Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Reference -- Preface -- Contents -- Diversity and Ecology of Marine Microorganisms -- 1 What is so Special About Marine Microorganisms? Introduction to the Marine Microbiome-From Diversity to Biotechnological Potential -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Marine Ecosystem -- 1.2.1 Gyres, Tides and the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt -- 1.2.2 Oceanic Climate and Zones -- 1.3 Diversity in Life Style-Elements and Cycles -- 1.3.1 Ocean's Stoichiometry -- 1.3.2 Carbon -- 1.4 Taxonomic Diversity -- 1.4.1 The Microbial Ocean -- 1.5 Biotechnological Potential of Marine Microbes -- 1.5.1 Marine Microbes-Treasures of the Ocean -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Marine Bacteria and Archaea: Diversity, Adaptations, and Culturability -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biomass, Diversity and Phylogenetic Composition of Marine Bacterial Communities -- 2.3 Patterns and Potential Drivers of Marine Bacterial Diversity -- 2.4 Life Strategies and Adaptation Mechanisms of Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- 2.4.1 Environmental Conditions and Canonical Life Strategies of Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- 2.4.2 Adaptations to Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneity -- 2.4.3 Adaptations to Permanently Low Substrate and Nutrient Concentrations -- 2.4.4 Other Types of Adaptations -- 2.5 Microdiversity, Population Genetics and Ecotypes of Marine Bacteria -- 2.6 The Cultivation-Based Approach Towards Marine Microbial Diversity -- 2.6.1 The Current Public Archive of Cultivated Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- 2.6.2 Current Improvements in Cultivation Technology -- 2.6.3 Ex Situ Preservation of Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Phototrophic Microorganisms: The Basis of the Marine Food Web -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Phytoplankton Biodiversity and the Next Generation Sequencing Revolution. , 3.3 Eukaryotic Phytoplankton -- 3.4 Cyanobacteria -- 3.4.1 Cyanobacterial Origin and Evolution -- 3.4.2 Marine Picocyanobacteria -- 3.4.3 Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria -- 3.4.3.1 Filamentous Marine Diazotrophs -- Trichodesmium, a Diazotroph of Tropical and Subtropical Marine Waters -- Nodularia, a Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Specifically Adapted to Salinity Gradients -- Richelia and Calothrix -- 3.4.3.2 Unicellular Marine Diazotrophs -- 3.4.4 Abundance and Contribution of the Different Diazotroph Taxa to the Biogeochemical Cycle -- 3.5 Photoheterotrophy and Phototroph-Heterotroph Interactions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Marine Fungi -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Toward a New Consensual Definition of Marine Fungi? Let's Think Outside the Box! -- 4.3 From Broad-Scale to Habitat Specific Distribution Patterns of Marine Fungal Communities -- 4.3.1 From Culture-Based to Next-Generation Sequencing Methods to Barcode Marine Fungal Life -- 4.3.2 Habitat Specific Community Structure or Over-Dispersion? -- 4.4 Adaptation of Marine Fungi -- 4.5 Inferring Ecological Roles and Dynamics of Marine Fungal Communities Using Omics -- 4.5.1 Secondary Metabolites, a Definition -- 4.5.2 New Methods to Access the Marine Fungal Metabolome -- 4.5.2.1 Methods, not Based on Culture, to Access the Marine Fungal Metabolome -- 4.5.2.2 Culture-Based Methods to Access the Marine Fungal Metabolome -- 4.5.2.3 Data Mining and Metabolomics -- 4.5.2.4 Valorization of Marine Fungal Natural Products -- 4.5.3 Hints for Ecological Roles Inferred from Secondary Metabolites -- 4.5.4 From Genomes to Bioactive Molecules -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Marine Viruses -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Viral Infection Strategies -- 5.3 Virus Characteristics -- 5.4 Virus and Host Diversity -- 5.5 Ecological Importance. , 5.6 Isolation, Culture, and Characterization of Marine Viruses -- 5.6.1 Detection of Lytic Viral Lysis and Virus Purification -- 5.6.2 Isolation of Temperate Viruses -- 5.6.3 Isolation of Chronic Viruses -- 5.6.4 Maintenance