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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-0743
    Keywords: afterload ; diastolic filling patterns ; Doppler echocardiography ; normal subjects ; preload
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The net effects of acute changes in pre- and afterload on left ventricular filling, were examined by altering loading conditions in normal subjects. The specific purpose of this study was to investigate whether Dopplerderived transmitral flow patterns are able to differentiate the type of loading conditions. In 24 normal subjects (13 females, 11 males, mean age 44.1±11.5 years), the following Doppler variables were determined at baseline, after rapid volume infusion (preload increase), after nitroglycerin administration (preload decrease), during isometric exercise (afterload increase), and after application of a converting enzyme inhibitor (afterload decrease): the peak and integrated early (E, Ei) and late (A, Ai) diastolic flow velocities, their ratios (E/A, Ei/Ai), the percentage of atrial contribution (ACON), and the acceleration and deceleration times (Ac, dc) of early filling. Reduced preload and increased afterload led to similar filling patterns characterized by a significant E and Ei decrease (p〈0.05, compared to baseline) accompanied by an A and Ai increase with a resultant reduction of E/A and Ei/Ai. Both changes increased the atrial contribution to filling and reduced Ac and dc. Increased preload only significantly increased E and Ei, while reduced afterload did not induce any significant changes. Different loading conditions alter Doppler-derived diastolic filling patterns. However, the transmitral flow profile is not specific enough to distinguish the manner in which loading conditions have been altered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0743
    Keywords: contrast echocardiography ; stress echocardiography ; left ventricular function ; wall motion analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies have shown that the saccharide based echocardiographic contrast agent SH U 508 A opacifies the left ventricle after i.v. injection, thus possibly improving endocardial border definition. This study was performed to determine whether SH U 508 A can enhance the wall motion analysis in suboptimal echocardiographic images at rest and following pharmacological stress. Ten male patients (mean 58 years) exhibiting ≥30% endocardial border dropout were examined prior to a diagnostic left heart catheterization. Five patients were stressed with Dobutamine, 5 with Dipyridamole. The wall motion was assessed visually (qualitatively) as well as computer-aided (quantitatively). The concordance between left ventricular angiography as ‘gold standard’ and resting echocardiography regarding the wall motion analysis was significantly improved from 64.5% to 90.3% following the injection of SH U 508 A (p 〈 0.05). A delineation score (0 = not delineated, 1 = delineated) of 12 individual wall segments was used. The mean delineation score at baseline was 6.1 ±1.4 at rest and 6.6 ±1.9 during stress. SH U 508 A significantly (p 〈 0.01) increased the score to 9.6 ±1.9 and 10.3 ±1.7, respectively. The intraobserver variability for assessing the delineation score was significantly (p 〈 0.04) improved by SH U 508 A. SH U 508 A, however, did not improve the quantitative assessment of the left ventricular function. Only 40% of the patients could be analyzed following SH U 508 A injection. No severe adverse reactions were seen. SH U 508 A led to a significant, clinically important, improvement in the interpretation of stress echocardiograms in patients with inconclusive routine echocardiograms.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-7241
    Keywords: coronary artery disease ; left ventricular hypertrophy ; diastolic dysfunction ; echocardiography ; Doppler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diastolic dysfunction is an early sign in the temporal sequence of ischemic events in coronary heart disease. The ischemic cascade, beginning with an oxygen demand supply imbalance and metabolic alterations, identifies diastolic disorders of the left ventricle (LV) as an early phenomenon, sometimes before systolic dysfunction, electrocardiographic changes, or chest pain occur. Although the physiology of diastolic function is complex, the factors contributing to diastolic disturbances can be differentiated intointrinsic andextrinsic LV abnormalities. Intrinsic mechanisms include (a) impaired LV relaxation, (b) the complex of LV hypertrophy, and (c) increased LV asynchrony. Myocardial hypertrophy leads to an increase of the myocardial mass/volume ratio, and the degree of hypertrophy is the main determinant of chamber stiffness. The main, if not unique, determinant of myocardial diastolic tissue distensibility is the structure and concentration of the collagen. Consequently, tissue stiffness is increased in coronary disease by reparative interstitial fibrosis or scar following myocardial infarction. In myocardial hypertrophy the LV collagen concentration is elevated due to reactive fibrosis. An increase in regional asynchrony of LV contraction and relaxation is a result of regional ischemia as well as of LV hypertrophy and tissue fibrosis. Factors extrinsic to the LV causing diastolic disorders include (a) increased central blood volume, which will increase left ventricular pressure without altering the LV pressure-volume relation, and (b) ventricular interaction mediated by pericardial restraint, which may cause a parallel upward shift of the diastolic LV pressure-volume relation. Improved insight into the mechanisms of LV relaxation and filling characteristics help in the treatment of LV diastolic dysfunction.