Note: Intro -- Preface -- Organized by -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Tree Health of Larix sibirica Ledeb. in the Railway Impact Zone on Kola Peninsula -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objects and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- The Influence of Soil Quality on Trees' Health in Urban Forest -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Visual Trees Assessment -- 3.2 Results of Chemical and Physical Analysis -- 3.3 Heavy Metal Analysis in Soils -- 3.4 Soil Quality and Trees' Health -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Ground Penetrating Radar Tomography Application to Study of Live Tree Trunks: Case Studies of Defects Detection -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radar Data Acquisition Methodology -- 3 Results -- 3.1 The English Oak (Quércus róbur) -- 3.2 Fir Tree (Pícea ábies) -- 3.3 Chestnut (Aésculus) -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Morphological and Macroanatomical Indicators of Long-Term and Current State of Trees of Quercus Robur L. -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Material -- 2.2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Long-Term State -- 3.2 Current State -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Carbon Dioxide Fluxes of an Urban Forest in Moscow -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Site and Eddy Covariance Measurements -- 2.2 Processing of Eddy Covariance Data -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Is the Urban Forest a Carbon Source? -- 4.2 Limitations -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Regulating Ecosystem Services in Russian Cities: Can Urban Green Infrastructure Cope with Air Pollution and Heat Islands? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Methods and Materials -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Removal of Air Pollutants from Transport -- 3.2 Removal of Air Pollutants from Point Sources -- 3.3 Heat Mitigation -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion. , References -- Effects of Small Water Bodies on the Urban Heat Island and Their Interaction with Urban Green Spaces in a Medium-Size City in Germany -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Results -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessment of Soil Properties and Tree Performance on Fountain Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue Landfills in New York City -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Soil Properties -- 3.2 Tree Performance -- 3.3 Correlation Between Soil Properties and Tree Density -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Variability of Infiltration Rates at Selected Green Infrastructure Sites in New York City -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Study Sites -- 2.2 Infiltration Methods -- 2.3 Site Descriptions and Soil Sampling -- 2.4 Soil Lab Analysis -- 2.5 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Site Characteristics -- 3.2 Soil Properties -- 3.3 Infiltration Rates -- 3.4 Correlations Between Infiltration Rates and Soil Properties -- References -- Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution by Land Use Zones in Small Towns of the Industrialized Arctic Region, Russia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objects and Methods -- 2.1 Objects -- 2.2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Content of Various Fractions of Heavy Metals in Soils -- 4 Soil as a Geochemical Barrier for Heavy Metals Migration -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Activity Concentration of Natural Radionuclides and Total Heavy Metals Content in Soils of Urban Agglomeration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objects and Methods -- 2.1 Objects -- 2.2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Activity Concentration of Radionuclide and Heavy Metals Content in City Soil Cover of Rostov Agglomeration -- 3.2 Corelation of Activity Concentration of Radionuclide on Heavy Metals -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Metabolic Adjustments in Urban Lawns in Response to Soil Salinization. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Impact of Overgrown Plant Deposit on Physicochemical Properties: SodPodzolic Soils During the Last 60 years in the Central State Biosphere Forest Reserve, Western European Part of Russia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Culturable Airborne Fungi of Urban, Forest and Coastal Areas of the Kola Peninsula -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Toxic Cyanobacteria in the Arctic Lakes: New Environmental Challenges. A Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Unfavorable Impact of the Urbanization on the Immune Antiviral Protection in Children: The Relationship with Recurrent Respiratory Infections -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Urbanization Effect on Children's Autonomic Nervous System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- The Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis Among Children and Adults in Kazakhstan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Some Features of the Key Phenotypes of Allergic Rhinitis Among Children in a Metropolis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Playground Arrangement for Children with Special Health Needs -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Environmental, Social