and Storage -- 5.7 Marine Virus-Host Model Systems in Culture -- 5.8 Marine Viruses and Biotechnological Applications -- 5.9 Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Marine Habitats, Their Inhabitants, Ecology and Biogeochemical Cycles -- 6 Biogeography of Marine Microorganisms -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Concept of "Microbial Biogeography" -- 6.3 Environmental Factors Shaping Microbial Biogeography -- 6.4 Dominant Groups of Microorganisms in the Ocean -- 6.4.1 SAR11 -- 6.4.2 SAR86 -- 6.4.3 Roseobacter -- 6.5 Alternative Vectors of Marine Microbial Dispersal-The Hitchhikers -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 The Euphotic Realm -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Light -- 7.3 Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers -- 7.4 UV Light -- 7.5 Biogeochemical Cycling -- 7.5.1 Carbon -- 7.5.2 Nitrogen -- 7.5.3 Phosphorus -- 7.6 The Microbial Loop -- 7.7 The Carbon Pump -- 7.8 The Microorganisms in the Euphotic Realm -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Exploring the Microbiology of the Deep Sea -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 What are the Technical Limits of Isolation and Culturing Piezophiles? -- 8.3 Piezophilic Microorganisms from the Cold Ocean -- 8.3.1 Bacteria -- 8.3.1.1 Actinobacteria -- 8.3.1.2 Firmicutes -- 8.3.1.3 Proteobacteria -- 8.3.1.4 Colwellia Genus -- 8.3.1.5 Psychromonas Genus -- 8.3.1.6 Moritella Genus -- 8.3.1.7 Shewanella Genus -- 8.3.1.8 Photobacterium Genus -- 8.3.1.9 Profundimonas Genus -- 8.3.1.10 Piezophilic Bacteria and Archaea from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents -- 8.3.1.11 Proteobacteria -- 8.3.1.12 Firmicutes -- 8.3.1.13 Thermotogales -- 8.3.2 Archaea. , 8.4 Adaptations to HHP -- 8.5 Conclusions and Trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Extreme Marine Environments (Brines, Seeps, and Smokers) -- Abstract -- 9.1 Extreme Marine Environments: Hot Spots of Microbial Diversity Possessing Biotechnological Potential -- 9.2 Environmental Challenges and Microbial Diversity in Extreme Marine Habitats -- 9.2.1 Vent Environments -- 9.2.1.1 Hot Environments: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents -- 9.2.1.2 Cold Environments: Seeps and Mud Volcanoes -- 9.2.2 Hypersaline Environments -- 9.2.2.1 Deep Anoxic Hypersaline Lakes -- 9.2.2.2 Mud Volcanoes Brine Lakes -- 9.2.2.3 Sea Ice Brines -- 9.2.3 Low Water Extreme Marine Environments: Life in Oil -- 9.3 Biotechnological Exploitation of Marine Extremophile Microorganisms: Products and Perspectives -- 9.3.1 Extremolytes -- 9.3.2 Extremozymes -- 9.3.3 Extremophiles Potential in Bioenergy Processes -- 9.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Coastal Sediments: Transition from Land to Sea -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Intertidal Mudflats -- 10.3 Microbial Mats and Stromatolites -- 10.4 Mangroves -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Photosymbiosis in Marine Pelagic Environments -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Symbioses Between Phytoplankton and Cyanobacteria -- 11.2.1 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation -- 11.2.2 Symbioses Between Cyanobacteria and Diatoms -- 11.2.3 Symbioses Between Cyanobacteria and Haptophytes -- 11.2.4 Symbioses Between Cyanobacteria and Dinoflagellates -- 11.2.5 Ecological Relevance of Symbioses Involving Diazotrophs -- 11.3 Symbioses Between Phytoplankton and Heterotrophic Bacteria -- 11.3.1 Diversity and Dynamics of Microalgal-Bacterial Interactions -- 11.3.2 Parasitic Interactions -- 11.3.3 Mutualistic Interactions -- 11.4 Mutualistic Photosymbioses Between Eukaryotes -- 11.4.1 Radiolarian Hosts. , 11.4.2 Foraminiferal Hosts -- 11.4.3 Ciliate Hosts -- 11.4.4 Dinoflagellate Hosts -- 11.4.5 Metazoan Hosts -- 11.5 Parasitic Photosymbioses Between Eukaryotes -- 11.5.1 Heterotrophic Parasites Infecting Microalgae -- 11.5.2 Microalgal Parasites Infecting Larger Organisms -- 11.5.3 Detection of Parasites in Environmental Genetic Surveys -- 11.6 Methods for Studying Pelagic Symbioses -- 11.6.1 Microscopy and Related Approaches -- 11.6.2 Ex Situ Laboratory Culture -- 11.6.3 Molecular Approaches -- 11.