/Co3O4 -- 4.4 Titanium oxide -- 4.5 Conclusion and future directions -- References -- 5 Recent developments in properties and applications of metal oxides -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Properties of metal oxides nanoparticles -- 5.3 Diverse applications of metal oxides nanoparticles -- 5.3.1 Gas sensing -- 5.3.2 Batteries -- 5.3.3 Solar cells -- 5.4 Supercapacitor -- 5.4.1 Anticorrosive -- 5.4.2 Photocatalysis -- 5.4.3 Basic principle of TiO2 based photocatalysts -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- 6 Functionally integrated metal oxides for corrosion protection -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Corrosion protection process -- 6.3 Electrochemical characterization and evaluation techniques -- 6.3.1 Open circuit potential -- 6.3.2 Polarization techniques -- 6.3.2.1 Linear polarization resistance -- 6.3.2.2 Potentiodynamic polarization -- 6.3.2.3 Tafel extrapolation method -- 6.3.2.4 Cyclic polarization -- 6.3.3 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy -- 6.4 Different transition metals and their characteristics -- 6.4.1 Titanium dioxide (TiO2) -- 6.4.2 Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) -- 6.4.3 Zinc oxide (ZnO) -- 6.4.4 MoO2 and MoO3 -- 6.5 Coating techniques for the synthesis of corrosion protection -- 6.5.1 Physical vapor deposition. , 6.5.2 Chemical vapor deposition -- 6.5.3 Microarc oxidation -- 6.5.4 Electrodeposition coating -- 6.5.5 Sol-gel coating -- 6.5.6 Thermal spray coating -- 6.5.7 High-velocity oxy-fuel coating -- 6.5.8 Plasma spray coating -- 6.6 Factors affecting the efficiency of mixed metal oxide as corrosion protection -- 6.7 Mixed metal oxide coatings studied for corrosion protection -- 6.7.1 TiO2-ZnO -- 6.7.2 TiO2-ZrO2 -- 6.7.3 MoO2-ZrO2, MoO2-TiO2 -- 6.7.4 Early studies for trimetallic oxides ZrO2-ZnO-TiO2 -- 6.8 Summary -- Useful links -- References -- 7 A prospective utilization of metal oxides for self-cleaning and antireflective coatings -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Classification of metal oxides -- 7.1.1.1 Ferroelectric metal oxides -- 7.1.1.2 Magnetic metal oxides -- 7.1.1.3 Multiferroic metal oxides -- 7.1.2 Nanocomposite metal oxides -- 7.1.3 Properties of metal oxides -- 7.2 Electrical and dielectric properties -- 7.3 Electrochemical properties -- 7.3.1 Metal oxides as self-cleaning and antireflective coatings -- 7.3.2 Application of metal oxides -- 7.3.2.1 Biomedical and healthcare -- 7.3.2.2 Solar energy -- 7.3.2.3 Water purification membranes -- 7.3.2.4 Application in machining and automotive -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- II. Metal oxides as corrosion inhibitors -- 8 CeO as corrosion inhibitors -- 8.1 An overview -- 8.2 Cerium (IV) oxide as corrosion inhibitor -- 8.3 Utilization of cerium IV oxide as corrosion inhibitor in the past decade -- Useful links -- References -- 9 Utilization of ZnO-based materials as anticorrosive agents: a review -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Corrosion inhibitors and coatings -- 9.2 Properties of ZnO -- 9.2.1 Corrosion resistance of ZnO nanoparticles -- 9.3 Corrosion resistance of ZnO-based corrosion inhibitors -- 9.4 Corrosion resistance of ZnO-based nanocomposite coatings. , 9.5 Corrosion resistance of ZnO/mixed nanocomposites -- 9.6 Conclusion -- Useful links -- References -- 10 MgO as corrosion inhibitor -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Synthesis, properties and applications of magnesium oxide -- 10.3 Application of MgO and its composites as a corrosion inhibitor for the protection of metallic materials -- 10.4 Application of MgO and its composites as corrosion inhibitors for the protection of magnesium alloy -- 10.5 Application of MgO and its composites as corrosion inhibitors for the protection of iron and its alloys -- 10.6 Application of MgO and its composites as corrosion inhibitors for protection of cemented carbide -- 10.7 Application of MgO and its composites as corrosion inhibitors for the protection of metallic materials in bioscience -- 10.8 ZnMgO solid solution nanolayer as anticorrosion material -- 10.9 Drawbacks -- 10.10 Conclusion and future perspective -- References -- 11 Copper oxide as a corrosion inhibitor -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Metallic deterioration and its protection from corrosive