and Economic Potentials of Urban Protected Areas: Case Study of Moscow, Russia -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Case Study Area -- 2.2 Environmental Potential -- 2.3 Social and Economic Potential -- 2.4 Integral Indicators -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Assessing the Proposed Volume of Recreational Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Moscow's Urban Protected Areas -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Recreational Development -- 3.2 Recreational Potential of the Infrastructure -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- National Park «Elk Island» in the Moscow Region's Green Infrastructure -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Territory of the National Park "Elk Island" -- 1.2 Human Impact on the Park Territory -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Transportation Impact Assessment -- 3.2 Assessment of Recreational Load -- 3.3 Ecosystem Services Assessment -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Ecosystem Services in Russian Urban Legislation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Environmental Safety of Urbanized Territories as a Developing Institution for Ensuring the Vital Interests of Mankind -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Methodology for Ensuring Environmental Safety Concerning Urbanized Areas -- 3 Standardization of the Environmental Components' Quality as a Tool for Ensuring Environmental Safety -- 4 Monetization of the Consequences of Adverse Changes in Environmental Components -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Environmental Assessment of Thermal Energy Facilities Impact on Ecosystem Services for the Production of Oxygen in Urban Settlements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Ecological Assessment of Rapeseed Cultivation to Improve Chemically Degraded Urban Albic Luvisol -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods. , 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Cultural Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Spaces. How and What People Value in Urban Nature? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodical Approach and Practical Application -- 2.1 Indicators for Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) -- 2.2 Target Category CES Indicators: How to Select the Right Indicators -- 3 Urban Green Spaces as Providers of CES: Results of Related Projects -- 3.1 Case Study Description -- 3.2 CES Provided by Urban Parks: Results from Surveys in Moscow, Russia -- 3.3 Social and Cultural Aspects of Using Lawns as an Essential Element of Urban Green Spaces and Green Infrastructure, Including Management and Existing Practices (a Case Study of Xi'an, China) -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Ecosystem Services Approach for Landscaping Project: The Case of Metropolia Residential Complex -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Assessment of ES Provided by Green Infrastructure -- 2.3 Assessment of ES Provided by Soils -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Green Infrastructure ES -- 3.2 Soils ES -- 4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Acronyms -- Part I The Overview -- 1 The Greenhouse Gas Balance of Italy: A Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods for the assessments of the greenhouse gases budget -- 1.3 Results -- References -- 2 Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes of Terrestrial Ecosystems in Italy -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Italian Network -- 2.2.1 Amplero (IT-Amp) -- 2.2.2 Beano (IT-Be1 and IT-Be2) -- 2.2.3 Bonis (IT-Bon) -- 2.2.4 Borgo Cioffi (IT-BCi) -- 2.2.5 Castellaro (IT-Cas) -- 2.2.6 Castelvetrano (IT-Ctv) -- 2.2.7 Castelporziano (IT-Cpz) -- 2.2.8 Collelongo (IT-Col) -- 2.2.9 La Mandria (IT-LMa) -- 2.2.10 Lavarone (IT-Lav) -- 2.2.11 Lecceto (IT-Lec) -- 2.2.12 Malga Arpaco (IT-Mal) -- 2.2.13 Monte Bondone (IT-MBo) -- 2.2.14 Negrisia (IT-Neg) -- 2.2.15 Noè (IT-Noe) -- 2.2.16 Nonantola (IT-Non) -- 2.2.17 Parco Ticino (IT-PT1) -- 2.2.18 Pianosa (IT-Pia) -- 2.2.19 Roccarespampani Forest (IT-Ro1 and IT-Ro2) -- 2.2.20 Roccarespampani Crops (IT-Ro3 and IT-Ro4) -- 2.2.21 Renon (IT-Ren) -- 2.2.22 San Rossore (IT-SRo) -- 2.2.23 Tolfa (IT-Tol) -- 2.2.24 Torgnon (IT-Tor) -- 2.2.25 Valle dell'Adige (IT-VdA) -- 2.2.26 Vigevano (IT-Vig) -- 2.3 Example of Measurements -- 2.4 Analysis of Climate-Carbon NEE Interactions -- 2.4.1 Quality Criteria and Data Selection -- 2.4.2 Relationships Between Carbon Uptake Period Duration and Annual Net Ecosystem Exchange -- 2.4.3 Analysis of the Relationship Between Annual NEE and Climate Variables -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 2.6 The Big Effort of Maintaining the Network and Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Model Description and Its Main Properties -- 3.3 Results Provided by the Model and Validation -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Forests -- 4 The Role of Managed Forest Ecosystem: An Inventory Approach. , Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Building Up a Consistent Time Series by Integration of Land Use and Forest Inventory -- 4.2.1 IUTI Land Use Inventory -- 4.2.2 ISCI Carbon Stock Inventory -- 4.3 Conclusions -- References -- 5 The Role of Managed Forest Ecosystems: A Modeling Based Approach -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Carbon Budget