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Marine Resources-The Hidden Treasure -- 12 Marine Microbial Systems Ecology: Microbial Networks in the Sea -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing -- 12.3 Metagenomics -- 12.4 Metatranscriptomics -- 12.5 Metaproteomics -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Screening Microorganisms for Bioactive Compounds -- Abstract -- 13.1 The Need for Novel Bioactive Compounds -- 13.1.1 Bioactive Compounds from the Marine Environment -- 13.2 Bioprospecting for Bioactive Compounds -- 13.3 Isolation of Microorganisms -- 13.4 Culture and Extract Preparation -- 13.5 Construction of Metagenomic Libraries -- 13.6 Screening for Bioactivity -- 13.6.1 Sequence-Based Screening -- 13.6.1.1 Genome Mining -- 13.6.2 Function-Based Screening -- 13.6.2.1 Screens for antibacterial activity -- 13.6.2.2 Antiviral Drug Screening with CPE Inhibition Test -- 13.6.2.3 Screening for Antitumor Activity -- 13.6.2.4 Screens for Novel Drug Candidates for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease -- 13.7 Chemical Dereplication, Compound Purification, and Structure Elucidation -- 13.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Metagenomics as a Tool for Biodiscovery and Enhanced Production of Marine Bioactives -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction. , 14.2 Mining the not yet Cultured Microorganisms: Metagenomics.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- About the editors -- Acknowledgements -- About the book -- Introduction -- About the companion website -- Part I Biology and Classification of Cyanobacteria -- Chapter 1 Cyanobacteria: biology, ecology and evolution -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Cyanobacteria are ancient microorganisms -- 1.3 Cyanobacteria are morphologically diverse -- 1.4 Cyanobacteria as model organisms for microbial biogeography studies -- 1.5 Cyanobacteria are major contributors to the primary production in the oceans -- 1.6 Cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation-different strategies -- 1.7 Cyanobacteria use different strategies to move to areas where conditions are most favorable -- 1.8 Some cyanobacteria change color as a function of light quality -- 1.9 A facultative anaerobic lifestyle is common in many cyanobacteria -- 1.10 Cyanobacteria have adapted to life in extreme environments -- 1.11 Cyanobacteria can survive adverse conditions for prolonged periods -- 1.12 Many cyanobacteria readily adapt to cultivation in the laboratory -- 1.13 Final comments -- References -- Chapter 2 Modern classification of cyanobacteria -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Diversification and diversity -- 2.3 The polyphasic approach -- 2.4 Selected changes in the modern system -- 2.5 Main prospects, importance for biotechnology -- References -- Part II Ecological services rendered by cyanobacteria -- Chapter 3 Ecological importance of cyanobacteria -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Variation in cyanobacterial light-harvest pigments -- 3.3 Metabolic diversity in cyanobacteria -- 3.4 Intra- and extracellular products facilitating cyanobacterial survival -- 3.5 Ecophysiology of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria -- 3.6 Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 4 Cyanobacteria and carbon sequestration -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Carbon dioxide emission sources -- 4.3 Importance of cyanobacteria in carbon sequestration -- 4.4 Photosynthetic metabolism -- 4.5 Photobioreactors -- 4.6 Biotransformations of carbon dioxide in photobioreactors -- 4.7 Applicability of the process: the economics of cyanobacterial carbon sequestration -- References -- Chapter 5 Ecology of cyanobacteria on stone monuments, biodeterioration, and the conservation of cultural heritage -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ecology of cyanobacteria growing on stone monuments -- 5.3 Factors affecting the occurrence of cyanobacterial biofilms on stone monuments and their biodeterioration activity -- 5.4 Geographical distribution of cyanobacteria on rock and stone monuments -- 5.5 Taxonomy and