Note: Intro -- Environmental Security and Ecoterrorism -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Environmental Security and Its Meaning for the State -- Chapter 2: Eco-Terrorism/Enviro-Terrorism: Background, Prospects, Countermeasures -- Chapter 3: Ecoterrorism: An Ecological-Economic Convergence -- Chapter 4: Food Defence and Security: The New Reality -- Chapter 5: Theoretical Issues of Food Chain Security and Case Studies in the Czech Army -- Chapter 6: Impact of Pesticides as Organic Micro-Pollutants on the Environment and Risks for Mankind -- Chapter 7: Environmental Lead Contamination as Eco-Terrorism and a Threat to Ecosystems and Public Health -- Chapter 8: Emergence of the Science and Technology of Electroactivated Aqueous Solutions: Applications for Environmental and Food Safety -- Chapter 9: Environmental and Human Health Issues of Silver Nanoparticles Applications -- Chapter 10: Environmental Security of Solid Wastes in the Western Donbas Coal Mining Region, Ukraine -- Chapter 11: Urban Air Quality Management and Emergency Response -- Chapter 12: Processing of Hyperspectral Imagery for Contamination Detection in Urban Areas -- Chapter 13: Ukraine and Romania: Transboundary Environmental Security and Ecology of Shared Water Resources -- Chapter 14: Destruction of the Biosphere as the Result of Negative Influences of Different Factors on Living Organisms and the Environment -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- A GUIDE TO PURCHASING GREEN POWER AND A SUMMARY OF FEDERAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMS -- A GUIDE TO PURCHASING GREEN POWER AND A SUMMARY OF FEDERAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 GUIDE TO PURCHASING GREEN POWER: RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES, AND ON-SITE RENEWABLE GENERATION -- SUMMARY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GREEN POWER DEFINED -- 3. THE BENEFITS AND COSTS OF GREEN POWER -- The Benefits -- Environmental -- Financial -- Stakeholder Relations -- Economic Development and National Security -- The Costs -- Contracting Challenges -- Public Relations Risk -- 4. OPTIONS FOR PURCHASING GREEN POWER -- Renewable Electricity Products -- Renewable Energy Certificates -- On-site Renewable Generation -- 5. STEPS TO PURCHASING GREEN POWER -- Setting Goals -- IDENTIFYING KEY DECISION-MAKERS -- Gathering Energy Data -- Choosing Green Power Options -- Evaluating the Purchase -- 6. PROCURING RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES -- Developing Criteria for Screening Suppliers and Products -- Collecting Product Information -- Creating a Procurement Plan -- Scope of Procurement -- Expected Benefits -- Financial Considerations -- Procurement Methods -- Special Considerations for RECs -- 7. PLANNING AN ON-SITE RENEWABLE GENERATION PROJECT -- Screening the Technologies -- Obtaining Resources and Assistance -- Creating a Project Plan -- Procurement Strategy -- Choosing a Vendor -- Anticipating Possible Barriers -- Installing and Operating an On-site Renewable Generation System -- 8. CAPTURING THE BENEFITS OF THE PURCHASE -- The Environmental Benefits -- Internal Promotion -- External Promotion -- CONCLUSION -- 10. RESOURCES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION -- U.S. Department of Energy -- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , World Resources Institute -- Green-e Programs -- Additional Resources -- GLOSSARY -- APPENDIX. GREEN POWER CONSIDERATIONS FOR FEDERAL AGENCIES -- Federal Definitions of Renewable Energy -- Benefits from Federal Renewable Power Purchases -- Regulations Governing Renewable Power Procurement -- Best Value -- Commercial Items -- Utility Services -- FAR and the Environment -- Innovative Purchase Opportunities -- Procurement Approaches to Renewable Electricity and RECs -- Restructured/Competitive Markets -- Fully Regulated Markets -- RECs -- On-site Systems -- Using GSA, DESC, or Western -- GSA Power Procurement Services -- DESC Power Procurement Services -- Western Renewable Power Products -- Agency Procurement -- FEMP Assistance for On-site Renewable Generation Projects -- Agency-Level Planning -- Renewable Resource Screenings and Assessments -- Technical Assistance -- Training -- Utility-Scale Projects -- Key Elements of a Successful Procurement or On-site Installation -- Stakeholder Involvement -- Cost Control -- Developing an Effective Solicitation -- Load Aggregation -- Supplier Relations -- Capturing the Benefits of the Purchase -- Information for Potential Suppliers to the Federal Government -- Summary of Renewable Power Opportunities for the Federal Government -- Federal Resources for Renewable Power Information -- Green Power Network -- FEMP Web sites -- Federal Renewable Energy Working Group -- Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR): -- Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY INCENTIVES: A SUMMARY OF FEDERAL PROGRAMS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- I. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY -- Renewable Energy -- Biomass -- 1. Biomass and Biorefinery Systems R& -- D Program -- 2. Regional Biomass Energy Grant Programs -- Geothermal. , 3. Geothermal Technologies Program (GTP) -- Hydrogen and Fuel Cells -- 4. Hydrogen & -- Fuel Cell Technologies Program -- Solar -- 5. Solar Energy Technologies Program (SETP) -- Water Power -- 6. Water Power Program (formerly Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program) -- Wind Energy -- Energy Efficiency -- Buildings -- 8. Building Technologies Program -- 9. Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Program (EEARP) -- 10. Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) -- Industrial -- 11. Advanced Manufacturing Office (formerly the Industrial Technologies Program) -- 12. Inventions and Innovations Program -- Vehicles -- 13. Vehicle Technologies Program -- Other Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs -- 14. Conservation Research and Development Grants -- 15. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants Program (EECBG) -- 16. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Information Dissemination, Outreach, Training, and Technical Analysis/Assistance Grant Program -- 17. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology Deployment, Demonstration, and Commercialization Grant Program -- 18. Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI) -- 19. Renewable Energy Research and Development Program -- 20. State Energy Program (SEP) -- 21. Tribal Energy Program -- Other DOE Offices/Cross-Cutting Programs -- 22. Advanced Research Projects Energy Financial Assistance Program (ARPA-E) -- 23. Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Research, Development and Analysis Grant Program (Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability) -- 24. Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) -- 25. Financial Assistance Program (Office of Science) -- 26. Loan Guarantee Program (Office of the Chief Financial Officer) -- 27. Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)/Small Business Technology Transfer Program (STTR) -- II. U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY -- Homeowner. , 1. Residential Energy Efficiency Tax Credit -- 2. Residential Renewable Energy Tax Credit -- Business -- 3. Business Energy Investment Tax Credit -- 4. Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings Tax Deduction -- 5. Energy-Efficient New Homes Tax Credit for Home Builders -- 6. Renewable Energy Grants (1603 Program) -- Industry -- 7. Energy Efficient Appliance Tax Credit for Manufacturers -- 8. Qualifying Advanced Energy Manufacturing Investment Tax Credit (48C) -- 9. Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC) -- 10. Residential Energy Conservation Subsidy Exclusion (Corporate) -- 11. Residential Energy Conservation Subsidy Exclusion (Personal) -- State, Local and Tribal Governments -- 12. Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs) -- 13. Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds (QECBs) -- Cross-Cutting -- 14. Modified Accelerated Cost-Recovery System (MACRS) + Bonus Depreciation (2008-2012) -- 15. Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit -- III. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE -- 1. Assistance to High Energy Cost Rural Communities Program -- 2. Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels -- 3. Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP -- Sec. 9011) -- 4. Biorefinery Assistance Program (Sec. 9003) -- 5. Community Wood Energy Program -- 6. New Era Rural Technology Competitive Grants Program -- 7. Repowering Assistance Program -- 8. Rural Energy For America Program (REAP) Grants and Loans -- 9. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program (SARE) -- IV. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT -- 1. Assisted Housing Stability and Energy and Green Retrofit Investments Program (Recovery Act Funded) -- 2. Energy Efficient Mortgages (EEMs) -- V. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS -- 1. Energy Efficient Mortgages (EEMs) -- VI. SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION -- 1. 7(a) Loan Guarantees -- 2. 504 Loan Guarantees -- VII. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. , 1. Energy and Mineral Development Program: Minerals and Mining on Indian Lands -- 2. Tribal Energy Development Capacity Grant Program -- VIII. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR -- 1. Program of Competitive Grants for Worker Training and Placement in High Growth and Emerging Industry Sectors -- APPENDIX A. SUMMARY OF FEDERAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY INCENTIVES/INDEX OF PROGRAMS -- APPENDIX B. INDEX OF PROGRAMS BY APPLICANT ELIGIBILITY AND TECHNOLOGY TYPE -- End Notes -- INDEX -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- About Google Earth -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: Shaping the Surface of Earth: Geomorphology in a Nutshell -- Reference -- Part II: Endogenic Forms and Processes -- 2: Volcanic Landforms -- 2.1 Volcanic Products -- 2.1.1 Lava Types -- 2.1.2 Pyroclastic Deposits -- 2.2 Types of Volcanoes -- 2.2.1 Shield Volcanoes -- 2.2.2 Stratovolcanoes -- 2.2.3 Lava Domes -- 2.2.4 Cinder Cones -- 2.2.5 Calderas -- 2.2.6 Craters -- 2.2.7 Volcanic Necks and Diatremes -- 2.2.8 Hydrothermal Activity -- Further Readings -- 3: Igneous Intrusive Landforms -- 3.1 Plutons -- 3.2 Dikes and Sills -- Further Readings -- 4: Tectonic Landforms -- 4.1 Folds -- 4.2 Faults -- 4.3 Joints -- 4.4 Circular Structures -- Further Readings -- Part III: Exogenic Forms and Processes -- 5: Impacts Craters -- Further Readings -- 6: Physical and Chemical Weathering -- 6.1 Physical Weathering -- 6.1.1 Insolation Weathering -- 6.1.2 Frost Wedging and Salt Weathering -- 6.1.3 Exfoliation -- 6.2 Chemical Weathering -- 6.2.1 Hydration, Hydrolysis and Oxidation -- 6.2.2 Tafoni or Honeycomb Weathering -- Further Readings -- 7: Karst Landscapes: Topographies Sculptured by Dissolution of Rock -- Further Readings -- 8: Mass Movements: Landforms Shaped Under the Force of Gravity -- 8.1 Mass Movement of Hard Rock -- 8.2 Mass Movement of Unconsolidated Materials -- Further Readings -- 9: Forms by Flowing Water (Fluvial Features) -- Further Readings -- 10: Planar Forms and Plain Forming Processes: Pediments/Glacis, and Peneplains (with Inselbergs) -- Further Readings -- 11: Forms by Wind (or: Aeolian Processes): Deflation and Dunes -- Further Readings -- 12: Glacier Ice and Its Domain -- Further Readings -- 13: Frost and Permafrost as Morphological Agents (or: the Periglacial Domain) -- Further Readings -- Part IV: Epilogue. , 14: Transformation of the Earth's Surface by Man (Anthropogenic Forms) -- Further Reading -- Index.

