Note: Intro -- Committees -- Steering Committee -- Organizing Committee -- Member of International Technical Panel -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Anchorage System for Penstocks-Case Study of Champawat Town Pumping Water Supply Scheme -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials Requirement -- 2.1 Concrete -- 2.2 Steel Reinforcement -- 3 Anchorage System Importance -- 3.1 Importance of Anchorage -- 3.2 Force Transfer Mechanism -- 4 Design of R.C.C Thrust Block -- 4.1 Design Data for Champawat Thrust Block -- 4.2 Profile Levels -- 4.3 Calculation of Thrust (P) -- 4.4 Calculation of Resistances -- 5 Results and Discussion -- References -- An Overview on Toxicity, Detection, and Removal of Chromium in Water and WasteWater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geochemistry and Toxicity of Chromium in Water -- 3 Chromium Detection Methods -- 4 Chromium Removal Methods -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 'Phytowaste' and Vermicomposting as a Potential Route for Its Environmentally Compatible Utilization -- 1 Introduction: How Phtomass Becomes a 'Waste' -- 1.1 Weeds as a Form of 'Phytowaste' -- 1.2 Some Common Attributes of the Invasives -- 1.3 Aggravation Due to Anthropogenic Factors -- 1.4 The Impact -- 1.5 Weeds as Forms of Phytowaste -- 1.6 Huge Streams of Other Phytowaste -- 2 Past Efforts to Eradicate or Control the Weeds -- 3 Impact of Infestation by Weeds as Illustrated with the Examples of Salvinia and Ipomoea -- 4 Attempts at Utilization of the Common Weeds -- 5 The Potential of Vermicomposting -- 6 The Reasons Why the Potential of Generating Fertilizers from the Vermicomposting of Phytomass Was Unutilized So Far -- 7 The Paradigm of High-Rate Vermicomposting and Its Essential Features -- 8 Summary -- References -- Microplastic Contamination and Life Cycle Assessment of Bottled Drinking Water -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods. , 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Methods -- 3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bottled Drinking Water -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Impact of Water Pollution on Endemic Species -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Review of Literature -- 3 Methodology Adopted -- 3.1 Different Locations for the Collection of Sample -- 3.2 Study of Species Dawkinsia Tambraparniei -- 3.3 Fish Sampling -- 3.4 Study of Structures Under the Microscope -- 3.5 Extracting DNA -- 3.6 Increasing the Number of Copies of Gene (Amplification) -- 3.7 Sequence Analysis -- 4 Result and Discussion -- 4.1 Testing of Brain Tissue -- 4.2 Testing of Gill Tissue -- 4.3 Testing of Heart Tissue -- 4.4 Testing of Kidney Tissue -- 4.5 Testing of Liver Tissue -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Physiological Features of Rice Cultivars Which Influence the Quantity of Methane Emitted by the Cultivars -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Gist of the Findings -- 3.1 Role of Leaves -- 3.2 Role of the Culm/Stem -- 3.3 Role of the Root -- 3.4 Role of the Overall Plant Biomass -- 3.5 Contribution from the Rate of Photosynthesis -- 4 Summary -- References -- Climate Change Impact on Tourism-Based Livelihood and Related Youth Migration-A Case Study for Nainital, Uttarakhand, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Methodology -- 3 Current Status and Impact -- 4 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Study of Synthesis and Biological Importance of 1,4-Dihydropyridines Derivatives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rationale for Synthesis and Methodology -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Assessment of the Ability of a Novel Machine to Separate Different Types of Substrate-Earthworm-Vermicompost Mixtures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Vermicast-Earthworm-Substrate Separator (SEVS) Machine -- 3 Testing the Efficacy of the SEVS Machine -- 3.1 Performance of VESS in Paper Waste Vermicast Separation. , 3.2 Performance of SEVS in the Sorting of Salvinia VES Mixture -- 3.3 Performance of SEVS in the Sorting of the Ipomoea Vermicompost Batch -- 3.4 Efficacy of SEVS Machine in the Sorting of Lantana VES Mixture -- 3.5 Effect of Moisture on the Efficiency of Vermicast Recovery From the VES Mixtures of Salvinia, Ipomoea, and Lantana -- 3.6 Effect of the Batch Size of the EVS Mixture and Its Drying on the Separation Caused by the SEVS Machine -- 3.7 Effect of Subjecting the Contents of the Second Module to SEVS Separation -- 4 Summary -- References -- Biosorption of Safranine O Dye by SawDust -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Safranin