environment -- 11.3 Copper oxide as corrosion inhibitor -- 11.4 Summary and future perspective -- References -- 12 Corrosion inhibition by aluminum oxide -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 What is corrosion? -- 12.3 Consequences of corrosion -- 12.4 Methods of controlling corrosion -- 12.5 Corrosion inhibitors -- 12.5.1 Definition of corrosion inhibitors -- 12.5.2 Classification -- 12.5.2.1 Organic inhibitors -- 12.5.2.2 Inorganic inhibitors -- 12.6 Aluminum oxide -- 12.6.1 Influence of pH on aluminum passivation -- 12.6.2 Mechanism of corrosion of aluminum -- 12.7 Potential - pH diagrams -- 12.8 Case study -- 12.8.1 Inhibition of corrosion of aluminum in well water by polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, and Zn2+ -- 12.8.2 Electrochemical studies -- 12.8.2.1 Polarization study. , 12.8.2.1.1 Aluminum in well water system (pH 10, adjusted with NaOH).

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Ultrasound Irradiation: Fundamental Theory, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Important Properties, and Physical Principles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Cavitation History -- 1.2.1 Basics of Cavitation -- 1.2.2 Types of Cavitation -- 1.3 Application of Ultrasound Irradiation -- 1.3.1 Sonoluminescence and Sonophotocatalysis -- 1.3.2 Industrial Cleaning -- 1.3.3 Material Processing -- 1.3.4 Chemical and Biological Reactions -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Fundamental Theory of Electromagnetic Spectrum, Dielectric and Magnetic Properties, Molecular Rotation, and the Green Chemistry of Microwave Heating Equipment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Historical Background -- 2.1.2 Green Chemistry Principles for Sustainable System -- 2.2 Fundamental Concepts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Theory -- 2.3 Electrical, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties in Microwave Irradiation -- 2.4 Microwave Irradiation Molecular Rotation -- 2.5 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Theory in Microwave Irradiation -- 2.5.1 Electromagnetic Radiations and Microwave -- 2.5.2 Heating Mechanism of Microwave: Conventional Versus Microwave Heating -- 2.6 Physical Principles of Microwave Heating and Equipment -- 2.7 Green Chemistry Through Microwave Heating: Applications and Benefits -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Conventional Versus Green Chemical Transformation: MCRs, Solid Phase Reaction, Green Solvents, Microwave, and Ultrasound Irradiation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A Brief Overview of Green Chemistry -- 3.2.1 Definition and Historical Background -- 3.2.2 Significance -- 3.3 Multicomponent Reactions -- 3.4 Solid Phase Reactions -- 3.5 Microwave Induced Synthesis -- 3.6 Ultrasound Induced Synthesis -- 3.7 Green Chemicals and Solvents. , 3.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions Under Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation -- 4.1 Ultrasonic Irradiation -- 4.1.1 Iron‐Based Catalysts -- 4.1.2 Copper‐Based Catalysts -- 4.1.2.1 Dihydropyrimidinones by Cu‐Based Catalysts -- 4.1.2.2 Dihydroquinazolinones by Cu‐Based Catalysts -- 4.1.3 Misalliances Metal‐Based Catalysts -- 4.2 Microwave‐Assisted Reactions -- 4.2.1 Solid Acid and Base Catalysts -- 4.2.1.1 Condensation Reactions -- 4.2.1.2 Cyclization Reactions -- 4.2.1.3 Multi‐component Reactions -- 4.2.1.4 Friedel-Crafts Reactions -- 4.2.1.5 Reaction Involving Catalysts of Biological Origin -- 4.2.1.6 Reduction -- 4.2.1.7 Oxidation -- 4.2.1.8 Coupling Reactions -- 4.2.1.9 Micelliances Reactions -- 4.2.1.10 Click Chemistry -- 4.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Microwave‐ and Ultrasonic‐Assisted Coupling Reactions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microwave -- 5.2.1 Microwave‐Assisted Coupling Reactions -- 5.2.2 Ultrasound‐Assisted Coupling Reactions -- 5.