Keywords:
Faults (Geology).
;
Glaciers.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
An overview of glacially triggered faulting, summarising state-of-the-art research and theory, geological, geophysical, geodetic and geomorphological investigation methods and modelling. Written by international experts, it catalogues confirmed and proposed glacially induced faults, creating a reference for geoscientists working in the field.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (494 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781108801881
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=6830153
DDC:
551.872
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Glacially Triggered Faulting: A Historical Overview and Recent Developments -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification Criteria for a Glacially Induced Fault -- 1.3 Brief Historical Overview until the Early 2000s -- 1.3.1 History in Lapland -- 1.3.2 History Outside of Lapland -- 1.4 Recent Developments -- 1.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Geomechanics of Glacially Triggered Faulting -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Glacially Induced Stresses -- 2.3 Stability of Optimally Orientated Faults in a Thrust-Faulting Stress Regime -- 2.4 Stability of Optimally Orientated Faults in a Normal-Faulting Stress Regime -- 2.5 Stability of Optimally Orientated Faults in a Strike-Slip-Faulting Stress Regime -- 2.6 Other Factors Affecting Fault Stability -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Methods and Techniques for Fault Identification and Dating -- 3 Earthquake-Induced Landforms in the Context of Ice-Sheet Loading and Unloading -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Timing and Preservation of Earthquake-Induced Landforms -- 3.3 Classification of Earthquake-Induced Landforms in the Context of Ice-Sheet Loading and Unloading -- 3.4 Examples of Earthquake-Induced Landforms -- 3.4.1 Primary Landforms Created by Tectonic Deformation -- 3.4.1.1 Fault Scarps -- 3.4.1.2 Other Primary Landforms -- Subsided Areas -- Folds Over Faults and Other Uplifted Areas -- 3.4.2 Secondary Landforms Created by Seismic Shaking -- 3.4.2.1 Landslides -- 3.4.2.2 Liquefaction Spreads -- 3.4.2.3 Subglacial Landforms -- Pulju Moraine -- Mass Flow Deposits -- Ráhppát Landforms -- Esker Collapses -- Squeeze-Up Moraines -- 3.4.2.4 Liquefaction Features.
,
Liquefaction Craters -- Liquefaction Bowls -- 3.4.3 Stream Deflections and Changes in Drainage Patterns -- 3.5 Discussion -- 3.6 Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 The Challenge to Distinguish Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures (SSDS) Formed by Glaciotectonic, Periglacial and Seismic Processes in a Formerly Glaciated Area: A Review and Synthesis -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Formation Processes of SSDS -- 4.2.1 Liquefaction -- 4.2.2 Fluidization -- 4.3 Common Trigger Processes and Timing of SSDS Formation -- 4.3.1 Earthquakes -- 4.3.2 Depositional Loading -- 4.3.3 Gravity-Driven Sediment Failure -- 4.3.4 Glaciotectonic Deformation -- 4.3.4.1 Subglacial Deformation -- 4.3.4.2 Proglacial Deformation -- Iceberg Scours, Iceberg Gravity Craters and Kettle Holes -- 4.3.5 Periglacial Processes -- 4.3.5.1 Ice Wedges and Ice-Wedge Casts -- 4.3.5.2 Periglacial Involutions and Craters -- 4.4 Limitation of SSDS to Identify Palaeoearthquakes -- 4.5 Deformation Bands as Indicators for Neotectonic Fault Activity -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Glacially Induced Fault Identification with LiDAR, Based on Examples from Finland -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mapping Postglacial Faults -- 5.3 Geometrical Analysis of Fault Scarps and Landslides -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Fault Identification from Seismology -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Measurements and Analysis of Seismic Events -- 6.2.1 Ground Motion Measurement and Instrumentation -- 6.2.2 Seismogram Analysis -- 6.2.3 Seismic Networks -- 6.2.4 Signal Processing -- 6.3 Hypocentre Determination -- 6.4 From Hypocentre Location to Fault Location and Orientation -- 6.5 Styles of Faulting -- 6.6 Determination of the Earthquake Focal Mechanism and Moment Tensor -- 6.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.
