Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Water and Health -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Study Area -- 1.3 Sample Collection and E. coli Enumeration -- 1.4 Climate Data -- 1.5 Results and Discussion -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Contamination in Drinking Water Supply: A Case Study of Shimla City, Himachal Pradesh, India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.4 Results and Implications -- 2.4.1 Basin Characteristics of Shimla City -- 2.4.2 Application of SewerCAD Software -- 2.4.3 Sewage Treatment Plant and Open Drains -- 2.4.4 Water Treatment Plants and User Point -- 2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 3 Water Quality Status of Upper Ganga Canal -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area -- 3.3 Materials and Methods -- 3.4 Results and Discussion -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Rationalization of Water Quality Parameters for Krishna River Basin Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques and Water Quality Index -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Multivariate Statistical Analysis -- 4.3.2 Water Quality Index -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Analysis and Mapping of Groundwater Quality in Vicinity of Kala Sanghian Drain -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Experimental Work -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Status of Sources of Water Supply -- 5.2.3 Site Details -- 5.2.4 Analytical Methods and Equipment Used -- 5.2.5 Formulation of WQI -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Physico-Chemical Parameters -- 5.3.2 Heavy Metal Analysis -- 5.3.3 Mapping of WQI Using GIS -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Geospatial Analysis Coupled with Logarithmic Method for Water Quality Assessment in Part of Pindrawan Tank Command Area in Raipur District of Chhattisgarh -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Method -- 6.3.1 Sample Collection. , 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Water Quality Parameters -- 6.4.2 Water Quality Index -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Improvement of Ground Water Quality Index Using Citrus Limetta Peel Powder -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Objectives and Scope of the Study -- 7.3.1 Evaluation of Water Quality Index -- 7.3.2 Influence of Coagulant on WQI -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Effect of Coagulant Dosage on WQI -- 7.4.2 Effect of Coagulant Mixing Speed on WQI at Constant Dosage -- 7.4.3 Effect of Stirring Time on WQI at Constant Dosage and Mixing Speed -- 7.4.4 Effect of Citrus Limetta Peel Powder and Alum Combination on WQI -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Paper Mill Effluents: Identification of Emerging Pollutants in Taranga Beel of Assam, India -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Chemicals -- 8.2.2 Study Area -- 8.2.3 Collection and Analysis of Water Samples -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Physicochemical Characterization of Water Samples -- 8.3.2 Metal Analysis -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Transport of Nano-plant Nutrients in Lateritic Soils -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.2.1 Soil Collection -- 9.2.2 Soil Column Design -- 9.2.3 Packing of Soil Columns -- 9.2.4 Synthesis of Nano-fertilizers -- 9.2.5 Nutrient Treatments -- 9.2.6 Experimentation -- 9.2.7 Statistical Analysis -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 NO3-N Concentrations in Leachate -- 9.3.2 NH4-N Concentrations in Leachate -- 9.3.3 Ortho-P Concentrations in Leachate -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Production and Characterization of Bio-surfactants from Various Lactobacillus Species: A Bioremediation Technique -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Chemicals and Reagents -- 10.2.2 Raw Materials -- 10.2.3 Bacterial Cultures -- 10.2.4 Sludge Sample Collection. , 10.2.5 Contamination of Sludge -- 10.2.6 Acid Hydrolysis of Raw Materials -- 10.2.7 Bacterial Growth on Media -- 10.2.8 Fermentation -- 10.2.9 Extraction of Biosurfactants -- 10.2.10 Surface Tension Measurement -- 10.2.11 Biochemical Analysis of Surfactant -- 10.2.12 FTIR Analysis -- 10.2.13 NMR Structural Elucidation -- 10.2.14 Mobilization Process -- 10.2.15 Gas Chromatography Analysis -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 Surface Tension Results -- 10.3.2 Biochemical Analysis Results -- 10.3.3 FTIR Results -- 10.3.4 NMR Results -- 10.3.5 Results of Biosurfactant Enhanced BaP Remediation -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Settling Velocity of Suspended Sediments in Muthupet Estuary, India and Bouregreg Estuary, Morocco -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Theoretical Concept -- 11.3 Application Sites -- 11.3.1 Muthupet Estuary, Tamil Nadu, India -- 11.3.2 Bouregreg Estuary, Morocco -- 11.4 Field Experiments -- 11.5 Results and Discussion -- 11.5.1 Water