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Under Microwave Irradiation Using Name Reactions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classical Methods for Heterocyclic Synthesis Under Microwave Irradiation -- 6.2.1 Piloty-Robinson Pyrrole Synthesis -- 6.2.2 Clauson-Kaas Pyrrole Synthesis -- 6.2.3 Paal-Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis -- 6.2.4 Paal-Knorr Furan Synthesis -- 6.2.5 Paal-Knorr Thiophene Synthesis -- 6.2.6 Gewald Reaction -- 6.2.7 Fischer Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.8 Bischler-Möhlau Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.9 Hemetsberger-Knittel Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.10 Leimgruber-Batcho Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.11 Cadogan-Sundberg Indole Synthesis -- 6.2.12 Pechmann Pyrazole Synthesis -- 6.2.13 Debus-Radziszewski Reaction -- 6.2.14 van Leusen Imidazole Synthesis -- 6.2.15 van Leusen Oxazole Synthesis. , 6.2.16 Robinson-Gabriel Reaction -- 6.2.17 Hantzsch Thiazole Synthesis -- 6.2.18 Einhorn-Brunner Reaction -- 6.2.19 Pellizzari Reaction -- 6.2.20 Huisgen Reaction -- 6.2.21 Finnegan Tetrazole Synthesis -- 6.2.22 Four‐component Ugi‐azide Reaction -- 6.2.23 Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis -- 6.2.24 Bohlmann-Rahtz Pyridine Synthesis -- 6.2.25 Boger Reaction -- 6.2.26 Skraup Reaction -- 6.2.27 Gould-Jacobs Reaction -- 6.2.28 Friedländer Quinoline Synthesis -- 6.2.29 Povarov Reaction -- 6.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Microwave‐ and Ultrasound‐Assisted Enzymatic Reactions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Influence Microwave Radiation on the Stability and Activity of Enzymes -- 7.3 Principle of Ultrasonic‐Assisted Enzymolysis -- 7.4 Applications of Ultrasonic‐Assisted Enzymolysis -- 7.4.1 Proteins and Other Plant Components Can Be Transformed and Extracted -- 7.4.2 Modification of Protein Functionality -- 7.4.3 Enhancement of Biological Activity -- 7.4.4 Ultrasonic‐Assisted Acceleration of Hydrolysis Time -- 7.5 Enzymatic Reactions Supported by Ultrasound -- 7.5.1 Lipase -- 7.5.2 Protease -- 7.5.3 Polysaccharide Enzymes -- 7.6 Biodiesel Production via Ultrasound‐Supported Transesterification -- 7.6.1 Homogenous Acid‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification -- 7.6.2 Transesterification with Ultrasound Assistance and Homogenous Base Catalysis -- 7.6.3 Heterogeneous Acid‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification -- 7.6.4 Heterogeneous Base‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification -- 7.6.5 Enzyme‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification -- 7.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Microwave‐ and Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Polymers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Polymers -- 8.3 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Polymers -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 9 Synthesis of Nanomaterials Under Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles -- 9.3 Synthesis of Carbon Dots -- 9.4 Synthesis of Metal Oxides -- 9.5 Synthesis of Silicon Dioxide -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Microwave‐ and Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOF) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COF) -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Principles -- 10.2.1 Principles of Microwave Heating -- 10.2.2 Principle of Ultrasound‐Assisted Techniques -- 10.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave‐ and Ultrasound‐Assisted Techniques -- 10.3 MOF Synthesis by Microwave and Ultrasound Method -- 10.3.1 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of MOF -- 10.3.2 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of MOFs -- 10.4 Factors That Affect MOF Synthesis -- 10.4.1 Solvent -- 10.4.2 Temperature and pH -- 10.5 Application of MOF -- 10.6 COF Synthesis by Microwave and Ultrasound Method -- 10.6.1 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of COFs -- 10.6.2 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of COF -- 10.6.3 Structure of COF (2D and 3D) -- 10.7 Factors Affecting the COF Synthesis -- 10.8 Applications of COFs -- 10.9 Future Predictions -- 10.10 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Solid Phase Synthesis Catalyzed by Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Wastewater Treatment -- 11.3 Biodiesel Production -- 11.