Note: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3003 -- Genetic Programming -- Copyright -- Preface -- Organization -- Table of Contents -- Evaluation of Chess Position by Modular Neural Network Generated by Genetic Algorithm -- Coevolution of Algorithms and Deterministic Solution of Equations in Free Groups -- Designing Optimal Combinational Digital Circuits Using a Multiple Logic Unit Processor -- A Data Structure for Improved GP Analysis via Efficient Computation and Visualisation of Population Measures -- Boosting Technique for Combining Cellular GP Classifiers -- Co-evolving Faults to Improve the Fault Tolerance of Sorting Networks -- Toward an Alternative Comparison between Different Genetic Programming Systems -- Lymphoma Cancer Classification Using Genetic Programming with SNR Features -- A Practical Approach to Evolving Concurrent Programs -- Evolutionary Induction of Grammar Systems for Multi-agent Cooperation -- Genetic Programming Applied to Mixed Integer Programming -- Efficient Crossover in the GAuGE System -- Grammatical Evolution by Grammatical Evolution: The Evolution of Grammar and Genetic Code -- Constrained Molecular Dynamics as a Search and Optimization Tool -- On the Performance of Genetic Operators and the Random Key Representation -- Analysis of GP Improvement Techniques over the Real-World Inverse Problem of Ocean Color -- Evolution and Acquisition of Modules in Cartesian Genetic Programming -- How to Choose Appropriate Function Sets for Gentic Programming -- Improving Grammar-Based Evolutionary Algorithms via Attributed Derivation Trees -- Evolved Matrix Operations for Post-processing Protein Secondary Structure Predictions -- Genetic Programming for Natural Language Parsing★ -- Comparing Hybrid Systems to Design and Optimize Artificial Neural Networks -- An Evolutionary Algorithm for the Input-Output Block Assignment Problem. , Genetic Programming for Subjective Fitness Function Identification -- Saving Effort in Parallel GP by Means of Plagues -- Sampling of Unique Structures and Behaviours in Genetic Programming -- The Evolution of Concurrent Control Software Using Genetic Programming -- Extending Grammatical Evolution to Evolve Digital Surfaces with Genr8 -- Evolving Text Classifiers with Genetic Programming -- Automatic Synthesis of Instruction Decode Logic by Genetic Programming -- Alternatives in Subtree Caching for Genetic Programming -- Structural Risk Minimization on Decision Trees Using an Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization -- Global Distributed Evolution of L-Systems Fractals -- Reusing Code in Genetic Programming -- Exploiting Reflection in Object Oriented Genetic Programming -- Evolutionary Feature Construction Using Information Gain and Gini Index -- On the Evolution of Evolutionary Algorithms -- Genetic Programming with Gradient Descent Search for Multiclass Object Classification -- Author Index.