Level, Current, Salinity, SSC and Settling Velocity -- 11.5.2 Influence of SSC on Settling Velocity -- 11.5.3 Influence of G on Settling Velocity -- 11.5.4 Influence of Salinity Gradient on Settling Velocity -- 11.5.5 Application of Empirical Model Relating ws, SSC, G and s -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Enviro-Economic Analysis and Production Cost of Distilled Water Obtained from Cooling Condensing Active Single Slope Solar Still -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 System Description -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Economic Analysis -- 12.4 Summary and Conclusions -- 12.5 Appendix A -- References -- 13 Hydro-ecological Assessment of Environmental Flows for Satluj River -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Methodology -- 13.3.1 Assessment of Ecological Status (Environmental Management Class) -- 13.3.2 Assessment of E-Flows by Using IWMI Approach -- 13.4 Results and Discussion. , 13.4.1 Assessment of Ecological Status (Environmental Management Class) of Satluj River -- 13.4.2 Assessment of Environmental Flows -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Impact of Environmental Flow on Hydro Power Projects-A Case Study -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Available Guidelines on Environmental Flows -- 14.2.1 HPSEP & -- PCB Guideline -- 14.2.2 Report of Working Group Constituted to Advise Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) Constituted by Government of India (July 2007) -- 14.2.3 The Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects Constituted Under the Provisions of EIA Notification 2006 -- 14.2.4 Environmental Flow as Cumulative Impacts of Hydroelectric Projects on Aquatic and Terrestrial Biodiversity -- 14.2.5 The Gazete Notification, 10th October 2018 by Ministry of Water Resource, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenaton (National Mission for Clean Ganga), Government of India -- 14.3 The Projects Undertaken for Studies -- 14.3.1 Kolodyne HPP (460 MW) -- 14.3.2 Rupsiyabagar Khasiabara HPP (271 MW) -- 14.3.3 Loharinag Pala HPP (600 MW) -- 14.3.4 Lata Tapovan HPP -- 14.4 Power Potential Studies -- 14.4.1 Kolodyne Stage-II HPP (460 MW) -- 14.4.2 Rupsiyabagar Khsiabara HPP (271 MW) -- 14.4.3 Loharinag Pala HPP (600 MW) -- 14.4.4 Lata Tapovan HPP (171 MW) -- 14.5 Conclusions -- 14.6 Recommendations -- Bibliography -- 15 Improved Wastewater Treatment by Using Integrated Microbial Fuel Cell-Membrane Bioreactor System Along with Ruthenium/activated Carbon Cathode Catalyst to Enhance Bio-energy Recovery -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Electrodes Fabrication -- 15.2.2 Fabrication and Operation of MFC-MBR Systems -- 15.2.3 Electrochemical and Data Acquisition -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 Wastewater Treatment and Power Generation -- 15.3.2 Treatment of Wastewater in MBR. , 15.4 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Acclimation and Treatability Studies on Slaugter House Wastewater by Hybrid UASB Reactor -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Materials and Methods -- 16.2.1 Fabrication of Reactor Setup -- 16.2.2 Start-Up of HUASB Reactor -- 16.2.3 Analytical Procedures -- 16.2.4 Experimental Procedure -- 16.3 Results and Discussion -- 16.3.1 Start-Up of HUASB Reactor -- 16.3.2 COD Removal Efficiency Under Continuous Mode Operation -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Development of Biofilters for the Treatment of Greywater -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Characterization of Materials -- 17.2.2 Development of Biofilters -- 17.2.3 Batch Studies for Treatment Process -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.4 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Greywater Treatment by Two-Stage Bioreactor -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Material and Methods -- 18.2.1 System Configuration -- 18.2.2 Formulation of Synthetic Greywater -- 18.2.3 Analytical Procedures -- 18.2.4 Operation of Two-Stage Bioreactor -- 18.3 Results and Discussion -- 18.3.1 Characteristics Study of Synthetic Greywater -- 18.3.2 Performance of Two-Stage Bioreactor for Organic Matter (Cod) and Nutrient Removal -- 18.4 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Waste Water Management in Super Thermal Power Stations of NTPC -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Zero Liquid Discharge in Power Plants-NTPC Experience -- 19.3 Use of Treated Sewage Water in Power Plants and the Genesis of the Concept -- 19.3.1 Need for Treatment of Sewage Water and Converting It to Industry Usable Quality -- 19.3.2 Need of Recycle and Reuse of Treated Sewage Water -- 19.3.3 Use of Treated Sewage Water in Power Plants -- 19.3.4 Mapping of Functional STPs with the Power Plants in the Country (Including NTPC Power Plants) -- 19.3.5 Quality and Quantity of Treated Sewage Water. , 19.3.6 Business Model for CAPEX and OPEX Towards Usage of Treated Sewage Water by Power Plants.