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 11.5 Alcoholic Fuel Cells -- 11.6 Conclusion and Future Plans -- References -- Chapter 12 Comparative Studies on Thermal, Microwave‐Assisted, and Ultrasound‐Promoted Preparations -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Background on Preparative Techniques in Chemistry -- 12.1.2 Overview of Thermal, Microwave‐Assisted, and Ultrasound‐Promoted Preparations -- 12.1.3 Significance of Comparative Studies in Enhancing Synthetic Methodologies. , 12.1.3.1 Optimization of Conditions -- 12.1.3.2 Efficiency Improvement -- 12.1.3.3 Methodological Advances -- 12.1.3.4 Sustainability and Green Chemistry -- 12.2 Fundamentals of Thermal, Microwave‐Assisted, and Ultrasound‐Assisted Reactions -- 12.2.1 Explanation of Thermal Reactions and Their Advantages and Limitations -- 12.2.2 Introduction to Microwave‐Assisted Reactions and How They Differ from Traditional Method -- 12.2.3 Understanding the Principles and Mechanisms of Ultrasound‐Promoted Reactions -- 12.3 Case Studies in Organic Synthesis -- 12.3.1 Examining Examples of Organic Reactions Performed Under Thermal Conditions -- 12.3.1.1 Esterification Reaction Under Thermal Conditions -- 12.3.1.2 Dehydration of Alcohols -- 12.3.1.3 Oxidation of Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids Using Water -- 12.3.2 Case Studies Showcasing the Application of Microwave‐Assisted Reactions -- 12.3.2.1 Microwave‐Assisted C C Bond Formation -- 12.3.2.2 Microwave‐Assisted Cyclization -- 12.3.2.3 Microwave‐Assisted Dehydrogenation Reactions -- 12.3.2.4 Microwave‐Assisted Organic Synthesis -- 12.3.3 Highlighting Successful Instances of Ultrasound‐Promoted Organic Synthesis -- 12.3.3.1 Ultrasound‐Promoted in Organic Synthesis -- 12.3.3.2 Ultrasound‐Promoted Oxidations -- 12.3.3.3 Ultrasound‐Promoted Esterification -- 12.3.3.4 Ultrasound‐Promoted Cyclization -- 12.4 Scope and Limitations -- 12.4.1 Discussing the Applicability of Each Method to Different Reaction Types -- 12.4.2 Identifying the Limitations and Challenges Faced by Each Technique -- 12.4.3 Opportunities for Combining Approaches to Overcome Specific Limitations -- 12.5 Future Directions and Emerging Trends -- 12.5.1 Overview of Recent Advancements and Ongoing Research in Thermal, Microwave, and Ultrasound‐Assisted Preparations -- 12.5.1.1 Food Processing Technologies. , 12.5.1.2 Chemical Routes to Materials: Thermal Oxidation of Graphite for Graphene Preparation.

Note: Front Cover -- Handbook of Organic Name Reactions -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Organic reaction mechanism -- 1.1 Basics of organic chemistry -- 1.1.1 Inductive Effect -- 1.1.2 Electromeric Effect -- 1.1.3 Mesomeric effect/Resonating effect /Conjugation effect -- 1.1.4 Resonance -- 1.1.5 Hyperconjugation or no-bond resonance -- 1.2 Reaction intermediates: carbocation, carbanion, free radical, carbene, nitrene, and benzyne -- 1.2.1 Carbocation -- 1.2.2 Carbanion -- 1.2.3 Carbon-free radical -- 1.2.4 Carbene -- 1.2.5 Nitrene -- 1.2.6 Benzyne/aryne -- 1.3 Nucleophilic addition to carbon-heteroatoms multiple bonds -- 1.4 Electrophilic addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds -- 1.4.1 Addition of bromine to alkenes -- 1.4.2 Regioselectivity of electrophilic addition to unsymmetrical alkenes -- 1.4.3 Formation of epoxide from alkene -- 1.4.4 Reaction of NBS to alkene -- 1.4.5 Iodo-and Bromo-lactonization -- 1.4.6 Addition of water molecule to alkene and alkynes -- 1.4.7 Dihydroxylation of alkenes -- 1.4.8 Ozonolysis -- 1.4.9 Hydroboration -- 1.5 Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution and neighboring group participation -- 1.6 Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1)reaction -- 1.7 Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2)reaction -- 1.8 Neighbouring group participation (NGP) -- 1.9 Substitution nucleophilic internal (SNi) Mechanism -- 1.10 Nucleophilic aromatic substitution -- 1.10.1 Addition-elimination mechanism (An activatedcomplex mechanism) -- 1.10.2 Elimination-addition mechanism (Benzyne mechanism) -- 1.11 Electrophilic aliphatic, alkenyl, and alkynyl substitution reaction -- 1.11.1 Unimolecular electrophilic aliphatic substitution (SE1) reaction -- 1.11.2 Bimolecular aliphatic electrophilic substitution reaction (SE1 and SEi) -- 1.11.3 Electrophilic substitution reaction at the allylic group. , 1.12 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction -- 1.13 Elimination reaction -- 1.13.1 Unimolecular elimination (E1) reaction -- 1.13.2 Bimolecular elimination E2 reaction -- 1.13.3 Unimolecular conjugated base (E1cB) Elimination reaction -- References -- 2 Reactions of