Note: METHODS OF MICROARRAY DATA ANALYSIS -- Editor's page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 DATA MINING AND MACHINE LEARNING METHODS FOR MICROARRAY ANALYSIS -- 2 EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION IN MICROARRAY DATA ANALYSIS -- 3 USING NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTIPLE TESTING TO DETERMINE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES -- 4 ITERATIVE LINEAR REGRESSSION BY SECTOR -- 5 A METHOD TO IMPROVE DETECTION OF DISEASE USING SELECTIVELY EXPRESSED GENES IN MICROARRAY DATA -- 6 COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF LEUKEMIA MICROARRAY EXPRESSION DATA USING THE GA/KNN METHOD -- 7 CLASSICAL STATISTICAL APPROACHES TO MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER FROM GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING -- 8 CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA BASED ON DNA MICROARRAY GENE EXPRESSIONS USING PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES -- 9 APPLYING CLASSIFICATION SEPARABILITY ANALYSIS TO MICROARRAY DATA -- 10 HOW MANY GENES ARE NEEDED FOR A DISCRIMINANT MICROARRAY DATA ANALYSIS -- 11 COMPARING SYMBOLIC AND SUBSYMBOLIC MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES TO CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER AND GENE IDENTIFICATION -- 12 APPLYING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES TO ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION DATA: CANCER DIAGNOSIS -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Titelseite -- Impressum -- Vorwort -- Vorwort des Übersetzers -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Biografien -- Einführung -- Teil I Halbleiterphysik -- 1 Physik und Eigenschaften von Halbleitern - ein Überblick -- 1.1 Einleitung -- 1.2 Kristallstrukturen -- 1.2.1 Primitive Einheitszellen und Kristallebenen -- 1.2.2 Das reziproke Gitter -- 1.3 Energiebänder und Bandlücken -- 1.4 Ladungsträgerkonzentrationen im thermischen Gleichgewicht -- 1.4.1 Ladungsträgerkonzentration und Fermi-Niveau -- 1.4.2 Donatoren und Akzeptoren -- 1.4.3 Berechnung des Fermi-Niveaus -- 1.5 Ladungsträgertransportphänomene -- 1.5.1 Drift und Beweglichkeit -- 1.5.2 Spezifischer Widerstand und Hall-Effekt -- 1.5.3 Transport bei hohen elektrischen Feldern -- 1.5.4 Rekombination, Generation und Ladungsträgerlebensdauer -- 1.5.5 Diffusion -- 1.5.6 Thermionische Emission -- 1.5.7 Tunnelprozesse -- 1.5.8 Raumladungseffekte -- 1.6 Phononen, optische und thermische Eigenschaften -- 1.6.1 Phononenspektren -- 1.6.2 Optische Eigenschaften -- 1.6.3 Thermische Eigenschaften -- 1.7 Heteroübergänge und Nanostrukturen -- 1.8 Halbleitergrundgleichungen und Anwendungsbeispiele -- 1.8.1 Halbleitergrundgleichungen -- 1.8.2 Anwendungsbeispiele -- Teil II Grundstrukturen der Halbleiter-Bauelemente -- 2 p-n-Übergänge -- 2.1 Einleitung -- 2.2 Raumladungszonen -- 2.2.1 Abrupter p-n-Übergang -- 2.2.2 Linearer p-n-Übergang -- 2.2.3 Beliebige Dotierprofile -- 2.3 Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien -- 2.3.1 Die Shockley-Gleichung -- 2.3.2 Generations- und Rekombinationsprozesse -- 2.3.3 Starke Injektion -- 2.3.4 Diffusionskapazität -- 2.4 p-n-Übergänge im Durchbruchsbereich -- 2.4.1 Thermische Instabilität -- 2.4.2 Tunneleffekt -- 2.4.3 Lawinenmultiplikation -- 2.5 Transientes Verhalten und Rauschen -- 2.5.1 Transientes Verhalten -- 2.5.2 Rauschen -- 2.6 Der p-n-Übergang als Bauelement -- 2.6.1 Gleichrichter. , 2.6.2 Zener-Diode -- 2.6.3 Varistor -- 2.6.4 Varaktor -- 2.6.5 Dioden mit kurzer Erholungszeit -- 2.6.6 Speicherschaltdiode -- 2.6.7 p-i-n-Diode -- 2.7 Heteroübergänge -- 2.7.1 Anisotyper Heteroübergang -- 2.7.2 Isotyper