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part IAssessment and Monitoring of Hydrological Extremes -- 1 Application of Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) for Flood Assessment -- Case Study of Kelani River Basin, Sri Lanka -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Study Area -- 1.3 Data Availability and Data Processing -- 1.3.1 Temporal Data and Processing -- 1.3.2 Processing of Spatial Data -- 1.4 Methodology -- 1.4.1 HEC-Geo HMS and HEC-HMS -- 1.4.2 Calibration of Model -- 1.4.3 Comparison of Three Direct Runoff Models -- 1.5 Analysis and Results -- 1.5.1 Calibration and Validation -- 1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 2 Developing Strategies for Mitigating Pluvial Flooding in Gurugram -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Need for the Study -- 2.3 Aim of the Study -- 2.4 Study Area -- 2.5 Methodology -- 2.5.1 Data Collection -- 2.5.2 Data Analysis -- 2.6 Recommendations and Way Forward -- 2.6.1 Source Control -- 2.6.2 Site Control -- 2.7 Regional Control -- 2.7.1 Parking Lot with Swale/Planters -- 2.7.2 Road Profile Options -- 2.7.3 Appropriate Plant Material -- 2.8 Planning Interventions -- References -- 3 Vulnerability Assessment of Manipur to Floods Using Unequal Weights -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Data and Methodology -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Data Acquisition -- 3.2.3 Selection of Indicators and Their Functional Relationship with Vulnerability -- 3.2.4 Arrangement of Indicators -- 3.2.5 Normalization of Indicators -- 3.2.6 Methods of Construction of Vulnerability Indices (VIs) -- 3.2.7 Classification of Districts Based on VIs -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Normalization of Indicators -- 3.3.2 Assigning of Weights -- 3.3.3 Construction of VIs -- 3.3.4 Classifications of Districts -- 3.3.5 Validation -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References. , 4 Development of Regional Flood Frequency Relationships for Gauged and Ungauged Catchments of Upper Narmada and Tapi Subzone 3(c) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Probability Weighted Moments -- 4.1.2 L-Moments Approach -- 4.2 Study Area and Data Availability -- 4.3 Data Analysis and Results -- 4.3.1 Discordancy-Based Screening of Data -- 4.3.2 Regional Homogeneity Test -- 4.3.3 Recognition of Robust Distribution -- 4.3.4 RFF Relationship for Gauged Catchments -- 4.3.5 RFF Relationship for Ungauged Catchments -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Mapping Punjab Flood using Multi-temporal Open-Access Synthetic Aperture Radar Data in Google Earth Engine -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Material and Methods -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Data Used -- 5.2.3 Methodology -- 5.3 Result and Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Study of Drought Characteristics in Ken River Basin in Bundelkhand Region in India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Description of Study Area (Ken River Basin) -- 6.2.2 Data Availability -- 6.2.3 Identification of Drought Years -- 6.2.4 Computation of Annual and Seasonal Rainfall Departures -- 6.2.5 Probability Distribution of Annual and Seasonal Rainfalls -- 6.2.6 Estimation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration -- 6.2.7 Onset and Withdrawal of Effective Monsoon -- 6.2.8 Critical Dry Spell (CDS) -- 6.2.9 Calculation of Crop Water Requirement -- 6.2.10 Estimation of Effective Rainfall and Irrigation Requirement -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Rainfall Departure -- 6.3.2 Probability Distribution of Rainfall -- 6.3.3 Estimation of ETo -- 6.3.4 Onset and Withdrawal of Effective Monsoon -- 6.3.5 Identification of Critical Dry Spell (CDS) -- 6.3.6 Estimation of Crop Water Requirement -- 6.3.7 Effective Rainfall and Irrigation Requirement -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References. , 7 Meteorological Drought Characteristics in Eastern Region of India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area and Data Used -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Result and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Return Period -- 7.4.2 Drought Severity -- 7.4.3 Maximum Drought Persistence -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Meteorological Drought Assessment in Tripura of Humid Northeast India Using EDI -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area and Data -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Analysis of Drought -- 8.4.2 Spatial Analysis -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Multifractal Description of Droughts in Western India Using Detrended Fluctuation Analysis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 MFDFA Algorithm -- 9.3 Study Area and Database -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Impacts of Climatic Variability and Extremes on Agriculture and Water in Odisha Coasts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Rationale of the Study -- 10.3 