aldehydes and ketones -- 2.1 Aldol condensation reaction -- 2.1.1 Cross-aldol condensation reaction -- 2.1.1.1 Reactivity of carbonyl compounds with nucleophilic agents -- 2.1.2 Henry nitroaldol condensation -- 2.1.3 Intramolecular aldol condensation -- 2.1.4 Barbas-list asymmetric aldol reaction -- 2.1.5 Mukaiyama aldol reaction -- 2.2 Baeyer-Villiger oxidation -- 2.3 Bamford-Stevens reaction -- 2.3.1 Selectivity in Bamford-Stevens reaction -- 2.4 Barton decarboxylation reaction -- 2.5 Barbier reaction -- 2.6 Barbier in situ Grignard reaction -- 2.7 Baer-Fischer amino sugar synthesis -- 2.8 Baylis-Hillman reaction -- 2.8.1 Intramolecular Baylis-Hillman reaction -- 2.9 Benzoin condensation -- 2.10 Bischler-Napieralski reaction -- 2.11 Bouveault-Blanc reduction reaction -- 2.12 Brown antialdol via B-enolate -- 2.13 Cannizzaro reaction -- 2.14 Claisen ester condensation -- 2.15 Clemmensen reduction reaction -- 2.16 Ciamician C=O photocoupling -- 2.17 Crimmins-Heathcock chiral anti-(syn) aldols -- 2.18 Cross-Cannizzaro reaction -- 2.19 Dakin reaction -- 2.20 Darzens reaction -- 2.21 De Mayo C=C photocycloaddition -- 2.22 Dieckmann condensation/cyclization reaction -- 2.23 Fujiwara arylation carboxylation -- 2.24 Gattermann aldehyde synthesis -- 2.25 Gattermann-Koch reaction -- 2.26 Haller-Bauer reaction -- 2.27 Haloform reaction -- 2.28 Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction -- 2.29 Hunsdiecker reaction -- 2.30 Hollemann pinacol synthesis -- 2.31 Julia-Colonna asymmetric epoxidation -- 2.32 Knoevenagel reaction -- 2.33 Kiliani-Fischer sugar homologation -- 2.34 Mannich reaction. , 2.35 Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction reaction -- 2.35.1 Applications of the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction reaction -- 2.36 Michael addition -- 2.37 Norrish type-I reaction -- 2.38 Norrish type-II reaction -- 2.39 Paterno-Buchi reaction -- 2.40 Perkin reaction -- 2.41 Peterson olefination -- 2.42 Reformatsky reaction -- 2.43 Riley selenium dioxide oxidation -- 2.44 Ruff-Fenton aldose degradation -- 2.45 Robinson annulation reaction -- 2.46 Rosenmund reaction -- 2.47 Shapiro reaction -- 2.47.1 Selectivity in Shapiro reaction -- 2.48 Stobbe condensation reaction -- 2.49 Stork enamine alkylation -- 2.50 Tebbe reaction -- 2.51 Tishchenko reaction -- 2.52 Tollens reaction -- 2.53 Wittig reaction -- 2.53.1 Methods for the formation of phosphonium ylide -- 2.53.2 Stereochemistry of Wittig reaction -- 2.54 Wolff-Kishner reduction -- References -- Further reading -- 3 Reaction of alcohols -- 3.1 Barton-McCombie deoxygenation -- 3.2 Baeyer-Villiger aromatic tritylation -- 3.3 Corey-Winter olefin synthesis -- 3.4 Corey-Chan synthesis -- 3.5 Gattermann synthesis reaction -- 3.6 Grieco olefination of alcohols -- 3.7 Houben-Hoesch reaction -- 3.8 Kolbe-Schmitt reaction -- 3.9 Mitsunobu reaction -- 3.9.1 Stereochemistry of Mitsunobu reaction -- 3.10 Moffatt oxidation -- 3.11 Mukaiyama-Ueno oxidation -- 3.12 Reimer-Tiemann reaction -- 3.13 Ritter reaction -- 3.14 Swern oxidation reaction -- 3.15 Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation -- 3.16 Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation -- 3.17 Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation -- 3.17.1 Stereochemistry of Simmons-Smith reaction -- 3.17.2 Selectivity of Simmons-Smith reaction -- 3.17.3 Reactivity of reactants for Simmons-Smith reaction -- 3.17.4 Directed Simmons-Smith reaction -- References -- 4 Reactions of heterocyclic compounds -- 4.1 Algar-Flynn-Oyamada reaction. , 4.1.1 Formation of other products [a side reaction (by-product)] -- 4.2 Bischler-Mohlau indole synthesis -- 4.3 Camps quinoline synthesis -- 4.4 Chichibabin reaction -- 4.5 Clauson-Kaas pyrrole synthesis -- 4.6 Combes quinoline synthesis -- 4.6.1 Electrocyclic mechanism -- 4.7 Dimroth triazole synthesis -- 4.8 Finnegan tetrazole synthesis -- 4.9 Fischer indole synthesis -- 4.10 Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis -- 4.11 Hantzsch thiazole synthesis -- 4.12 Knorr pyrrole synthesis -- 4.13 MacDonald porphyrin synthesis -- 4.14 Madelung indole synthesis -- 4.15 Pfitzinger quinoline synthesis -- 4.16 Pomeranz-Fritsch-Schlitter isoquinoline synthesis -- 4.17 Reissert indole synthesis -- 4.18 Skraup synthesis -- References -- 5 Coupling reactions -- 5.1 Buchwald-Hartwig