Heteroübergang -- 3 Metall-Halbleiter-Kontakte -- 3.1 Einleitung -- 3.2 Entstehung der Schottky-Barriere -- 3.2.1 Ideale Bedingungen -- 3.2.2 Raumladungszonen -- 3.2.3 Grenzflächenzustände -- 3.2.4 Reduktion der Barrierenhöhe durch Spiegelladungen -- 3.2.5 Beeinflussung der Barrierenhöhe -- 3.3 Transportprozesse -- 3.3.1 Thermionische Emissionstheorie -- 3.3.2 Diffusionstheorie -- 3.3.3 Thermionische Emissions-Diffusions-Theorie -- 3.3.4 Tunnelströme -- 3.3.5 Injektion vom Minoritätsladungsträgern -- 3.3.6 MIS-Tunneldioden -- 3.4 Bestimmung der Barrierenhöhe -- 3.4.1 Strom-Spannungs-Messung -- 3.4.2 Messung der Aktivierungsenergie -- 3.4.3 Kapazitäts-Spannungs-Messungen -- 3.4.4 Photoelektrische Messung -- 3.4.5 Gemessene Barrierenhöhen -- 3.5 Diodenstrukturen -- 3.6 Ohmsche Kontakte -- 4 Metall-Isolator-Halbleiter-Kondensatoren -- 4.1 Einleitung -- 4.2 Idealer MIS-Kondensator -- 4.2.1 Oberflächenraumladungszone -- 4.2.2 Ideale MIS-Kapazitätskurven -- 4.3 Der Silizium-MOS-Kondensator -- 4.3.1 Grenzflächenzustände -- 4.3.2 Bestimmung der Dichte von Grenzflächenzuständen -- 4.3.3 Oxidladungen und Differenz der Austrittsarbeit -- 4.3.4 Dicke der Akkumulations- und Inversionsschicht -- 4.4 Ladungsträgertransport in MOS-Kondensatoren -- 4.4.1 Ladungsträgertransport -- 4.4.2 Nichtgleichgewicht und Lawineneffekte -- 4.4.3 Dielektrischer Zusammenbruch -- Teil III Transistoren -- 5 Bipolartransistoren -- 5.1 Einleitung -- 5.2 Statische Eigenschaften -- 5.2.1 Grundlegende Beziehungen zwischen Strom und Spannung -- 5.2.2 Stromverstärkung -- 5.2.3 Ausgangskennlinien -- 5.2.4 Nicht ideale Effekte -- 5.3 Kompaktmodelle von Bipolartransistoren. , 5.3.1 Das Ebers-Moll-Modell -- 5.3.2 Das Gummel-Poon-Modell -- 5.3.3 Die Modelle MEXTRAM und VBIC -- 5.3.4 Das HICUM und andere Modelle -- 5.4 Mikrowelleneigenschaften -- 5.4.1 Grenzfrequenz -- 5.4.2 Kleinsignalcharakterisierung -- 5.4.3 Schaltverhalten -- 5.4.4 Geometrie und Leistung der Bauelemente -- 5.5 Leistungstransistoren und Logikschaltungen -- 5.5.1 Leistungstransistoren -- 5.5.2 Einfache Logikschaltungen mit Bipolartransistoren -- 5.6 Heterobipolartransistoren -- 5.6.1 Doppelheterobipolartransistor -- 5.6.2 Bipolartransistor mit abgestufter Bandlücke -- 5.6.3 Hot-Electron-Transistor -- 5.7 Selbsterhitzungseffekte -- 6 MOSFETs -- 6.1 Einleitung -- 6.1.1 Der MOSFET-Stammbaum -- 6.1.2 Kategorisierung von Feldeffekttransistoren -- 6.2 Grundlegende Bauteilcharakteristiken -- 6.2.1 Die Inversionsladung im Kanal -- 6.2.2 Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien -- 6.2.3 Schwellspannung -- 6.2.4 Der Unterschwellenbereich -- 6.2.5 Beweglichkeitsverhalten -- 6.2.6 Temperaturabhängigkeit des MOSFET -- 6.3 Bauelemente mit inhomogener Dotierung und vergrabenem Kanal -- 6.3.1 Das Hoch-Niedrig-Dotierprofil -- 6.3.2 Das Niedrig-Hoch-Dotierprofil -- 6.3.3 Bauelemente mit vergrabenem Kanal -- 6.4 Bauelementeskalierung und Kurzkanaleffekte -- 6.4.1 Skalierung von Bauelementen -- 6.4.2 Ladungsbeitrag von Source und Drain -- 6.4.3 Kanallängenmodulation -- 6.4.4 Draininduzierte Barrierenabsenkung (DIBL) -- 6.4.5 Charakteristische Fluktuationen -- 6.4.6 Lawinendurchbruch und Oxidzuverlässigkeit -- 6.5 MOSFET-Strukturen -- 6.5.1 Dotierprofil des Ladungsträgerkanals -- 6.5.2 Gatestapel -- 6.5.3 Source-Drain-Design -- 6.5.4 SOI und TFT -- 6.5.5 Dreidimensionale Strukturen -- 6.5.6 Leistungs-MOSFETs -- 6.6 Schaltungsanwendungen -- 6.6.1 Kompaktmodelle von MOSFETs -- 6.6.2 Ersatzschaltkreise und Mikrowelleneigenschaften -- 6.6.3 Grundlegende Schaltungsblöcke -- 6.7 NCFET und TFET. , 6.7.1 Feldeffekttransistoren mit negativer Kapazität -- 6.7.2 Tunnelfeldeffekttransistoren -- 6.8 Der Einzelelektronentransistor -- 7 Nicht flüchtige Speicher -- 7.1 Einleitung -- 7.2 Das Konzept des Floating-Gate -- 7.3 Speicherstrukturen -- 7.3.1 Der Floating-Gate-Speicher -- 7.3.2 Der Floating-Trap- oder Charge-Trapping-Speicher -- 7.4 Kompaktmodelle von Floating-Gate-Speicherzellen -- 7.4.1 Das klassische kapazitive Modell -- 7.4.2 Das Ladungsbilanzmodell -- 7.5 Mehrstufige Zellen und dreidimensionale Strukturen -- 7.5.1 Multilevelzellen -- 7.5.2 Dreidimensionale (3-D) Strukturen -- 7.6 Herausforderungen bei der Skalierung -- 7.7 Alternative Speicherstrukturen -- 7.7.1 FeRAM -- 7.7.2 PCRAM -- 7.7.3 ReRAM -- 7.7.4 Magnetisches Spin-Transfer-Torque-RAM (STT-MRAM) -- 8 JFETs, MESFETs und MODFETs -- 8.1 Einleitung -- 8.2 JFET und MESFET -- 8.2.1 I-V-Kennlinien -- 8.2.2 Beliebige Dotierprofile und Bauelemente im Anreicherungsmodus -- 8.2.3 Mikrowelleneigenschaften -- 8.2.4 MESFET-Strukturen -- 8.3 MODFET -- 8.3.1 Grundlegende HEMT-Strukturen -- 8.3.2 I-V-Kennlinien -- 8.3.3 Ersatzschaltkreise und Mikrowellenverhalten -- 8.3.4 Moderne Bauelementestrukturen -- 8.3.5 GaN-HEMTs -- Teil IV Bauelemente mit negativem Widerstand und Leistungsbauelemente -- 9 Tunnelbauelemente -- 9.1 Einleitung -- 9.2 Tunneldioden -- 9.2.1 Tunnelwahrscheinlichkeit und Tunnelstrom -- 9.2.2 Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien -- 9.2.3 Die Tunneldiode als Oszillator -- 9.3 Verwandte Tunnelbauelemente -- 9.3.1 Die Rückwärtsdiode -- 9.3.2 MIS-Tunnelstrukturen -- 9.3.3 MIS-Schaltdiode -- 9.3.4 MIM-Tunneldiode -- 9.3.5 Der Hot-Electron-Transistor -- 9.4 Resonante Tunneldioden -- 10 IMPATT-Dioden, TE- und RST-Devices -- 10.1 Einleitung -- 10.2 IMPATT-Dioden -- 10.2.1 Elektrische Eigenschaften -- 10.2.2 Leistung, Effizienz und Rauschen -- 10.2.3 Eigenschaften von IMPATT-Dioden. , 10.2.4 BARITT- und TUNNETT-Dioden -- 10.3 Transferred Electron Devices -- 10.3.1 Transferred-Electron-Effekt -- 10.3.2 Eigenschaften und Funktionen von Gunn-Dioden -- 10.4 Real-Space-Transfer Devices -- 10.4.1 Real-Space-Transfer (RST)-Diode -- 10.4.2 Real-Space-Transfer-Transistor -- 11 Thyristoren und Leistungsbauelemente -- 11.1 Einleitung -- 11.2 Thyristorkennlinien -- 11.2.1 Blockierverhalten in Rückwärtsrichtung -- 11.2.2 Blockierverhalten in Vorwärtsrichtung -- 11.2.3 Einschaltmechanismen -- 11.2.4 Leitfähigkeit in Vorwärtsrichtung -- 11.2.5 Statische I-V-Kurven -- 11.2.6 Einschalt- und Ausschaltzeiten -- 11.3 Thyristorvarianten -- 11.3.1 Thyristor mit Gateabschaltung -- 11.3.2 Diac und Triac -- 11.4 Andere Leistungsbauelemente -- 11.4.1 Bipolarer Transistor mit isoliertem Gate -- 11.4.2 Elektrostatischer Influenztransistor -- 11.4.3 Statischer Influenzsthyristor -- Teil V Photonische Bauelemente und Sensoren -- 12 LEDs und Laser -- 12.1 Einleitung -- 12.2 Strahlende Übergänge -- 12.2.1 Emissionsspektren -- 12.2.2 Methoden der Anregung -- 12.3 Lichtemittierende Dioden (LEDs) -- 12.3.1 LED-Strukturen -- 12.3.2 Materialauswahl -- 12.3.3 Definitionen der Wirkungsgrade -- 12.3.4 Weißlicht-LEDs -- 12.3.5 Frequenzgang -- 12.4 Laserphysik -- 12.4.1 Stimulierte Emission und Besetzungsinversion -- 12.4.2 Optischer Resonator und optische Verstärkung -- 12.4.3 Wellenleiter -- 12.5 Laserbetrieb -- 12.5.1 Lasermaterialien und Laserstrukturen -- 12.5.2 Schwellstrom -- 12.5.3 Emissionsspektren und Wirkungsgrade -- 12.5.4 Fernfeldmuster -- 12.5.5 Einschaltverzögerung und Modulationsverhalten -- 12.5.6 Wellenlängenabstimmung -- 12.5.7 Alterungsprozesse in Halbleiterlasern -- 12.6 Spezielle Laser -- 12.6.1 Quantentopf-, Quantendraht- und Quantenpunktlaser -- 12.6.2 Oberflächenemittierende Laser mit vertikalem Resonator (VCSEL) -- 12.6.3 Quantenkaskadenlaser. , 12.6.4 Optischer Halbleiterverstärker.

