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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Four time-dependent greenhouse warming experiments were performed with the same global coupled atmosphere-ocean model, but with each simulation using initial conditions from different ”snapshots" of the control run climate. The radiative forcing – the increase in equivalent CO2 concentrations from 1985–2035 specified in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario A – was identical in all four 50-year integrations. This approach to climate change experiments is called the Monte Carlo technique and is analogous to a similar experimental set-up used in the field of extended range weather forecasting. Despite the limitation of a very small sample size, this approach enables the estimation of both a mean response and the ”between-experiment" variability, information which is not available from a single integration. The use of multiple realizations provides insights into the stability of the response, both spatially, seasonally and in terms of different climate variables. The results indicate that the time evolution of the global mean warming signal is strongly dependent on the initial state of the climate system. While the individual members of the ensemble show considerable variation in the pattern and amplitude of near-surface temperature change after 50 years, the ensemble mean climate change pattern closely resembles that obtained in a 100-year integration performed with the same model. In global mean terms, the climate change signals for near surface temperature, the hydrological cycle and sea level significantly exceed the variability among the members of the ensemble. Due to the high internal variability of the modelled climate system, the estimated detection time of the global mean temperature change signal is uncertain by at least one decade. While the ensemble mean surface temperature and sea level fields show regionally significant responses to greenhouse-gas forcing, it is not possible to identify a significant response in the precipitation and soil moisture fields, variables which are spatially noisy and characterized by large variability between the individual integrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Four time-dependent greenhouse warming experiments were performed with the same global coupled atmosphere-ocean model, but with each simulation using initial conditions from different “snapshots” of the control run climate. The radiative forcing — the increase in equivalent CO2 concentrations from 1985–2035 specified in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario A — was identical in all four 50-year integrations. This approach to climate change experiments is called the Monte Carlo technique and is analogous to a similar experimental set-up used in the field of extended range weather forecasting. Despite the limitation of a very small sample size, this approach enables the estimation of both a mean response and the “between-experiment” variability, information which is not available from a single integration. The use of multiple realizations provides insights into the stability of the response, both spatially, seasonally and in terms of different climate variables. The results indicate that the time evolution of the global mean warming signal is strongly dependent on the initial state of the climate system. While the individual members of the ensemble show considerable variation in the pattern and amplitude of near-surface temperature change after 50 years, the ensemble mean climate change pattern closely resembles that obtained in a 100-year integration performed with the same model. In global mean terms, the climate change signals for near surface temperature, the hydrological cycle and sea level significantly exceed the variability among the members of the ensemble. Due to the high internal variability of the modelled climate system, the estimated detection time of the global mean temperature change signal is uncertain by at least one decade. While the ensemble mean surface temperature and sea level fields show regionally significant responses to greenhouse-gas forcing, it is not possible to identify a significant response in the precipitation and soil moisture fields, variables which are spatially noisy and characterized by large variability between the individual integrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 357 (1968), S. 264-272 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 12 compounds A2Me3IIMeIVX6, mentioned in „Inhaltsübersicht“, were prepared. We were not successful to prepare alkali thioplatinates(II) of the type A2Pt3S4.The compounds 1-5, 8, 9 all crystallise with hexagonal-rhombohedric structure (space group D3d5-R3¯m with Z = 3), the compounds 6, 7, 10 are hexagonal with Z = 2.The K2Pt4S6 structure is built up by Pt4S6 layers. One quarter of the Pt atoms (Pt(IV)) is surrounded by an oktahedron of 6 S atoms, the others (Pt(II)) are lying with 4 S atoms in a plane (S-S distances 3.50 and 3.13 Å). The Pt-S distance is 2.35 Å.
    Notes: Es wird über Darstellung und Eigenschaften einer Reihe von Verbindungen der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung A2IMe3IIMeIVX6 berichtet: K2Pt4S6 (1), Rb2Pt4S6 (2), Cs2Pt4S6 (3), K2Pt4Se6 (4), Rb2Pt4Se6 (5), K2Pt3SnS6 (6), Rb2Pt3SnS6 (7), K2Pt3IrS6 (8), K2Pd3PtS6 (9), K2Pd3SnS6 (10), K2Pt3TiS6 (11), K2Pd3TiS6 (12).Versuche zur Darstellung von Alkalithio- und -selenoplatinaten(II) vom Typ A2Pt3X4 waren erfolglos.Die Verbindungen 1-5, 8, 9 kristallisieren hexagonal-rhomboedrisch mit 3 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle, Raumgruppe D3d5-R3¯m, 6, 7, 10 kristallisieren hexagonal mit Z = 2.K2Pt4S6 bildet ein Schichtengitter mit Pt4S6-Schichtpaketen. Ein Viertel der Pt-Atome (Pt(IV)) ist von 6 S-Atomen oktaedrisch umgeben, die anderen (Pt(II)) liegen mit 4 S-Atomen in einer Ebene (S-S-Abstände 3,50 Å und 3,13 Å). Der Pt-S-Abstand beträgt 2,35 Å.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-10-12
    Description: The diminutive middle ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) housed in the tympanic cavity of the temporal bone play an important role in audition. The few known ossicles of Neandertals are distinctly different from those of anatomically modern humans (AMHs), despite the close relationship between both human species. Although not mutually...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
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    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research 95, pp., pp. 9539-9555
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    In:  EPIC3Report of the Working Group on Polar Radiation Fluxes and Sea Ice Modelling, WCRP-62, WMO/TD-No. 442, Appendix C, pp., pp. 87-92
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 7
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    In:  EPIC3First report of the Sea Ice Numerical Experimentation Group, WCRP-45, WMO/TD-no 384,appendix 3, pp., pp. 1-15
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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