coupling -- 5.2 Fukuyama thioester coupling -- 5.2.1 Catalytic cycle of Fukuyama thioester coupling reaction -- 5.3 Furstner iron-catalyzed C=C coupling -- 5.4 Glaser-Sondheimer acetylene coupling -- 5.5 Hiyama coupling -- 5.5.1 Catalytic cycle of Hiyama coupling reaction -- 5.6 Heck coupling -- 5.6.1 Examples of Heck coupling reactions -- 5.6.2 Intramolecular Heck coupling reaction -- 5.6.3 Catalytic cycle of Heck coupling reactions -- 5.7 Knochel coupling -- 5.8 Kumada coupling -- 5.8.1 Reactivity of halogens for Kumada coupling reaction -- 5.8.2 Catalytic cycle of Kumada coupling reaction -- 5.9 McMurry coupling -- 5.10 Negishi coupling -- 5.10.1 Catalytic cycle of Negishi coupling reaction -- 5.11 Sonogashira coupling -- 5.11.1 Catalytic cycle of Sonogashira coupling reaction -- 5.12 Stille coupling -- 5.12.1 Catalytic cycle of Stille coupling -- 5.12.2 Catalytic cycle in the presence of CO -- 5.13 Suzuki coupling -- 5.13.1 Reactivity of substrate for Suzuki coupling reaction -- 5.13.2 Catalytic cycle of Suzuki coupling reactions -- 5.14 Castro-Stephens acetylene coupling -- References. , 6 Rearrangements, participation, and fragmentation reactions -- 6.1 Arndt-Eistert homologation -- 6.2 Beckmann rearrangement -- 6.2.1 Stereochemistry of Beckmann rearrangement -- 6.2.2 Beckmann fragmentation -- 6.3 Benzidine rearrangement -- 6.4 Benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement -- 6.4.1 Rate of reaction -- 6.5 Brook rearrangement -- 6.5.1 Characteristics -- 6.6 Sigmatropic rearrangements -- 6.6.1 Aza-Cope rearrangements -- 6.6.2 Claisen rearrangement -- 6.6.2.1 Conditions for Claisen rearrangement -- 6.6.3 Cope rearrangement -- 6.6.3.1 Condition for Cope rearrangement - -- 6.6.4 Intramolecular aldol condensation -- 6.6.5 Ireland-Claisen rearrangement -- 6.6.6 Oxy-Cope rearrangements -- 6.7 Carroll allyl β-ketoester rearrangement -- 6.8 Chan acyloxyacetic ester rearrangement -- 6.9 Curtius rearrangement -- 6.10 Demjanov diazonium rearrangement -- 6.11 Eschenmoser fragmentation reaction -- 6.12 Favorskii rearrangement -- 6.12.1 Favorskii rearrangement in cyclic ketones -- 6.13 Fries rearrangement -- 6.13.1 Reason for the o-isomer to be a major product -- 6.13.2 Conditions for Fries rearrangement -- 6.14 Grob fragmentation -- 6.15 Hofmann rearrangement -- 6.16 Lossen rearrangement -- 6.17 Nazarov cyclization -- 6.18 Neber rearrangement -- 6.19 Photo-Fries rearrangement -- 6.20 Pschorr cyclization -- 6.21 Payne rearrangement -- 6.22 Semipinacol rearrangement -- 6.23 Schmidt rearrangement -- 6.24 Smiles rearrangement -- 6.25 Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement -- 6.26 Tiffeneau-Demjanov ring expansion -- 6.27 von Richter rearrangement -- 6.28 Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement -- 6.29 Wittig rearrangement -- 6.30 Wolff rearrangement -- 6.30.1 Nature of 1,2 migration -- 6.31 Zimmerman Di-π methane rearrangement -- 6.31.1 Stereochemistry of Di-π methane rearrangement -- 6.31.2 Selectivity in the breaking of cyclopropane ring -- References. , 7 Reaction of amines, carboxylic acid, and derivatives.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Editor Biography -- Part I Overview of Polyphenols -- 1 Fundamentals of Polyphenols: Nomenclature, Classification and Properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 A Short History of Polyphenols -- 1.3 Fundamental of Polyphenols -- 1.4 Nomenclature of Polyphenols -- 1.5 Classification of Polyphenols -- 1.5.1 Flavonoids -- 1.5.2 Nonflavonoids -- 1.6 Extraction Methods of Polyphenols -- 1.6.1 Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols -- 1.6.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols -- 1.6.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Polyphenols -- 1.6.4 SPE of Polyphenols -- 1.6.5 Solvent Extraction of Polyphenols -- 1.7 Solubility of Polyphenols -- 1.7.1 Chemical Modification -- 1.7.2 Solubilizing Agents -- 1.7.3 Physical Treatment -- 1.7.4 Solubility of Polyphenols by pH Adjustment -- 1.7.5 Co-solvents -- 1.8 Flavor and Color of Polyphenols -- 1.8.1 Flavor -- 1.8.2 Color of Polyphenols -- 1.9 Health-Promoting Properties of Polyphenols -- 1.9.1 Antioxidative Properties -- 1.9.2 Anti-inflammatory Properties -- 1.9.3 Anti-cancer Properties -- 1.9.4 Cardiovascular Health -- 1.9.5 Neuroprotective Properties -- 1.9.6 Anti-diabetic Activity -- 1.9.7 Anti-microbial Properties -- 1.10 Skin Benefits of Polyphenols -- 1.11 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Chemistry of Polyphenols: Synthesis, Characterization, and Structure (Electronic and Molecular) and Reactivity -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Synthesis and Characterization -- 2.3 Polyphenolics Without Intervening Atoms -- 2.3.1 Open Chain -- 2.3.2 Cyclic -- 2.4 Polyphenols with Intervening Carbon Atoms -- 2.4.1 Phenol-Aldehyde Oligomers -- 2.5 Polyphenols with Intervening Heteroatoms -- 2.5.1 Open Chain -- 2.5.1.1 Poly-Phenylene-Ether -- 2.5.1.2 Oxacalixarenes -- 2.6 Characterization -- 2.7 Chemical Structure and Reactivity. , 2.7.1 Functional Groups and Classification -- 2.7.2 Chemical Arrangement of Polyphenols -- 2.7.3 Presence of Multiple Rings -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Plant-Derived Polyphenols: Extraction, Purification, and Characterization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Extraction of Polyphenols -- 3.2.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) -- 3.2.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) -- 3.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction -- 3.2.4 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) -- 3.2.5 Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) -- 3.3 Purification of Polyphenols -- 3.4 Characterization of Polyphenols -- 3.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- 4 Fermentation and Degradation of Polyphenols -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Plant-Based Fermented Food Products with Lactic Acid Bacteria -- 4.3 Microbial Fermentation of Food Macronutrients -- 4.4 Metabolism of Food Phenolics by Lactic Acid Bacteria -- 4.4.1 Tannase -- 4.4.2 Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase (PAD) -- 4.4.3 Other Lactic Acid Bacteria Species -- 4.5 Polyphenols Differentially Modulate Bacterial Growth -- 4.6 Functional Food Products Based on Polyphenolic fermentation by Probiotics -- 4.7 Fermentation of Whole Grain Foods -- 4.8 Degradation of Polyphenol -- 4.8.1 Aerobic Degradation -- 4.8.2 Thermal Degradation -- 4.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Part II Industrial Applications of Polyphenols -- 5 Polyphenols for Wastewater and Industrial Influents' Treatment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 History of Natural Polyphenols -- 5.3 Types of Natural Polyphenols -- 5.3.1 Flavonoids -- 5.3.2 Phenolic Acids -- 5.3.3 Tannins -- 5.3.4 Stilbenes -- 5.3.5 Lignans -- 5.4 Polyphenols in Wastewater Remediation -- 5.5 Structural and Functional Features of Polyphenols -- 5.5.1 Natural Polyphenols' Structural Features. , 5.5.2 Natural Polyphenols Functional Features -- 5.6 Overview of Polyphenol-Based Materials -- 5.6.1 Nanofibers -- 5.6.2 Synthetic Membranes -- 5.6.3 Phenolic Nanoparticles -- 5.6.4 Adsorbent -- 5.6.5 Phenolic Hydrogels -- 5.7 Applications of Natural Polyphenol-Based Material in Water Remediation -- 5.7.1 Membrane Filtration -- 5.7.2 Interfacial Solar Distillation -- 5.7.3 Adsorption -- 5.7.4 Advanced Oxidation Process -- 5.7.5 Disinfection and Purification of Water -- 5.8 Conclusions, Challenges, and Prospects -- References -- 6 Polyphenols for Anticorrosion Application -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Anticorrosive Properties of Polyphenols: Literature Survey -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Polyphenols for Dyes Application -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Natural Dyes and the Need for Sustainable Alternatives -- 7.2.1 Synthetic Dyes vs. Natural Dyes -- 7.2.2 Growing Demand for Sustainable Dyeing Solutions -- 7.2.3 Role of Polyphenols as Natural Dyes -- 7.3 Chemical Structure of Polyphenols and their Dyeing Properties -- 7.3.1 Overview of Polyphenols -- 7.3.2 Aromatic Rings and Hydroxyl Groups in Polyphenols -- 7.3.3 Contribution of Chemical Structure to Dyeing Properties -- 7.4 Extraction Methods for Polyphenols from Plant Sources -- 7.4.1 Plant Sources of Polyphenols -- 7.4.2 Extraction Techniques: Solvent Extraction -- 7.4.3 Extraction Techniques: Solid-Phase Extraction -- 7.4.4 Extraction Techniques: Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction -- 7.4.5 Advantages and Limitations of Different Extraction Methods -- 7.5 Dyeing Mechanisms of Polyphenols -- 7.5.1 