Note: Intro -- Remote Sensing of Geomorphology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Reference -- Introduction to remote sensing of geomorphology -- Chapter 1: Structure from motion photogrammetric technique -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Brief historical summary and state of the art -- 1.2. Reasons for success in geomorphological surveys -- 2. Method -- 2.1. Choosing suitable settings to comply with the application at hand -- 2.1.1. Image quality -- 2.1.2. Ground sampling distance -- 2.1.3. Image network geometry -- 2.1.4. Camera parameter choice during bundle adjustment -- 2.1.5. Referencing: GCP weights and distribution -- 2.1.6. Exterior influences -- 2.2. Accuracy considerations in geomorphological applications -- 2.3. Direct geo-referencing (DG) for flexible UAV applications -- 2.3.1. Achievable accuracies -- 2.3.2. Guidelines for DG applications -- 3. Reconstructing processes across space -- 4. Reconstructing processes in time -- 4.1. Past and real-time reconstruction -- 4.2. Time-lapse imagery for 4D change detection -- 4.2.1. Guidelines for time-lapse SfM photogrammetry -- 5. Final remarks -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: Topo-bathymetric airborne LiDAR for fluvial-geomorphology analysis -- 1. High-resolution topography: Where is the bathymetry? -- 2. Synoptic fluvial bathymetry survey techniques -- 2.1. Topo-bathymetric lidar vs existing approaches -- 2.2. Topo-bathymetric airborne lidar sensors -- 2.3. Survey examples and typical data characteristics -- 3. Controls on depth penetration and surveyable rivers -- 3.1. Theoretical controls on the bathymetric waveform and bottom echo intensity -- 3.2. Results on maximum measurable depth and sensor comparison -- 3.3. Depth uncertainty and detail resolving capability -- 3.4. Surveyable rivers and survey strategy -- 4. Data processing. , 4.1. Water-surface detection, bathymetric classification, and refraction correction -- 4.2. FWF analysis -- 5. Applications in fluvial geomorphology -- 5.1. Multi-scale high-resolution fluvial geomorphology -- 5.2. Coupling with 2D-3D hydraulic modeling -- 5.3. Synoptic channel morphodynamics and sediment budget -- 6. Conclusions and remaining challenges -- 6.1. A priori prediction of depth penetration and river bathymetric cover -- 6.2. Automatic classification on massive lidar datasets -- 6.3. FWF analysis in the context of fluvial environments -- 6.4. Large-scale hydraulic modeling on topo-bathymetric data -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Ground-based remote sensing of the shallow subsurface: Geophysical methods for environmental applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Geo-electrical (DC resistivity) methods -- 2.2. EMI methods and GPR -- 2.3. Seismics -- 3. Application examples -- 3.1. System structure -- 3.1.1. The Settolo site -- 3.1.2. The Trecate site -- 3.1.3. The Aviano site -- 3.1.4. The Fondo Paviani site -- 3.1.5. The Turriaco site -- 3.2. Fluid dynamics monitoring -- 3.2.1. The Decimomannu site -- 3.2.2. The Trento Nord site -- 3.2.3. The Grugliasco site -- 3.2.4. The Bregonze site -- 3.2.5. The Bari IRSA-CNR site -- 4. Future challenges and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 4: Topographic data from satellites -- 1. The importance of topography -- 2. Collection of topographic data from satellites -- 2.1. Satellite lidar -- 2.2. Radar -- 2.3. Stereo imaging -- 3. Global and large regional datasets -- 3.1. GTOPO30 -- 3.2. SRTM -- 3.3. ASTER -- 3.4. ALOS PRISM -- 3.5. TanDEM-X -- 3.6. ArcticDEM and REMA -- 3.7. High Himalaya DEM -- 3.8. MERIT DEM -- 3.9. Other instruments and summary -- 4. Accuracy of global datasets -- 4.1. Common sources of error. , 4.2. Methods of comparison between datasets -- 4.3. Error estimates for specific datasets -- 4.3.1. SRTM accuracy -- 4.3.2. ASTER accuracy -- 4.3.3. ALOS world 3D accuracy -- 4.3.4. TanDEM-X DEM accuracy -- 4.3.5. MERIT DEM accuracy -- 4.3.6. ArcticDEM, REMA, and High Mountain Asia DEM accuracy -- 4.4. Dataset intercomparison -- 4.5. Summary of vertical accuracy -- 5. Implications of increasing resolution on geomorphic studies -- 5.1. Geomorphic metrics and data processing -- 5.2. Simple preprocessing -- 5.2.1. Grid resolution: Implications for curvature and slope measurements -- 5.3. Accuracy of channel profiles -- 6. Future developments -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Linking life and landscape with remote sensing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linking remote sensed data to life and landscapes -- 2.1. Erosive, depositional, and constructive processes modulated by biota -- 2.2. Life and landscape patterns -- 2.3. Measureable vegetation properties -- 2.4. Soils and belowground organic carbon -- 