o Solution -- 2.2 Chemicals and Instruments -- 2.3 Biowaste Sample -- 2.4 Biosorption Procedure -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Adsorption Studies -- 3.2 Effect of pH -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Developments in Copper and Iron Based Dyes as Light Harvesters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Design Criteria for a Dye Sensitizer Molecule -- 3 Cu Sensitizers -- 4 Iron Sensitizers -- 5 Nickel Sensitizers -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cucurbita pepo Leaves Extract and Its Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Collection and Identification of Plant Materials -- 2.2 Preparation of Ethanol Extract of Leaves of Cucurbita pepo -- 2.3 Test of Phytoconstituents -- 2.4 Synthesis of AgNPs from Ethanol Extract -- 2.5 Characterization of AgNPs -- 2.6 Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extract and AgNPs -- 2.7 Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract and AgNPs -- 2.8 Antifungal Activity of Ethanol Extract and AgNPs -- 2.9 Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract and AgNPs (Molyneux 2004 -- Williams et al. 1995) -- 2.10 Preparation of Test Sample and Standard Sample -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Synthesis of AgNPs. , 3.2 Observation of Colour Change -- 3.3 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis -- 3.4 SEM Analysis -- 3.5 Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract and AgNPs -- 3.6 Antifungal Activity of Ethanol Extract and AgNPs -- 3.7 Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract and Silver Nanoparticles -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Methane Emission from Kaliveli Wetland: An Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Approach to the Present Study -- 1.2 The Kaliveli Wetland -- 2 Materials and Method -- 3 Results and Discussion -- References -- Biosorption of Safranin-O Dye by Shell of Arachis Hypogaea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Dye Solution -- 2.2 Biosorbent Sample -- 2.3 Instruments and Chemicals -- 2.4 Method -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Effect of pH -- 3.2 Effect of Adsorbent Dose -- 3.3 Effect of Dye Concentration -- 3.4 Effect of Temperature -- 3.5 Desorption and Reuse of Biosorbent -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Heavy Metal and Physiochemical Parameter in Surface and Groundwater Quality of Dehradun District of Uttarakhand -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 3.1 Spatial Variation in Water Quality -- 4 Heavy Metals -- 4.1 Nickel -- 4.2 Lead -- 4.3 Cd -- 4.4 Cr -- 4.5 Cu -- 4.6 Mn -- 4.7 Co and Zn -- 4.8 Arsenic and Fe -- 4.9 Boron and Sr -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Hydrological Assessment of River Henwal Using Water Quality Indices with Reference to Planktonic Composition -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Method -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sampling and Analysis Procedure -- 2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 2.4 Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) -- 2.5 Simpson's Diversity Index (D) -- 2.6 Shannon-Weaver Index (H) -- 2.7 Taxon Evenness -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Water Quality Assessment of Streams of Doon Valley Dehradun, Uttarakhand -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Synthesis and Medicinal Importance of Benzoxazine, Benzoxazinone and Their Derivatives: A Short Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Medicinal Value of Benzoxazines, Benzoxazinones and Their Derivatives -- 3 Various Synthetic Routes of Benzoxazine, Benzoxazinone and Their Derivatives -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- A Review on Onshore Drilling for Oil and Gas Production with Its Safety Barriers and Well Control Methods -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Drilling -- 3 Types of Drilling -- 4 Types of Onshore Drilling Rigs -- 5 Types of Systems -- 6 Procedure of Drilling -- 6.1 Causes of Well Control Incidents -- 6.2 Distribution of Incidents at Drilling Rig Site -- 7 Methodology -- 7.1 Safety Barriers -- 7.2 Mud Types -- 7.3 Testing of Drilling Fluid -- 8 Formula for Calculating the Mud Weight -- 8.1 Secondary Barrier -- 9 Well Control Procedures -- 9.1 Well Kill Methods -- 10 Safety at Rig Site -- 10.1 Standards (Maintenance and Inspection) -- 10.2 Conclusion -- References -- Cultivating Effectiveness and Efficiency Using 5S Methodology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology: Implementation of 5S -- 3 How It Is Implemented -- 3.1 