biodiversity of cyanobacteria on stone monuments -- 5.6 Stress-tolerance mechanisms in terrestrial cyanobacteria -- 5.7 Control methods of cyanobacteria on stone monuments -- 5.8 Concluding remarks and future perspectives -- References -- Part III Cyanobacterial products -- Chapter 6 Therapeutic applications of cyanobacteria with emphasis on their economics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria -- 6.3 Therapeutic role of whole-cell cyanobacteria (unspecified products) -- 6.4 Economics of cyanobacterial therapeutic products -- 6.5 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Spirulina: an example of cyanobacteria as nutraceuticals -- 7.1 What is a nutraceutical? -- 7.2 Cyanobacteria as food -- 7.3 What is Spirulina? -- 7.4 Ecology of Spirulina -- 7.5 Nutritional values of Spirulina -- 7.6 Medicinal properties of Spirulina -- 7.7 Hypolipidemic effects -- 7.8 Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects -- 7.9 Mechanism of medicinal function -- 7.10 Regulations and safety profile -- 7.11 Molecular studies of Spirulina -- 7.12 Structural features of the A. platensis genome. , 7.13 Restriction modification system -- 7.14 CRISPR system -- 7.15 Mobile DNA elements -- 7.16 Transcription factors -- 7.17 Membrane transporters -- 7.18 Photosynthesis-related genes -- 7.19 Genes for biosynthesis of carotenoid and lipid -- 7.20 Reactive oxygen species protection -- 7.21 Signal transduction proteins -- 7.22 Two-component signal transduction systems -- 7.23 Future aspects -- References -- Chapter 8 Ultraviolet photoprotective compounds from cyanobacteria in biomedical applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ultraviolet effects and photoprotection in cyanobacteria -- 8.3 Commercial sunscreens -- 8.4 Cyanobacterial secondary metabolites as alternative photoprotectants -- 8.5 Non-photoprotective medicinal applications of scytonemin -- 8.6 Applications of cyanobacterial sunscreens beyond biomedicine -- 8.7 Translational development: regulatory and commercial aspects -- References -- Chapter 9 Cyanobacteria as a "green" option for sustainable agriculture -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Diversity of soil cyanobacteria -- 9.3 Role of free-living cyanobacteria in crop growth promotion and productivity -- 9.4 Technology development and innovations -- 9.5 Cyanobacterial formulations-traditional to modern approaches -- 9.6 Cyanobacteria in the rhizosphere -- 9.7 Azolla-cyanobacteria symbiosis as a biofertilizer -- 9.8 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10 The economics of cyanobacteria-based biofuel production: challenges and opportunities -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Cyanobacteria as a biofuel source -- 10.3 Factors affecting the economics of liquid cyanobacterial biofuel production -- 10.4 Cyanobacteria as hydrogen energy source -- 10.5 Concluding remarks -- 10.6 Declaration -- References -- Chapter 11 Cyanobacterial cellulose synthesis in the light of the photanol concept -- 11.1 Introduction. , 11.2 Maximizing photosynthetic efficiency -- 11.3 Downstream processing of solar biofuel products -- 11.4 Cellulose synthesis -- 11.5 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12 Exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria and their possible industrial applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Potential applications of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides -- References -- Chapter 13 Phycocyanins -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Phycocyanins -- 13.3 Spectroscopic properties -- 13.4 Isolation and purification procedures for phycocyanins -- 13.5 Applications -- References -- Chapter 14 Cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates: an alternative source for plastics -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates and their types -- 14.3 Applications of PHA polymers -- 14.4 Production of PHA polymers -- 14.5 Cyanobacterial PHA production utilizing wastes -- 14.6 Surface study of PHA films -- 14.7 Concluding remarks -- References -- Part IV Harmful aspects -- Chapter 15 Costs of harmful blooms of freshwater cyanobacteria -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Categories of economic costs -- 15.3 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 16 Cyanotoxins -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Toxic cyanobacterial blooms -- 16.3 Cyanotoxins -- 16.4 Economic perspective -- 16.5 Concluding remarks -- References -- Part V Tools, techniques, and patents -- Chapter 17 Photobioreactors for cyanobacterial culturing -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Type of metabolism in cyanobacteria -- 17.3 Reactor design for biomass production -- 17.4 Operation mode -- 17.5 Processing parameters -- 17.6 Harvesting techniques -- 17.7 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18 Commercial-scale culturing of cyanobacteria: an industrial experience -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Open-pond systems -- 18.3 Closed photobioreactors. , 18.4 Comparison of open raceways and closed photobioreactors -- 18.5 Spirulina -- 18.6 Nostoc -- References -- Chapter 19 Engineering cyanobacteria for industrial products -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Genetic manipulation of cyanobacteria -- 19.3 Engineering cyanobacteria to express genes of interest -- 19.4 Cyanobacteria as cell factories for product syntheses -- 19.5 Concluding remarks and outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 20 Cryopreservation of cyanobacteria -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Cryopreservation: theory and practical application -- 20.3 Cryopreservation methodology -- 20.4 Cryopreserving biological resources -- 20.5 Management of cryopreserved resources: biological resource centres -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 21 Patents on cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial products and uses -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Cyanobacteria and the environment -- 21.3 Cyanobacteria products and applications -- 21.4 Cyanobacteria and biofuels -- 21.5 Culture systems, processes, harvesting and processing -- 21.6 Cyanobacterial genes in action -- 21.7 Concluding remarks -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- 1: A Sea of Microbes: What´s So Special about Marine Microbiology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Planet Ocean -- 1.2.1 Salinity -- 1.2.2 Origin of Salinity and Early Ocean -- 1.2.3 Microorganisms in the Ocean -- 1.2.4 The Oceanic Habitat -- 1.3 What Is a Marine Microorganism? -- 1.3.1 What Is a Microorganism? -- 1.3.2 Do Marine Microorganisms Exist? -- 1.3.3 How Many Species of Marine Microorganisms Exist? -- 1.4 (Some) Milestones of Marine Microbiology -- 1.5 Selected Aspects of the Marine Microbial System -- 1.5.1 The Redfield Ratio -- 1.5.2 Nitrogen Fixation -- 1.5.3 Adaptation to Salt -- 1.5.4 Sulfate -- 1.5.5 Freshwater- and Marine Microbiomes: What Are the Boundaries? -- 1.6 On a Personal Note: How Did I Become a Marine Microbiologist -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part I: Diversity and Evolution of Marine Microorganisms -- 2: Survival in a Sea of Gradients: Bacterial and Archaeal Foraging in a Heterogeneous Ocean -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Physics of Marine Microenvironments -- 2.2.1 Diffusion and Flow Shape Microscale Nutrient Seascapes -- Box 2.1 The Batchelor Scale -- Box 2.2 The Péclet Number -- 2.2.2 A Bacterial View of the Microscale Ocean -- 2.3 Sources and Nature of Microscale Gradients in the Ocean -- 2.3.1 The Phycosphere -- 2.3.2 Zooplankton Excretion and Sloppy Feeding -- 2.3.3 Cell Lysis Events -- 2.3.4 Particles -- 2.3.5 Transparent Exopolymer Particles -- 2.3.6 Larger Organisms -- 2.3.7 Molecular Diversity of Chemoattractants -- 2.4 Motility and Chemotaxis as Microbial Adaptations to Microscale Heterogeneity in the Ocean -- 2.4.1 The Molecular Machinery of Chemotaxis -- 2.4.2 The Roles of Chemotaxis -- 2.4.3 Mechanics of Motility -- 2.4.4 Abundance of Motile Prokaryotes -- 2.4.5 Swimming Speed -- 2.4.6 Why Do Marine Bacteria Swim Fast?. , 2.4.7 Energetic Costs and Benefits of Motility -- 2.4.8 Swimming Patterns -- 2.5 Recent Insight from Omics Data -- 2.5.1 Genomes of Marine Bacteria -- 2.5.2 Metagenomics -- 2.5.3 Metatranscriptomics -- 2.6 Influence