Adsorption as a Dyeing Mechanism -- 7.5.2 Covalent Bonding in Dyeing with Polyphenols -- 7.5.3 Metal Complexation in Polyphenol Dyeing -- 7.6 Applications of Polyphenols as Natural Dyes -- 7.6.1 Polyphenols in Fabric Dyeing -- 7.6.2 Polyphenols in Leather Tanning -- 7.6.3 Polyphenols in Hair Colorants. , 7.6.4 Polyphenols in Natural Food Coloring -- 7.7 Challenges and Future Prospects -- 7.7.1 Challenges in Polyphenol Dye Applications -- 7.7.2 Future Research Directions and Opportunities -- 7.7.3 Nanotechnology for Enhancing Dyeing Efficiency and Stability -- 7.8 Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Perspectives -- References -- 8 Polyphenols for Packaging Application -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Active Packaging: Coating and Thin Films -- 8.3 Phenolic Compounds -- 8.3.1 Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities -- 8.3.2 Polymeric Matrices for Polyphenols-Based Food Packaging -- 8.4 Classifications and Applications of Polyphenolic Compounds -- 8.4.1 Flavonoids -- 8.4.1.1 Flavanones -- 8.4.1.2 Flavonols -- 8.4.1.3 Flavanols -- 8.4.1.4 Anthocyanins -- 8.4.1.5 Flavones -- 8.4.2 Non-flavonoids -- 8.4.2.1 Tannins -- 8.4.2.2 Phenolic Acids -- 8.4.2.3 Curcuminoids -- 8.4.2.4 Coumarins -- 8.4.2.5 Lignans -- 8.4.2.6 Stilbenes -- 8.4.2.7 Lignins -- 8.5 Action Mechanism -- 8.6 Limits and Future Predictions -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Polyphenols for Textile-Based Application -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Polyphenols in Textile-Based Applications -- 9.2.1 Flavonoids -- 9.2.2 Phenolic Acids -- 9.2.3 Stilbenes -- 9.2.4 Lignans -- 9.2.5 Tannins -- 9.3 Specific Functional Finishing Using Polyphenols -- 9.3.1 UV Protection -- 9.3.2 Remediation of Organic Synthetic Dyes -- 9.3.3 Interfacial Assembly of Metal-Phenolic Networks for Hair Dyeing -- 9.3.4 Anti-Odor Finishing -- 9.4 Future Outlook -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 10 Polyphenols for Sensing/Biosensing Application -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Electrochemical Biosensors of Phenolic Compounds Based on Polyphenol Oxidases -- 10.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors of Phenolic Compounds Based on Tyrosinase (Tyr) -- 10.2.2 Electrochemical Biosensors of Phenolic Compounds Based on Laccase (Lac). , 10.2.3 Other Biosensors for Phenolic Compounds Quantification -- 10.3 Polyphenols for Metal Ions Sensing Applications -- 10.4 Polyphenols and Human Health -- 10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- 11 11Polyphenol-based Hydrogels and Nanocomplexes: Fundamental, Properties, and Industrial Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Polyphenols Grafted on Molecules Able to Undergo Gelation -- 11.2.1 Polyphenols Blended with Molecules Able to Undergo Gelation -- 11.2.2 Controlled Protein-Polyphenol Coacervates Based on LBL Assembly -- 11.3 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 12 Polyphenol-based Materials as Sensors: Recent Trends in Chemo- and Bio-sensing -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Polyphenol -- 12.3 Polyphenol-based Nanomaterials and Their Derivatives -- 12.3.1 Metal-polyphenol Coordination Polymers -- 12.3.2 Metal-polyphenol Coordination Polymers Derived Carbon Nanomaterials -- 12.3.3 Metal-polyphenol Coordination Polymers Derived Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 12.4 Sensing Applications -- 12.4.1 Ion Sensing -- 12.4.1.1 pH Sensing -- 12.4.1.2 Metal Ions Sensing -- 12.4.2 Molecule Sensing -- 12.4.2.1 Formaldehyde Sensing -- 12.4.2.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing -- 12.4.2.3 Ethanol Sensing -- 12.4.2.4 Melamine Sensing -- 12.4.2.5 Monofluoroacetic Acid Sensing -- 12.4.2.6 Clenbuterol Sensing -- 12.4.2.7 Trimethylamine and Triethylamine Sensing -- 12.4.2.8 Glutathione Sensing -- 12.4.2.9 Acetaminophen Sensing -- 12.4.2.10 Nucleic Acid Sensing -- 12.4.2.11 Protein Sensing -- 12.5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III Polyphenols for Life Science Applications -- 13 Polyphenols in Control of COVID-19 -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Overview of COVID-19 and Polyphenols -- 13.1.2 Polyphenols: Definition and General Properties -- 13.1.3 Natural sources and extraction -- 13.1.4 General Health Benefits. , 13.2 Antiviral Properties of Polyphenols.