Administrative Office -- 3.2 Industry -- 4 Result and Discussion -- 4.1 Evaluation in Terms of Search Time -- 4.2 Evaluation in Terms of Cost (Search Time) -- 4.3 Evaluation in Terms of Relaibality -- 4.4 Evaluation in Terms of Safety -- 4.5 5S Evacuation and Scoring -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- COVID19: Impact on Environmental Parameters During the Lockdown Period in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Dataset -- 2.2 Spearman's Correlation Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- Impact of Lockdown Due to COVID 19 Pandemic on Air Quality of Global Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Result and Discussion -- 2.1 Air Pollution in India During Lockdown -- 2.2 Air Pollution in China During Lockdown -- 2.3 Air Pollution in United States of America During Lockdown -- 2.4 Air Pollution in Italy -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Stress Condition Modeling to Optimize Mud Weight Window for Efficient Drilling -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Structure and Methodology -- 3 Stresses Around Borehole -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Stress Plot for Vertical Wellbore -- 4.2 Stress Plot for Horizontal Wellbore -- 4.3 Comparision of Stresses-Vertical and Horizontal Wellbore -- 4.4 Variation of Hoop Stress with Mud Weight and Circumferential Wall Angle -- 4.5 Validity of Results -- 5 Safe Mud Weight Determinations -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- COVID-19 Fallout: India, Power Sector and Lockdown -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 COVID-19 Fallout -- 1.2 Power Sector in India-Overview -- 2 Government's Response and Its Impact on Power Sector -- 2.1 Electrical Power Demand and Energy Consumption -- 2.2 Source Wise Generation-Change in Energy Mix -- 2.3 Impact on Grid, Reforms and Power Market -- 3 Government Measures -- 4 Recommendations -- 4.1 Use of Existing Hydro and Thermal Fleet -- 4.2 Modifying the Existing Thermal Fleet -- 4.3 Possible Future Measures -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessing the Impact of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Renewable Energy Sector of India During the Lockdown -- 1 Introduction -- 2 RE Scenario in India Before COVID-19 -- 3 Impact of COVID 19 on Upcoming and Operational RE Projects -- 4 Impact on Off-Grid RE Companies -- 5 Economic Impact and Subsequent Government Measures -- 6 Recommendations by Global Energy Leaders -- 7 Conclusion -- References. , Study of the Ecological Effect of Bismuth Layered Structured Ferroelectric Materials Over Lead Zirconate Titanate -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental -- 2.1 Fabrication Techniques (PZT or BLSF) -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 3.2 Properties -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Convalescent the Ecosystem by Enhancing the Life Cycle of Lubricants with Blended Nano Oxides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Generation and Composition of Used Lubricating Oil -- 3 Environmental Impacts of Used Oil -- 3.1 Spilling of Used/Worn Oil on Land/Soil -- 3.2 Spilling of Used Oil in the Aqueous Environment -- 3.3 Used Oil Burning -- 4 Methods of Improving Life of Lubricating Oils -- 4.1 Re-refining/Recycling Treatment Process of Used Oil -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Traditional and Modern Agricultural Implements Used in Agro Sciences - A Case Study in the Part of National Capital Region of Uttar Pradesh, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Climate -- 2.3 Flora and Fauna -- 2.4 Soil -- 2.5 Agriculture and Crop Pattern -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Iron-Molybdenum Oxide Catalyst for the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wastewater to Bio-oil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Iron-Molybdenum Oxide Catalyst -- 2.3 HTL Studies -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Catalyst Characterization -- 3.2 HTL of Synthetic Wastewater -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Aspects of Novel Indole Derivatives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Biological Studies -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Chemistry -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- A Review of Challenges and Safety Measures in Petroleum Industry During COVID-19 -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Problems in Restarting the Petroleum Industry -- 3 Hazards Present in the Industry -- 4 Accidents Occurred in the Petroleum Industry During COVID-19 -- 5 Measures Taken for Safety and the Maintenance