Recommendations -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Temporal and Spatial Variability of Daily Rainfall Extremes in Humid Northeast Assam State of India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area and Data Used -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Data Used -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.3.1 Magnitude of Trend -- 11.3.2 Mann-Kendall Trend Test -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Analysis of Extreme Precipitation Indices for the Entire Assam -- 11.4.2 District-Wise Analysis of Extreme Precipitation Indices -- 11.4.3 Trend Analysis of Extreme Precipitation Indices -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Identification of Meteorological Extreme Years Over Central Division of Odisha Using an Index-Based Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Study Area -- 12.2.2 Data Used -- 12.2.3 Methodology -- 12.3 Results and Discussions -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References. , 13 An Approach Toward Mitigation of Cyclone Disaster: A Case Study of Odisha During Phailin -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Description of Cyclone PHAILIN and Action Taken -- 13.3 PHAILIN-Associated Rainfall -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Research Needs for Stream Power Moderation in Hilly Torrents for Disaster Mitigation -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Data Used -- 14.2.3 Methodology -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Study of Flow Velocity -- 14.3.2 Study of Shear Stress -- 14.3.3 Study of Stream Power -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part IIRiver Hydraulics -- 15 Experimental Study and Calibration of Hydraulic Coefficients using Vertical Orifice -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Principle -- 15.3 Description -- 15.4 Flow Through the Circular Sharp-Edged Vertical Orifice -- 15.5 Hydraulic Coefficients -- 15.6 Methodology -- 15.7 Observation -- 15.8 Discussions -- 15.9 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Discharge Prediction Approaches in Meandering Compound Channel -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods of Estimation of Discharge in Compound Meandering Channel -- 16.2.1 Single-Channel Method (SCM) -- 16.2.2 Divided Channel Method (DCM) -- 16.2.3 Coherence Method (COHM) -- 16.3 Roughness Coefficient Prediction Approaches for Meandering Channel -- 16.3.1 Soil Conservative Service (SCS) -- 16.3.2 Linearized Soil Conservative Service (LSCS) -- 16.3.3 Shino, Al-Romaih and Knight (SAK) -- 16.3.4 Dash and Khatua (DK) -- 16.3.5 Pradhan and Khatua (DK) -- 16.4 Meandering Channel Datasets for Analysis -- 16.5 Results and Discussions -- 16.6 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Performance Study of Cross Flow Hybrid Hydrokinetic Turbine -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Design Parameters of Hybrid Rotor -- 17.3 Modeling and Grid Generation -- 17.4 Solver Setup -- 17.4.1 Boundary Conditions. , 17.4.2 Turbulence Modeling -- 17.5 Results and Discussion -- 17.5.1 Flow Contours -- 17.5.2 Performance of Hybrid Rotor Turbine -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Scaling of Open Channel Flow Velocities in Emergent, Sparse and Rigid Vegetation Patch with Rough Bed Interior of the Patch -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Experimental Methodology -- 18.2.1 Experimental Flume Design -- 18.2.2 Measuring Equipment -- 18.2.3 Model of Vegetation Patch -- 18.2.4 Post-processing and Correction of Data -- 18.2.5 Scaling Analysis -- 18.3 Results and Discussion -- 18.4 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Energy Gain from Tehri PSP Due to Adoption of Variable Speed Technology -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Variable Speed Hydro Unit Generation Mode -- 19.3 Conclusion -- References -- 20 Rain Response Releases in Krishna Basin -- 20.1 Issues Involved -- 20.2 About Krishna Basin -- 20.3 Case Study of Krishna Basin -- 20.4 Work Done so Far on Intelligent Water Management -- 20.5 Summary -- References -- 21 Review of Flow Simulation Methods in Alluvial River -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Major Issues of Flow Simulation for Alluvial Rivers -- 21.3 Existing Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport Numerical Models -- 21.4 HEC-RAS -- 21.4.1 Governing Equations -- 21.4.2 Limitations of 1-D Modeling in HEC-RAS -- 21.4.3 2-D HEC-RAS Modeling -- 21.4.4 Limitations of the 2-D Modeling Capabilities in HEC‐RAS -- 21.5 CCHE2D Model -- 21.5.1 The Governing Equations -- 21.5.2 Limitations of CCHE2D Model -- 21.6 Mike 21C Model -- 21.6.1 Hydrodynamic Module -- 21.6.2 Sediment Transport Module -- 21.6.3 Morphological Module -- 21.6.4 Limitations of MIKE 21C -- 21.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 22 Design and Sensitivity Analysis of High Head Regulating Radial Gate Using Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet -- 22.1 Introduction. , 22.2 Brief Description and Design of Components of Radial Gate Skin Plate (Gate Leaf).