of Microscale Gradients on Large-Scale Processes -- 2.6.1 Impacts on Oceanic Primary Production -- 2.6.2 Impacts on Symbiont Recruitment -- 2.6.3 Impacts on Rates of Chemical Transformations -- 2.6.4 Impacts on Exchanges Between Ocean and Atmosphere -- 2.6.5 Impacts on Exchanges Between Ocean and Sediments -- 2.7 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- 3: Marine Cyanobacteria -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Marine Cyanobacteria and the Next Generation Sequencing Revolution -- 3.3 Cyanobacterial Origin and Evolution -- 3.3.1 The Advent of Cyanobacteria and Oxygenic Photosynthesis -- 3.3.2 Evolutionary History of Marine Cyanobacteria -- 3.3.3 Adaptation to Salinity -- 3.3.4 Adaptation to Nitrogen Depletion -- 3.3.5 Adaptation to Spectral Niches -- 3.4 Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus -- 3.4.1 Interest as Model Organisms in Marine Biology and Ecology -- 3.4.2 Global Abundance and Distribution -- 3.4.3 Phylogeny -- 3.4.4 The Wide Genomic Diversity of Marine Picocyanobacteria and Its Taxonomic Implications -- 3.4.5 Role of Environmental Factors in Genetic and Functional Diversification -- 3.4.5.1 Prochlorococcus -- 3.4.5.2 Synechococcus -- 3.4.6 Prochlorococcus Genome Streamlining -- 3.4.7 Core, Accessory, and Pangenomes -- 3.4.8 Potential Biotechnological Value -- 3.5 Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria -- 3.5.1 Ecological Role and Importance of Diazotrophy in Marine Ecosystems -- 3.5.2 Filamentous Marine Diazotrophs -- 3.5.2.1 Trichodesmium -- 3.5.2.2 Nodularia, a Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Specifically Adapted to Salinity Gradients -- 3.5.2.3 Richelia and Calothrix -- 3.5.3 Unicellular Marine Diazotrophs -- 3.6 Concluding Remarks. , References -- 4: Marine Protists: A Hitchhiker´s Guide to their Role in the Marine Microbiome -- 4.1 Introduction: The Poetry and Beauty of Protists Through Time -- Box 4.1 -- Box 4.2 -- 4.2 Evolutionary Relationships among Protists -- 4.2.1 A Historical Perspective on Protistan Diversity -- Box 4.3 -- 4.2.2 Developments in the Understanding of Evolution of Protists -- 4.2.3 Major Groups of Eukaryotes as of ``Currently´´ -- 4.2.4 The Contribution of Plastid Acquisition and Evolution to the Generation of Eukaryotic Diversity -- 4.3 Traits Distinguishing Protists from Other Marine Microbiome Members: Size and Cell Structure -- 4.3.1 Cell Size of Marine Protists -- Box 4.4 -- 4.3.2 Cellular Structure and Mosaic Genomes -- Box 4.5 -- 4.4 Metabolic Exchanges Between Microbiome Members -- 4.4.1 Symbioses: Manifestation Is a Status Not an Identity -- 4.4.2 Phycosphere and Metabolic Exchanges -- 4.4.3 The Holobiont Concept -- 4.5 Shifting from a Functional Dichotomy to Recognizing the True Complexity of Marine Protists -- Box 4.6 -- 4.5.1 Pursuing Lines of Protistan Heterotrophy in the Sea -- 4.5.2 Non-constitutive Mixotrophy (Via Photosynthetic Endosymbionts and Kleptoplasty) -- Box 4.7 -- 4.5.3 Constitutive Mixotrophy -- 4.5.4 Diversity and Importance of Photosynthetic Protists -- 4.6 Distribution and Vertical Dimension of Protistan Diversity and Ecology: From the Sea Surface to Sediments -- 4.6.1 Protists in the Photic Zone -- 4.6.2 Protists in the Dark Ocean: Oxygen Minimum Zones and Sediments -- 4.6.3 Diversity of Marine Protists in the Vertical Dimension -- 4.7 Forces of Mortality -- 4.7.1 Timeline of Virus Discovery -- 4.7.2 Current Perspectives on Viruses of Marine Protists -- 4.7.3 Diversity of Viruses Infecting Marine Protists -- 4.7.4 Death of a Protist Via Predation -- 4.8 Looking Forward -- 4.8.1 Classics: The Delineation of Protistan Species. , 4.8.2 Classics: Everything Is Everywhere, but, the Environment Selects Versus Endemism -- 4.8.3 Classics: Diversity and Stability of Plankton Communities -- 4.8.4 The Uncultured Majority: Quantifying Activities and Trophic Transfer -- 4.8.5 Bringing Cell Biology to Bear on the Protistan Role in the Marine Microbiome -- 4.8.6 Connecting Microbiome Members and Interactions to Ocean Physics and Chemistry -- 4.8.7 Climate Change and Conservation -- Box 4.8 -- References -- 5: Marine Fungi -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 From Culture-Based