of the Machinery -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Sustainable City Planning Strategy Review for Next-Level Technology, Earthquake-Resistant Buildings, Dehradun City -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Analysis -- 3.1 Earthquakes of Karakoram Fault and Indus Suture in the Tibetan Plateau -- 3.2 Sustainable Land Resources Management of Built-Environment and City Planning Strategies -- 3.3 Provisions and Technicalities of Uttarakhand Government -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Urban Sprawl and Built-Up -- 4.2 Spatial Hazard Risk Zones -- 4.3 Social Hazard Risk Zones -- 4.4 Comparative Review of Earthquake Resilient Structure Technology -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Investigation of Energy Generation on Large Rotary Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle's Propeller Using Coupled Engineering Approaches -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Survey -- 2.1 Summary -- 3 Methodology Used -- 3.1 Conceptual Design of Propeller -- 3.2 Discretization -- 3.3 Boundary Conditions -- 3.4 Explanation of Computational Analysis -- 3.5 PVEH (Piezoelectric Vibrational Energy Harvesting) -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Natural Frequencies Results -- 4.2 CFD Results -- 4.3 Energy Calculation -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Beneficiation Study of Barsuan Iron Ore Slime to Produce Pellet Grade Concentrate -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Beneficiation of Slime -- 3 Result and Discussion -- References -- Effect of Different Temperature on Host Susceptibility to SMV-Mild and SMV-Severe Isolates of Soybean (Glycine Max) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Development of a Conceptual Safety Culture Framework to Enhance Workplace Safety -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 The Concept Safety Culture -- 2.2 Definition of Safety Culture -- 2.3 Organization Characteristics of Good Safety Culture -- 2.4 Incipient Issues and Weaknesses in Safety Culture -- 2.5 Safety Culture Models -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Elements of the Framework -- 3.2 Description of the Framework -- 3.3 Method of Assessment -- 3.4 Employee Satisfaction Index Survey: (Questionnaires Shown in Appendix) -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Implementation of Total Quality Management in Construction Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Interview -- 4.2 Questionnaire Survey -- 4.3 t-statistics Analysis -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Suggestions -- References -- Study on Effective Management of Total Suspended Particulate Matter Generated at a High-Rise Building Construction Site -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Women Empowerment and Sustainable Development in Uttarakhand: Challenges and Strategies-A Case Study of Selected Villages of Dehradun -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 The Condition of Hilly Women -- References -- Varietal Reaction on the Cultivars of Cucurbita pepo Against Two Different Isolates of Pumpkin Mosaic Virus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Mechanical Inoculation -- 2.3 Screening of Pumpkin Cultivar Against Two Different Isolate of Mosaic Disease -- 3 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- A New Method for Estimation of Staircase Evacuation Time in High Rise Buildings -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Evacuation -- 3 Means of Egress -- 4 Walking Speed of Occupants -- 5 Unit Exit Width -- 6 Effective Width of Staircase -- 7 Egress Models -- 8 Assumptions Made. , 9 Simulation Details.

Note: Intro -- Biogas Energy -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Biogas and Biogas Energy: An Introduction -- 1.1 What is Biogas? -- 1.2 How is Biogas Generated? -- 1.3 Factors Which Influence Anaerobic Digestion of an Organic Substrate -- 1.3.1 C/N Ratio -- 1.3.2 Dilution -- 1.3.3 pH -- 1.3.4 Temperature -- 1.3.5 Loading Rate -- 1.3.6 Retention Time -- 1.3.6.1 Hydraulic Retention Time -- 1.3.6.2 Solids Retention Time -- 1.3.6.3 The Relationship Between HRT and SRT, and the Importance of "Food-to-Micro-organism Ratio" -- 1.3.7 Toxicity -- 1.3.8 Mixing/Agitation -- 1.3.9 Pathogens -- 1.3.10 Solid Residue/Slurry -- References -- Chapter 2: A Brief History of Anaerobic Digestion and "Biogas" -- 2.1 Introduction: Discovery of Biogas -- 2.2 Development of Anaerobic Digestion as a Wastewater Treatment Process -- 2.3 Biogas and Developing Countries -- 2.3.1 India -- 2.3.2 China -- 2.3.3 Nepal -- 2.3.4 Vietnam -- 2.3.5 Bangladesh -- 2.3.6 Sri Lanka -- 2.3.7 Other Developing Countries -- 2.4 Use of Anaerobic Digestion Elsewhere -- References -- Chapter 3: Biogas and Global Warming -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Methane: General -- 3.2.1 Human-Related Sources -- 3.2.1.1 Landfills -- 3.2.1.2 Natural Gas and Petroleum Systems -- 3.2.1.3 Coal Mining -- 3.2.1.4 Livestock Enteric Fermentation -- 3.2.1.5 Handling Manure Management -- 3.2.1.6 Wastewater Treatment -- 3.2.1.7 Agriculture -- 3.2.2 Natural Sources -- 3.2.2.1 Wetlands -- 3.2.2.2 Termites -- 3.2.2.3 Oceans -- 3.2.2.4 Methane Hydrates -- 3.2.2.5 Geologic Sources -- 3.2.2.6 Wildfires -- 3.2.2.7 Wild Animals -- 3.3 Sources of Methane in the Form of Biogas Produced Due to Anthropogenic Causes -- References -- Chapter 4: Low-Rate and High-Rate Anaerobic Reactors/Digesters/Fermenters -- 4.1 General -- 4.2 "Low-Rate" and "High-Rate" Anaerobic Reactors -- References. , Chapter 5: Biogas Capture from Animal Manure -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Some Well-Known Low-Rate Digesters -- 5.2.1 Floating-Dome Biogas Plant: The Khadi and Village Industry Commission Model -- 5.2.2 Floating-Dome Biogas Plant: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute Model -- 5.2.3 Fixed-Dome Biogas Plants: The "Chinese"/"Janata"/"Deenbandhu" Models -- 5.2.4 "Balloon Digester" -- 5.2.5 The Basic Limitation of the Low-Rate "Biogas Digesters" Described in the Preceding Sections -- 5.3 Large-Scale Manure Digesters Used in Developed Countries and, Now Increasingly, in Some Developing Countries Too -- 5.3.1 The Rising Trend of Methane Capture -- 5.3.2 Technology Employed -- 5.3.2.1 Covered Lagoon Digester -- 5.3.2.2 Plug-Flow Digester -- 5.3.2.3 Stirred/Mixed Digesters -- 5.3.2.4 Fixed Film Digester -- 5.3.2.5 Suspended Media Digesters -- 5.3.2.6 Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor -- References -- Chapter 6: Biogas Capture from Wastewaters: The High-Rate Anaerobic Digesters -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Emission of Methane from Wastewater as a Component of Biogas -- 6.3 The High-Rate Digesters -- 6.3.1 First Generation of High-Rate Digesters -- 6.3.1.1 The Anaerobic Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor -- 6.3.1.2 Anaerobic Contact Reactor -- 6.3.2 Second Generation of High-Rate Digesters -- 6.3.2.1 Anaerobic Filters -- 6.3.2.2 The Downflow Stationary Fixed Film Reactors -- 6.3.2.3 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor -- 6.3.2.4 Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed and Expanded-Bed Reactors -- 6.3.3 Third Generation of High-Rate Digesters -- 6.3.3.1 AF-UASB Hybrids -- 6.3.3.2 Ultrafiltration Membrane Reactors -- 6.3.3.3 Modified UASB Reactors -- References -- Chapter 7: Biogas Capture from Solid Waste -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Multi-phase Digestion -- 7.3 Solid-Feed Anaerobic Digestion -- 7.4 High-Solids Anaerobic Digestion. , 7.5 Present Status of MSW Treatment by Anaerobic Digestion -- 7.5.1 Advantages and Challenges -- 7.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion of MSW in Europe -- 7.5.2.1 The Evolution of MSW-AD During 1990-2010 -- 7.5.2.2 Types of Processes and Substrates used -- 7.5.2.3 The Shape of Things to Come -- 7.5.3 Anaerobic Digestion Systems for Treating MSW -- 7.5.3.1 Single-Stage Wet Systems -- The Waasa System -- 7.5.3.2 Single-Stage Dry Systems -- The Dranco Process -- The Valorga Process -- The Kompogas Process -- 7.5.3.3 Multi-stage Systems -- The BTA Process of Biotechnische Abfallverwertung GmbH -- The Linde-KCA-Dresden GmbH Process -- 7.5.3.4 Overview of Processes on Which Commercial AD Plants are Currently Based for Treating Solid Wastes -- 7.5.4 Economics of MSW Digestion -- References -- Chapter 8: Capture of Biogas from Landfills -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Landfill: Originated Methane Emissions -- 8.3 How Are Sanitary Landfills Laid Out -- 8.3.1 Making of Sanitary Landfills -- 8.3.1.1 Area Method -- 8.3.1.2 Trench Method -- 8.3.2 Methane Biogas Capture -- 8.3.2.1 Removal of Carbon Dioxide -- 8.3.2.2 Removal of Oxygen and Nitrogen -- 8.3.2.3 Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide -- 8.3.2.4 Removal of Halogenated Hydrocarbons -- 8.3.2.5 Removal of Siloxane -- 8.3.3 Utilization Options -- 8.4 LFG Capture in Developing Countries -- 8.5 Risks Associated with Landfills -- 8.5.1 Flammability -- 8.5.2 Toxicity -- 8.5.3 Reducing the Health Effects of Landfill Gas -- 8.5.4 Risk of Leachate Pollution -- 8.5.5 Methods of Leachate Disposal -- 8.5.5.1 Collection of Leachate -- 8.5.5.2 Recycling of Leachate -- 8.6 "Bioreactor" Landfills -- References.