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Part I Water Resources Management -- 1 Water: How Secure Are We Under Climate Change? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Water Security -- 1.3 Water Supply and Demand -- 1.3.1 Water Availability -- 1.3.2 Water Demand and Use -- 1.4 Global Water Situation -- 1.5 Causes of Water Scarcity -- 1.5.1 Demography -- 1.5.2 Climate Change -- 1.6 Ameliorating Water Scarcity -- 1.7 Key Issues and Challenges -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Influence of Stemflow Measurement on Interception Estimation Under Eucalyptus Plantations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 Description of the Study Area and Plantations Characteristics -- 2.2.2 Throughfall Measurements -- 2.2.3 Stemflow Measurement -- 2.2.4 Estimation of Interception Loss -- 2.2.5 Results and Discussion -- 2.2.6 Estimation of Interception Loss Using Measured TF and SF: Rainfall Partitioning in Relation to Incident Rainfall (R) -- 2.2.7 Estimation of Interception Loss Using Measured TF and a Fixed Value of SF (i.e., I5, I7.5 and I10 for 5, 7.5 and 10% of Incident Rainfall Respectively) -- 2.2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Strategic Human Resources in Water Sources Development -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methodology -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Water Budget Monitoring of the Ganga River Basin Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area and Methodology -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Data Sources -- 4.2.3 Methodology -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Evaluation of SWAT Model for Simulating the Water Balance Components for the Dudh Koshi River Basin in Nepal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methodology -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 5.2.3 SWAT Model Setup -- 5.3 Results and Discussions. , 5.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis -- 5.3.2 Model Calibration and Validation -- 5.3.3 Simulated and Observed Discharge at Rabuwa Bazaar Outlet -- 5.3.4 Water Balance Study of the Basin -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 5.5 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Rejuvenating Water Wisdom: A Route to Resilience -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Rainfall Variability -- 6.3 Water Resources Potential in the River Basins of India -- 6.4 Per Capita Water Availability in India -- 6.5 Challenges in Water Sector -- 6.6 Causes of the Water Crisis in India -- 6.7 Climate Resilient Water Resources: Challenges and Opportunities -- 6.8 Traditional Water Conservation: The Promising Potential -- 6.9 Cooperation Continuum a Solution -- 6.10 Cessation Remarks -- References -- 7 Reliability Analysis of Water Distribution Network: A Case Study of Bole and Yeka Sub-city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Reliability Parameters and Assessment Methods -- 7.2.1 Mechanical Reliability -- 7.2.2 Hydraulic Reliability -- 7.2.3 Water Quality Reliability -- 7.3 Reliability Analysis of Case Study Network -- 7.3.1 Case Study -- 7.3.2 Modeling and Simulation of WDN -- 7.3.3 Reliability Assessment -- 7.3.4 Water Quality Reliability -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Water Source and Demand -- 7.4.2 Water Distribution Network Modeling -- 7.4.3 Simulation of Water Distribution Network -- 7.4.4 Reliability Assessment -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 HEC-HMS and Geo-HMS Based Flood Hazard Modeling of an Industrial Complex -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Method -- 8.4 Model Inputs -- 8.5 Calibration of HEC-HMS Model Parameters -- 8.6 Result and Discussion -- 8.7 Sensitivity Analysis of the Calibrated Parameters -- 8.8 Sensitivity Analysis of Lag Time -- 8.9 Sensitivity Analysis of Imperviousness -- 8.10 Sensitivity Analysis of Curve Number -- 8.11 Conclusion. , References -- 9 A Stochastic Model-Based Monthly Rainfall Prediction Over a Large River Basin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area and Data -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Study of Meteorological Drought Using Standardized Precipitation Index in Chaliyar River Basin, Southwest India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Materials and Methods -- 10.3.1 Description of Data Used -- 10.3.2 Drought Characterization -- 10.3.