to Next-Generation Sequencing Methods to Access Marine Fungal Life -- 5.3 Habitat Specific Community Composition or over-Dispersion? -- 5.3.1 Plant-Based Habitats -- 5.3.2 Coastal Waters -- 5.3.3 Algae -- 5.3.4 Deep-Sea and Deep Subsurface -- 5.3.4.1 Deep-Sea Habitats -- 5.3.4.2 Deep Subsurface Sediments and Oceanic Crust -- 5.3.5 Polar Waters -- 5.4 Adaptation of Marine Fungi -- 5.5 Accessing the Bioremediation Potential of Marine Fungi -- 5.5.1 Degradation of Hydrocarbons -- 5.5.2 Degradation of Plastics -- 5.6 Hints to Ecological Roles Inferred from Secondary Metabolites -- 5.6.1 Secondary Metabolites (or Specialized Metabolites): A Definition -- 5.6.2 Marine Fungal Chemodiversity -- 5.6.3 Marine Fungal SMs and Specificity to the Marine Environment -- 5.6.4 New Methods to Access the Marine Fungal Metabolome -- 5.6.5 Marine Fungal Chemical Ecology: Ecological Role of Marine Fungal Metabolites -- 5.7 From (Meta)Genomes to Bioactive Molecules -- References -- 6: Marine Viruses: Agents of Chaos, Promoters of Order -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Consolidating the Role of Marine Viruses -- 6.2.1 Revisiting the Evidence -- 6.2.2 The Nutrient Connexion -- 6.3 Marine Viruses Reviewed -- 6.3.1 The Ecology of Marine Viruses -- 6.3.2 Methodological Approaches -- 6.3.3 Numerical Modelling -- 6.4 The Omnipresence of Virus in the Sea. , 6.4.1 Different Environments, Same Incidence -- 6.4.2 From Surface to Bottom, and deeper -- 6.5 Recent Developments in Viral Research -- 6.5.1 The Endless Harvest in the Field of Metagenomics -- 6.5.2 Novel Applications, Innovative Methodologies, New Protocols -- 6.5.3 Tackling Omics-Data -- 6.6 Emergent Themes -- 6.6.1 Resistance to Infection -- 6.6.2 Ocean Acidification -- 6.6.3 Response to Climate Change -- 6.6.4 Viral Action during Harmful Algal Blooms -- 6.7 Viruses and Marine Models -- 6.7.1 Different Modelling Approaches -- 6.7.2 Challenges Ahead -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7: Evolutionary Genomics of Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Origins of Genomic Diversity in Marine Microbial Populations -- Box 7.1 Effective population size and its role on microbial evolution -- 7.3 Streamlining: Genome Simplification in the Open Ocean -- 7.4 Ecological Factors Influencing Genome Composition -- 7.5 Genome Evolution in the Dark Ocean -- 7.6 Virus-Host Interactions Influencing Genome Evolution in Bacteria and Archaea -- 7.7 Outlook -- References -- Part II: Marine Habitats -- 8: Towards a Global Perspective of the Marine Microbiome -- 8.1 Marine Microbial Ecology: Opening the Black Box -- 8.1.1 Major Breakthroughs before the -Omics Revolution -- 8.1.2 It Is Not Always Black and White: The Discovery of Photoheterotrophs -- 8.1.3 Are all Microorganisms Equally Active in the Ocean? -- 8.2 The Marine Microbiome over Space and Time -- 8.2.1 The Beginning of the Global Exploration of the Marine Microbiome -- 8.2.2 Seasonality and Temporal Dynamics of Marine Microbial Communities -- 8.3 Approaches to Link Taxonomy and Function of Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- 8.3.1 The Genome-Centric Approaches: Single Amplified Genomes (SAGs) and Metagenome Assembled Genomes (MAGs) -- 8.3.1.1 Single-Amplified Genomes (SAGs). , 8.3.1.2 Metagenome Assembled Genomes (MAGs).

Note: Microbial Mats -- Editor's page -- Copyright -- Preface -- Table of contents -- Participants -- Opening lecture -- Microbial mat research: The recent past and new perspectives -- I. Colonization and initial processes in mat formation -- Microbial mats in coastal environments -- Species diversity in hot spring microbial mats as revealed by both molecular and enrichment culture approaches - relationship between biodiversity and community structure -- Microbial mats in a thermomineral sulfurous cave -- Establishment of phototrophic purple sulphur bacteria in microbial mat systems -- Biological versus inorganic processes in stromatolite morphogenesis: Observations from mineralizing sedimentary systems -- Morphological and chemical transformations of Microcoleus chthonoplastes during early diagenesis in hypersaline microbial mats -- On the significance of solar ultraviolet radiation