,
7 Imaging and Characterization of Glacially Induced Faults Using Applied Geophysics -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Geophysical Methods -- 7.2.1 Seismic Methods -- 7.2.2 Ground-Penetrating Radar -- 7.2.3 Geoelectrics -- 7.2.4 Electromagnetic Methods -- 7.2.5 Magnetics -- 7.2.6 Gravity -- 7.3 Case Studies -- 7.3.1 Near-Surface Studies: Lansjärv, Stuoragurra and Bollnäs -- 7.3.2 Deeper Studies: Pärvie, Burträsk, Suasselkä -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Dating of Postglacial Faults in Fennoscandia -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geomorphic Dating -- 8.2.1 Geomorphic Dating with Glacial Landforms -- 8.2.2 Geomorphic Dating with Palaeoshorelines -- 8.2.3 Advantages, Disadvantages and Recent Revelations of Geomorphic Dating -- 8.3 Stratigraphic Dating -- 8.3.1 Stratigraphic Dating above the Highest Postglacial Shoreline -- 8.3.2 Stratigraphic Dating below the Highest Postglacial Shoreline -- 8.3.3 Advantages, Disadvantages and Recent Revelations of Stratigraphic Dating -- 8.4 Indirect Dating -- 8.4.1 Advantages, Disadvantages and Recent Revelations of Indirect Dating -- 8.5 Direct Dating -- 8.5.1 Surface Exposure Dating -- 8.6 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 9 Proposed Drilling into Postglacial Faults: The Pärvie Fault System -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Background -- 9.2.1 Geological Setting -- 9.2.2 Geophysical Observations -- 9.2.3 Age and Scale of Postglacial Faulting -- 9.2.4 Deep Biosphere -- 9.3 Motivation for Drilling -- 9.4 Strategies to Address the Objectives -- 9.4.1 Drilling and Coring Operations -- 9.4.2 Logging and Borehole Testing -- 9.4.3 Borehole Observatories -- 9.4.4 Target Drilling Depths and Fault Zone Identification -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part III Glacially Triggered Faulting in the Fennoscandian Shield.
,
10 Seismicity and Sources of Stress in Fennoscandia -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction and Geological Setting -- 10.2 Present-Day Seismicity -- 10.3 The Regional Stress Direction in Fennoscandia -- 10.4 Discussion on Earthquake Causes -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- 11 Postglacial Faulting in Norway: Large Magnitude Earthquakes of the Late Holocene Age -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Geological and Geophysical Setting -- 11.3 Methods -- 11.3.1 Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) -- 11.3.2 Reflection Seismic Data Acquisition and Processing -- 11.3.3 Recording and Processing of Seismicity -- 11.4 Results -- 11.4.1 Trenching and Radiocarbon Dating -- 11.4.2 Geophysical Studies -- 11.5 Discussion -- 11.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Glacially Induced Faults in Sweden: The Rise and Reassessment of the Single-Rupture Hypothesis -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Background -- 12.3 Multiple Ruptures of the Same Fault Segments -- 12.3.1 Merasjärvi Fault -- 12.3.2 Lainio Fault -- 12.3.3 Pärvie Fault -- 12.4 Different Ages of Ruptures on Different Segments within the Same Fault System -- 12.4.1 Pärvie Fault -- 12.4.2 Lansjärv Fault -- 12.5 Discussion -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Glacially Induced Faults in Finland -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Pasmajärvi GIF Complex -- 13.3 Venejärvi-Jauhojärvi GIF Complex -- 13.4 Isovaara-Riikonkumpu GIF Complex -- 13.5 Suasselkä GIF Complex -- 13.6 Vaalajärvi-Ristonmännikkö GIF Complex -- 13.7 Discussion -- 13.8 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Lateglacial and Postglacial Faulting in the Russian Part of the Fennoscandian Shield -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Murmansk Seismic Lineament -- 14.3 The Kandalaksha Seismic Lineament -- 14.4 Secondary Lineaments, Late- and Postglacial Faults and Seismic Dislocations -- 14.5 Conclusions -- References.
,
Part IV Glacially Triggered Faulting at the Edge and in the Periphery of the Fennoscandian Shield -- 15 Lateglacial and Postglacial Faulting in Denmark -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Stress Pattern -- 15.3 Structure and Historic Earthquakes -- 15.4 Observations of Late- and Postglacial Faulting in the Danish Area -- 15.5 Discussion -- 15.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Glacially Induced Faults in Germany -- Abstract -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Geological Setting -- 16.2.1 Main Geological Structures -- 16.2.2 The Central European Basin System -- 16.2.3 Pleistocene Glaciations -- 16.2.4 The Stress Field -- 16.3 Neotectonic Activity and Seismicity in Northern Germany -- 16.3.1 Palaeoseismological Studies and GIA-Induced Movements -- 16.3.2 Recent Seismicity -- 16.4 Potential GIFs in Northern Germany -- 16.5 Discussion -- 16.5.1 Tectonic Structures and the Distribution of Fault Activity -- 16.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Glacially Induced Faulting in Poland -- Abstract -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Geological Setting of Poland -- 17.3 Traces of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Poland -- 17.4 Discussion and Final Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Eastern Baltic Region: Implication in Seismicity and Glacially Triggered Faulting -- Abstract -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Geological Structure and Tectonics -- 18.3 Seismic Activity -- 18.4 Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures and Their Potential Relation to Glacially Triggered Faulting -- 18.5 Discussion and Final Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part V Glacially Triggered Faulting Outside Europe -- 19 The Search for Glacially Induced Faults in Eastern Canada -- Abstract -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Expected Numbers of Glacially Induced Faults -- 19.3 Probable Glacially Induced Faults.
,
19.3.1 Holy Grail Scarp, Manitoba.
Permalink