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 10.3.4 SPI Computation Algorithm -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Estimation of the Function of a Paddy Field for Reduction of Flood Risk -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Method and Materials -- 11.2.1 Field Scale Study -- 11.2.2 Basin Scale Modeling -- 11.2.3 Data Obtained for Simulation -- 11.3 Result and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Field Scale Study -- 11.3.2 Basin Scale Study -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II Water Quality Management -- 12 Environmental Tracers in the Identification of the Groundwater Salinity-Case Studies from Northwest India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Study Area -- 12.2.2 Sampling and Analysis -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) -- 12.3.2 Environmental Tracers -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13 A Regional Case Study for Flow of Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) Through Solid Waste Management System -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Objective and Scope -- 13.2 Literature Review -- 13.2.1 Material Flow Analysis -- 13.2.2 Material Flow Analysis on Lead -- 13.2.3 Material Flow Analysis on Chromium -- 13.3 Material and Methods -- 13.3.1 Study Area -- 13.3.2 Data Collection -- 13.3.3 Scenarios for Analysis -- 13.3.4 Estimations for Material Flow Analysis -- 13.4 Results and Discussion. , 13.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 14 Performance Analysis of Constructed Wetland Treating Secondary Effluent Under Cold Climatic Conditions in Hamirpur (H.P.), India -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Selection of Macrophytes -- 14.2.3 Selection of Substrate Material -- 14.2.4 Design and Construction of the Experimental Set-Up -- 14.2.5 Operation of the Experimental System -- 14.2.6 Sampling and Analytical Analysis -- 14.2.7 Plant Growth -- 14.2.8 Modelling and Statistical Analyses -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Plant Growth -- 14.3.2 Measurement of pH, DO, TDS and EC -- 14.3.3 Removal of Pollutants -- 14.3.4 Result of Modelling and Statistical Analysis -- 14.4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 15 Exploring Challenges in Effective Wastewater Treatment for Dairy Industries -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methodology -- 15.2.1 Sources of Wastewater in Dairy Industry -- 15.2.2 Literature Review -- 15.3 Results -- 15.3.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bioreactor (UASB)/Upflow Anaerobic Packed Bed Bioreactor (UAPB) -- 15.3.2 Use of Antibiotics in Animals and Its Impact on Human Health -- 15.4 Discussion -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Impacts of Agriculture-Based Contaminants on Groundwater Quality -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Agro-Chemicals Used in Crop Cultivation -- 16.3 Fertilizers Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.4 Pesticide Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.5 Herbicide Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.6 Insecticides Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.7 Fungicide Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.8 Agrochemicals and Their Impacts on Groundwater -- 16.9 Remedial Measures -- 16.10 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Irrigation Management -- 17 Assessment of Productivity Based Efficiencies for Optimal Utilization of Water Resources in a Command -- 17.1 Introduction. , 17.2 Materials and Methodology -- 17.2.1 Crop Water Use Index (CWUI) -- 17.2.2 Irrigation Water Use Index (IWUI) -- 17.2.3 Economic Water Use Index (EWUI) -- 17.2.4 Gross Production Water Use Index (GPWUI) -- 17.2.5 Irrigation Economic Water Use Index (IEWUI) -- 17.2.6 Estimation of Irrigation Water Delivered to the Field (IWDF) -- 17.2.7 Factors Affecting Seepage Rates from Canals -- 17.2.8 Estimation of Seepage Losses from the Canal -- 17.2.9 Estimation of Irrigation Water Applied -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.3.1 Yield and Its Components -- 17.3.2 Irrigation Water Delivered to the Field (IWDF) -- 17.3.3 Water Use Efficiencies -- 17.4 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Two-Components Flow Regulating Drip Emitter-Design, Simulation and Optimization -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Materials and Methodology -- 18.2.1 Theoretical Considerations -- 18.2.2 Hydraulic Design of Emitter -- 18.2.3 Parameters for Emitter Design -- 18.2.4 Mathematical Models -- 18.3 Results -- 18.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 19 An Automated Wireless Irrigation System: Without Internet Connectivity -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 HAM Radio -- 19.2.1 HAM Radio for Data Communication -- 19.2.2 Advantages and Limitations of HAM Radio Data Communication -- 19.2.3 HAM Radio for Agriculture-IoT Data Communication -- 19.2.4 Working Principle -- 19.2.5 WiMax -- 19.2.6 Working Principle -- 19.3 Advantages and Limitations of WiMAX -- 19.4 WiMAX for Agriculture-IoT Data Communication -- 19.5 Working Principle -- 19.6 Conclusion -- References -- 20 IoT Based Automated Irrigation Management Technique for Climate Smart Agriculture -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 The Importance of Water in Agriculture -- 20.3 Irrigation Techniques -- 20.4 Background of IoT Technology in the Field of Agriculture and Recent Developments -- 20.5 Methodology. , 20.5.1 Different Sensors Used in Irrigation Systems.