for the ecology of microbial mats -- Environmental factors controlling the development of microbial mats in inland saline lakes -- the granulometric composition of the sediment -- Structure of the sediment at depositional saline environments -- Microbiological mediation of sediment structure and behaviour -- Field and cultivated Microcoleus chthonoplastes: The search for clues to its prevalence in marine microbial mats -- The sensitivity for salinity increase in the drought resistant cyanobacterium Crinalium epipsammum SAB 22.89 -- Osmotic adaptation of microbial communities in hypersaline microbial mats -- Panel discussion: Colonisation and early development of microbial mat communities -- II. New methods in microbial mat research -- Analysis of microbial mats by use of electrochemical microsensors: Recent advances -- Optical properties of microbial mats: Light measurements with fiber-optic microprobes -- Gas diffusion probe for measurement of CH4 gradients. , Light and electron microscopy in microbial mat research: An overview -- Motility of Microcoleus chthonoplastes subjected to different light intensities quantified by digital image analysis -- Application of molecular genetics to the study of microbial communities -- Determination of the genetic diversity of microbial communities using DGGE analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA -- Exopolymers in microbial mats: Assessing their adaptive roles -- The challenge to analyse extracellular polymers in biofilms -- New cultivation techniques and laboratory model systems for investigating the growth of stratified microbial communities -- Panel discussion: New methods in microbial mat research -- III. Microscale interactions in microbial mats -- Diffusion processes and boundary layers in microbial mats -- Cycling of carbon, sulfur, oxygen and nutrients in a microbial mat -- Nitrogen cycling in microbial mat communities: The quantitative importance of N-fixation and other sources of N for primary productivity -- Anaerobic dark energy generation in the mat-building cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes -- Production and consumption of volatile organosulfur compounds in microbial mats -- Panel discussion: Microscale interactions in microbial mats -- IV. Diel and spatial variations of physico-chemical parameters and processes in microbial mats -- The carbon isotope biogeochemistry of microbial mats -- The fluxes of inorganic carbon and CO2-dependent genes involved in the cyanobacterial inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism: A view on some of the open questions -- Oxygenic photosynthesis and light distribution in marine microbial mats -- The effects of irradiance, temperature and desiccation on cyanobacterial photosynthesis: A possible explanation for the diurnal changes in surface waterblooms. , Denitrification, nitrification and nitrogen assimilation in photosynthetic microbial mats -- Nitrogen fixation dynamics in microbial mats -- Relationships between functional groups of organisms in microbial mats -- Diel and spatial fluctuations of sulfur transformations -- Panel discussion: Diel and spatial variation of physico-chemical parameters and processes in microbial mats -- V. New physiological groups of organisms in microbial mats -- Novel metabolic capacities of sulfate-reducing bacteria, and their activities in microbial mats -- Diversity of and interactions among sulphur bacteria in microbial mats -- Phototrophic oxidation of ferrous minerals - a new aspect in the redox microbiology of iron -- Heterocystous versus non-heterocystous cyanobacteria in microbial mats -- Development of versicolored microbial mats: Succession of microbial communities -- Light-driven sulfate reduction and methane emission in hypersaline cyanobacterial mats -- Panel discussion: New physiological groups of bacteria -- VI. Bioremediability and Biogeochemical cycles (Panel discussion) -- Bioremediability and biological value of microbial mats -- New concepts in biogeochemical cycling and ecology -- General considerations -- Cyanobacterial mats in general biology -- Subject index.

Note: Literaturangaben

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