Estimation of the Italian Forests: Ecosystem Models Approach -- 5.2.1 Estimation of Italian Forest NPP. C-Fix and BIOME-BGC Integration Model -- 5.2.2 Estimation of Italian Forest NPP. the 3-PG Model -- 5.3 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Emissions from Forest Fires: Methods of Estimation and National Results -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Quantification of Forest Fire Emissions and Uncertainty Sources -- 6.3 Description of Emission Factors for GHGs -- 6.4 Fire Emissions Modelling -- 6.5 Fire Emission Historical Trends and Future Scenarios -- 6.5.1 CO and CO2 Historical Trends -- 6.5.2 Fire Emission Amount and Spatial Distribution -- 6.5.3 21st Century Scenarios -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Carbon Losses Due to Wood Harvesting and the Role of Wood Products -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Forest Harvesting in Italy -- 7.2.1 Official Statistics -- 7.2.2 Remote Sensing for Harvesting Monitoring -- 7.2.3 Carbon Loss Due to Harvesting -- 7.3 Wood Products -- 7.3.1 Carbon Accounting Scheme for Wood Products in Italy -- 7.3.2 Improvement of Wood Products Uses -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Croplands, Grasslands and Natural Ecosystems -- 8 Soil Carbon Stocks and Fluxes -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Croplands SOC Stocks Under Different Types of Land Use and Climate -- 8.3 Trends in Cropland SOC Stocks Variations -- 8.4 Increasing the Size of the Soc Stock for the Cropland Category. , 8.5 Soil Carbon Storage and Projections Under Climate Change Conditions in Sardinia Croplands -- 8.6 Regional Case Study on SOC Fluxes from Trentino -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 N2O Emission Factors for Italian Crops -- Abstract -- 9.1 Role of Agricultural Ecosystem in the Total N2O Atmospheric Budget -- 9.2 Driving Factors of N2O Emissions -- 9.3 Available Approaches to Quantify Soil N2O Emissions -- 9.4 A Comparison of N2O Flux Strength Obtained Using Specific EFs for Mediterranean Conditions, General IPCC EFs and Empirical Modeling -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Cropland and Grassland Management -- Abstract -- 10.1 Measuring and Modeling GHG Balance in Agriculture: From Field to Territory -- 10.1.1 Field Experiments and Chronosequences -- 10.1.2 Modeling Application and Territorial Upscaling -- 10.2 SOC Changes in Relation to Cropping Systems and Management in Mediterranean Semi-arid Areas -- 10.3 Grassland Management and Carbon Balance -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Regional Case Studies -- 11 The Role of Vineyards in the Carbon Balance Throughout Italy -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Negrisia (Ponte di Piave, TV) Site -- 11.1.2 Valle dell'Adige (Mezzolombardo, TN) Site -- 11.1.3 Serdiana (Cagliari) Site -- 11.2 Abandonment and Re-planting Influence on Soil Carbon Stock: The Case of the Sicilian Vineyards -- 11.3 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Afforestation and Reforestation: The Sicilian Case Study -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Natural Afforestation -- 12.1.2 Artificial Afforestation -- 12.2 Study Sites and Data Analysis -- 12.2.1 Original Sampling Data -- 12.2.2 Data from Literature -- 12.2.3 Data Analysis -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 SOC Variation in Natural Afforestation -- 12.3.2 SOC Variation in Artificial Afforestation -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References. , 13 Afforestation and Reforestation: The Friuli Venezia Giulia Case Study -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area and Data Analysis -- 13.3 Results for the Friuli Venezia Giulia Case Study -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Trying to Link Vegetation Units with Biomass Data: The Case Study of Italian Shrublands -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Basic Assumptions on Italian Shrubland Vegetation -- 14.3 The Study Case of Italian Shrublands -- 14.4 Discussion and Research Perspectives -- References.

Note: Ecological Studies 163 Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests -- Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 EUROFLUX: An Integrated Network for Studying the Long-Term Responses of Biospheric Exchanges of Carbon, Water, and Energy of European Forests -- 2 Methodology for Data Acquisition, Storage, and Treatment -- 3 Measurement of Soil Respiration -- 4 Deciduous Forests: Carbon and Water Fluxes, Balances and Ecophysiological Determinants -- 5 Coniferous Forests (Scots and Maritime Pine): Carbon and Water Fluxes, Balances, Ecological and Ecophysiological Determinants -- 6 Spruce Forests (Norway and Sitka Spruce, Including Douglas Fir): Carbon and Water Fluxes and Balances, Ecological and Ecophysiological Determinants -- 7 Evergreen Mediterranean Forests. Carbon and Water Fluxes, Balances, Ecological and Ecophysiological Determinants -- 8 A Model-Based Study of Carbon Fluxes at Ten European Forest Sites -- 9 A Model-Based Approach for the Estimation of Carbon Sinks in European Forests -- 10 Factors Controlling Forest Atmosphere Exchange of Water, Energy, and Carbon -- 11 The Carbon Sink Strength of Forests in Europe: a Synthesis of Results -- 12 Climatic Influences on Seasonal and Spatial Differences in Soil CO2 Efflux -- 13 Conclusions: The Role of Canopy Flux Measurements in Global C-Cycle Research -- Subject Index.