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 89 (2000), S. 921-931 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Myocardial viability ; dobutamine stress echocardiography ; prognosis ; Schlüsselwörter Vitales Gewebe ; Dobutamin-Echokardiografie ; Prognose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung „Stunning“ (kontraktile Dysfunktion trotz wiederhergestellter Durchblutung) und „hibernating myocardium“ (Funktion proportional zur Durchblutung reduziert) wurden bislang aus didaktischen Gründen strikt getrennt. Tierexperimentelle und klinische Studien belegen jedoch, dass die Dynamik der koronaren Herzerkrankung in Form repetitiver Ischämien fließende Übergänge vom „stunned“ zum „hibernating myocardium“ bewirken kann. „Hibernating myocardium“ seinerseits kann bereits bei herabgesetzter Flussreserve auftreten und ist schließlich mit zunehmender Ausdehnung und Dauer durch eine Degeneration der Kardiozyten und Glykogenanreicherung gekennzeichnet. Extrazellulär kommt es bei einem erhöhten Anteil von Matrixproteinen zur zunehmenden Entwicklung einer reparativen Fibrose, die die funktionelle Erholung limitiert.    Werden diese strukturellen Veränderungen bei der Bewertung der unterschiedlichen Nachweismethoden berücksichtigt, ergeben sich im Vergleich zu nuklearmedizinischen Untersuchungstechniken nicht widersprüchliche, sondern ergänzende Informationen. Demnach weist die Dobutamin-Echokardiografie bei befriedigender Sensitivität und ausgezeichneter Spezifität eine hohe diagnostische Genauigkeit auf. Bezog sich diese in früheren Studien nur auf die Vorhersagbarkeit segmentaler Erholung, liegen zunehmend auch Berichte über die prognostische Aussagekraft vor. Hierzu wird allerdings in einem 16-Segment-Modell der Nachweis von vier oder mehr Segmenten kontraktilen Gewebes vorausgesetzt.    Bei der Durchführung des gesamten Dobutamin-Protokolls (niedrige und hohe Dosierung) sind unterschiedliche Kontraktionsmuster zu erwarten (anhaltende Kontraktionszunahme, biphasische Antwort, Auftreten einer Kontraktionsstörung), die in Abhängigkeit eines vorausgegangenen Infarktes eine differente Wertung erfahren sollten. Im klinischen Alltag kann die Untersuchung mit ausreichender Sicherheit am Ende der ersten postinfarziellen Woche durchgeführt werden. Wird ein Ischämie-/Vitalitätsnachweis erhoben, ist unverzüglich eine Revaskularisierung anzustreben. Dieses Prozedere sollte auch beim chronisch Koronarkranken mit LV-Dysfunktion verfolgt werden, da die strukturellen Veränderungen des „hibernating myocardium” einer Progression unterliegen, die den günstigen prognostischen Effekt einer kontraktilen Reserve im weiteren Verlauf aufheben. Andererseits setzt eine verantwortungsbewusste Behandlungsstrategie aufgrund prognoselimitierender periprozeduraler Komplikationen vor jeder Revaskularisierungsmaßnahme den Ischämie-/Vitalitätsnachweis voraus.
    Notes: Summary Myocardial stunning (contractile dysfunction in the presence of normalized perfusion) and myocardial hibernation (contractile dysfunction matching reduced perfusion) have represented separate concepts of viable, but dyssynergic myocardium in the past. However, in vivo experimental and clinical work suggests that repetitive ischemia due to coronary artery disease may induce a gradual transition between stunned and hibernating myocardium. Myocardial hibernation itself can result from a spectrum of ischemic conditions ranging from impaired myocardial blood flow reserve to frank hypoperfusion. With increasing severity and duration of ischemia, degeneration of cardiac myocytes, accumulation of glycogen and cell death ensue. Additonally, there is an increase of extracellular matrix protein content leading to reparative fibrosis, which in turn limits functional recovery.    In the light of these structural features, the available methods for detection of viable myocardium, in particular dobutamine echocardiography and nuclear imaging techniques, offer complementary rather than contradictory information. Dobutamine echo has satisfactory sensitivity, excellent specificity, and high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of viable dyssynergic myocardium. While in the past only its predictive accuracy for segmental recovery has been validated, newer data show an improved survival after revascularization if at least four viable dyssynergic left ventricular segments in a 16 segment model can be identified by dobutamine echocardiography. The complete (low and high dose) dobutamine protocol can elicit several types of contractile responses (sustained improvement in contraction or monophasic response, biphasic response, new wall motion abnormality) which should be interpreted in view of other clinical data including a previous infarction. The test protocol can be used safely at the end of the first week after myocardial infarction. If ischemia or viability is documented, revascularization should be performed promptly. A similar strategy should be followed in the setting of chronic coronary heart disease with left ventricular dysfunction. Since the structural changes of hibernating myocardium are progressive, time to revascularization is critical. On the other hand, responsible therapeutic planning requires proof of ischemia or viability before initiating a potentially hazardous revascularization procedure.
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