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Integrated Watershed Management and GIS: A Case Study -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Study Area -- 1.2.1 Location of the Khajuri Watershed -- 1.2.2 Physiography and Drainage System -- 1.2.3 Geology -- 1.2.4 Geomorphology -- 1.3 Methodology -- 1.3.1 Data Analysis in GIS -- 1.3.2 Data Analysis Using Remote Sensing -- 1.3.3 Analysis of Landuse in GIS -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Prioritization of Sub-watersheds Based on Morphometric Parameter Analysis Using Geospatial Technology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.4 Results and Discussions -- 2.5 Morphometric Analysis -- 2.5.1 Stream Number (Nu) and Stream Orders -- 2.5.2 Stream Length (Lu), Mean Stream Length (Lsm), and Stream Length Ratio (RL) -- 2.5.3 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) -- 2.5.4 Drainage Density (Dd) -- 2.5.5 Stream Frequency (Fs) -- 2.5.6 Elongation Ratio (Re) -- 2.5.7 Circularity Ratio (Rc) -- 2.6 Prioritization of Sub-watersheds -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Study of Morphological Changes in Deltaic River of Odisha Using GIS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area -- 3.3 Methodology -- 3.4 Results and Discussion -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Land Use Classification Using Remotely Sensed Images: A Case Study of Eastern Sone Canal-Bihar -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Description of Study Area -- 4.3 Dataset Used -- 4.4 Methodology -- 4.4.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 4.4.2 Application to Sone Canal Command Area -- 4.5 Results and Discussion -- 4.5.1 Land Use Classification -- 4.5.2 Accuracy Assessment and Error Matrix -- 4.5.3 NDVI of Study Area -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Assessment of Multiple Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimates Over Muneru Watershed of India -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Datasets Used. , 5.2.3 Performance Assessment of SPEs -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Evaluation of Watershed-Wide Average Daily SPEs for Detection of Rainfall Events -- 5.3.2 Statistical Evaluation of Watershed-Wide Monthly Averaged SPEs -- 5.3.3 Evaluation of the Watershed-WideAnnual Average SPEs -- 5.3.4 Occurrence Frequency of SPEs -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Evaluation of Sentinel 2 Red Edge Channel for Enhancing Land Use Classification -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Material and Methods -- 6.3 Results and Discussions -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Estimation Using Remote Sensing Technique -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Material and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Climatological ETo Methods -- 7.2.3 Input Data -- 7.2.4 Methodology -- 7.3 Calibration and Evaluation Criteria -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 8 Assessing Irrigation Water Requirement and Its Trend for Betwa River Basin, India -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Data Acquisition -- 8.3.1 Climate Data -- 8.3.2 Satellite Data -- 8.4 Methodology -- 8.4.1 Estimation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo) and Spatial Mapping -- 8.4.2 Crop Coefficient and Crop Evapotranspiration -- 8.4.3 Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) -- 8.4.4 Trend Analysis Using Mann-Kendall Test and Theil-Sen's Slope Estimator -- 8.5 Results and Discussion -- 8.5.1 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis -- 8.5.2 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) Maps -- 8.5.3 Generation of SAVI Maps and Regression Equation -- 8.5.4 Crop Coefficient and Crop Evapotranspiration Maps -- 8.5.5 Trend Analysis of Monthly IWR -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Comparison of FAO56 and NDVI-Derived Kc Curves for Major Crops in Pare Basin of Arunachal Pradesh -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methodology. , 9.3.1 Data Acquisition and Determination of Growth Stage -- 9.3.2 Determination of RH and Wind Speed of the Region -- 9.3.3 Estimation of Crop Coefficient (Kc) -- 9.3.4 Generation of KcNDVI -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 Conventional Crop Coefficient Curves -- 9.4.2 NDVI Crop Coefficient Curve -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Monitoring of Soil Moisture Variability and Establishing the Correlation with Topography by Remotely Sensed GLDAS Data -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Data Used and Methodology -- 10.3.1 Data Used -- 10.3.2 Methodology -- 10.4 Results and Discussions -- 10.5 Conclusions -- 10.6 Annexure 10. A -- 10.6.1 Input Images for Calculating Soil Moisture Anomalies: -- References -- 11 Agricultural Crop Mapping Using MODIS Time-Series Data in DVC Command Area -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Materials and Methods -- 11.3.1 Data Acquisition and Data Processing -- 11.3.2 NDVI Calculation -- 11.3.3 Preparing MVC -- 11.4 Ground-Truth Datasets -- 11.5 Spectral Signature Curves -- 11.6 Image Classification -- 11.7 Results and Discussion -- 11.7.1 Spectral Signatures of Various Crop Types -- 11.7.2 Crop Classification Maps -- 11.7.3 Assessment of Crop Area -- 11.7.4 Validation Using Crop Statistics Data -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Groundwater Modeling in a Semi-confined Aquifer Using GIS and MODFLOW -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Study Area -- 12.2 Data Used and Methodology -- 12.2.1 Data Used -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.3 Model Calibration and Validation -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Effect of Monthly Variation of Near-Surface Lapse Rate on Snowmelt Runoff Simulation in Eastern Himalayas -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Description of WinSRM -- 13.2.2 Study Area -- 13.2.3 Acquisition of Data -- 13.2.4 Input Data and Model Parameters. , 13.2.5 Calibration and Validation of WinSRM -- 13.2.6 Accuracy Assessment -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Effect of Monthly Variation of Near-Surface Lapse Rate (LR) on Runoff Simulation -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Estimation of Surface Runoff Using SCS Curve Number Method Coupled with GIS: A Case Study of Vadodara City -- 14.1 Study Area -- 14.1.1 Data Sources -- 14.2 Methodology -- 14.2.1 CN and NDVI -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Landuse -- 14.3.2 GIS Layers and Results -- 14.3.3 Validation -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Determination of ERA-INTERIM Proficiency for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.3 Data Collection and Methodology -- 15.3.1 Data Collection -- 15.3.2 Methodology -- 15.4 Results and Discussions -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Streamflow of Upper Baitarani River Basin Using SWAT -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Study Area -- 16.3 Input Data -- 16.3.1 Meteorological Data -- 16.3.2 GIS Data -- 16.3.3 Hydrological Data -- 16.4 SWAT Model Setup and Simulation -- 16.5 Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration and Validation of SWAT Model -- 16.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis -- 16.5.2 SWAT Model Calibration and Validation Result -- 16.5.3 Modeling Streamflow Response to Land Use Dynamics -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Parameter Estimation of a Macroscale Hydrological Model Using an Adaptive Differential Evolution -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Methodology -- 17.2.1 SADE Method -- 17.2.2 VIC Model -- 17.2.3 Coupling of SADE with VIC -- 17.2.4 Performance Measures -- 17.3 Case Study -- 17.3.1 Study Area -- 17.3.2 Data Used -- 17.4 Results and Discussion -- 17.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 18 Streamflow Response to Land Use-Land Cover Change Over the Subarnarekha River Basin, India -- 18.1 Introduction. , 18.2 Study Area -- 18.3 Methodology -- 18.3.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 18.3.2 Soil Map Preparation -- 18.3.3 Land Use-Land Cover Mapping -- 18.3.4 Observed Hydrometeorological Data -- 18.4 Hydrological Modeling -- 18.4.1 The Hydrological SWAT Model -- 18.4.2 Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Version 2 (SUFI-2) -- 18.4.3 SWAT Setup for Streamflow Simulation -- 18.4.4 Model Performance Evaluation -- 18.5 Results and Discussion -- 18.5.1 Land Use-Land Cover Change -- 18.5.2 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis -- 18.5.3 Calibration and Validation of SWAT -- 18.5.4 Impacts of Land Use-Land Cover Change on Surface Runoff -- 18.6 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Hydrological Modeling of West Rapti River Basin of Nepal Using SWAT Model -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Materials and Methods -- 19.2.1 Study Area -- 19.2.2 SWAT Model -- 19.2.3 Hydrology -- 19.2.4 Data Collection and Processing -- 19.2.5 SWAT Model Setup -- 19.3 Results and Discussion -- 19.3.1 Model Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration and Validation -- 19.3.2 Graphical Representation of Discharge and Sediment Yield -- 19.3.3 Water Balance and Sediment Yield -- 19.3.4 Spatial Distribution of Sediment Yield in West Rapti Watershed -- 19.4 Limitations of the Study -- 19.5 Conclusion -- References -- 20 Modelling of Groundwater Development Using Arc-SWAT and MODFLOW -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Study Area -- 20.2.1 Available Groundwater Flow Model -- 20.3 SWAT-MODFLOW-Coupled Modelling -- 20.3.1 ARC-SWAT -- 20.3.2 Required Database of ARC-SWAT -- 20.3.3 Modeling Using ARC-SWAT -- 20.3.4 Visual MODFLOW -- 20.3.5 Development of SWAT Visual MODFLOW Couple Model -- 20.4 Reliability Study -- 20.4.1 Reliability of Developed ARC-SWAT Model -- 20.4.2 Reliability of Developed Visual MODFLOW Model -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Revisiting the Antecedent Moisture Content-Based Curve Number Formulae. , 21.1 Introduction.