3. Passive remote sensing methods -- 3.1. Vegetation indicators from passive instruments -- 3.2. Coarse resolution passive sensors -- 3.3. Medium and fine resolution passive sensors -- 4. Radar -- 4.1. Satellite-based radar systems -- 5. Lidar -- 5.1. A primer on lidar remote sensing -- 5.2. Quantifying canopy structure with airborne lidar -- 5.2.1. Canopy height models and canopy gaps -- 5.2.2. Identifying individual trees -- 5.2.3. Mapping AGB and ACD -- 5.2.3.1. Area-based approaches -- 5.2.3.2. Individual-based approaches -- 5.2.3.3. Calibration and uncertainty -- 5.2.4. Quantifying PAI and vertical distributions of plant area density -- 5.3. Spaceborne lidar -- 5.3.1. ICESat/GLAS -- 5.3.2. GEDI -- 5.3.3. ICESat-2/ATLAS -- 5.4. Data fusion -- 6. Airborne electromagnetics -- 7. Conclusions -- 7.1. Finding the right sensor. , 7.2. The importance of scale -- 7.3. Trade-offs between resolution and spatial coverage -- 7.4. Future outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: SfM photogrammetry for GeoArchaeology -- 1. Remote sensing -- 2. SfM photogrammetry -- 3. SfM in geoarchaeology: Agricultural terraces in Europe -- 3.1. Case study: Ingram Valley (UK) -- 3.2. SfM workflow -- 3.2.1. Fieldwork -- 3.2.2. SfM processing -- 3.2.3. SfM postprocessing -- 3.2.4. DTM generation -- 3.3. Result and discussion -- 4. Final remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Landslide analysis using laser scanners -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A short history -- 3. Basics of laser scanners -- 3.1. Lasers and safety -- 3.2. LiDAR devices -- 3.3. TOF LiDAR -- 3.3.1. LiDAR using phase measurements -- 3.3.2. LASER scanning based on triangulation -- 3.4. Beam characteristics -- 4. LiDAR uses -- 4.1. Issues -- 4.2. Different LiDAR configurations -- 4.3. Filtering -- 4.4. Georeferencing and coregistration -- 5. Characterization of landslides -- 5.1. Mapping -- 5.2. Rock structure characterization and rockfall sources -- 5.3. Volume estimation -- 6. Monitoring -- 6.1. Surface changes -- 6.2. Potential methods for real-time monitoring -- 7. Modeling based on LDTM -- 8. Discussion and perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 8: Terrestrial laser scanner applied to fluvial geomorphology -- 1. Challenges in using terrestrial laser scanner to understand river dynamics -- 2. Data acquisition -- 2.1. Equipment consideration -- 2.2. Data registration, georeferencing, and survey strategy -- 2.3. Boundary conditions monitoring and long-term monitoring -- 3. 3D point cloud postprocessing operations -- 3.1. Point cloud registration and preprocessing -- 3.2. Vegetation classification -- 3.3. Point-based vs raster-based analysis. , 3.4. Core points as a way to cope with data volume and spatial variations in point density -- 3.5. Metrics calculation and segmentation -- 3.6. 3D spatial analysis -- 4. Topographic change measurement and volume calculation -- 4.1. Source of uncertainties -- 4.2. Vertical change detection -- 4.3. 3D distance and bank erosion measurement -- 5. Science from point clouds in fluvial geomorphology -- 5.1. Grain size distribution -- 5.2. Sediment transport and bank erosion -- 5.3. Bedrock erosion -- 5.4. Vegetation, hydraulics, and sedimentation -- 6. Conclusion and outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Remote sensing for the analysis of anthropogenic geomorphology: Potential responses to sediment dynamics in th ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and methods -- 2.1. Relative path impact index -- 2.2. Connectivity index -- 3. Study area -- 3.1. Spain -- 3.2. Italy -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Spain -- 4.2. Italy -- 5. A holistic view of land planning -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 10: Using UAV and LiDAR data for gully geomorphic changes monitoring -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. LiDAR in geosciences -- 1.2. Digital photogrammetry and SfM in geosciences -- 2. Study area: The reservoir bottom gullies from Jijia Hills (Romania) -- 3. Materials and methods -- 3.1. LiDAR data -- 3.2. UAV images -- 3.3. Structure from motion -- 3.3.1. SfM approach -- 3.3.2. Point cloud postprocessing -- 3.4. DEM generation -- 3.5. Geomorphic change detection -- 3.6. Geomorphological mapping -- 4. Results -- 5. Discussions -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 11: Zero to a trillion: Advancing Earth surface process studies with open access to high-resolution topography -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scientific motivations for open access to topographic data. , 3. Broad impacts from openly available topographic data.

Note: Description based upon print version of record , Part I - Introduction1. Shaping the Surface of Earth - Geomorphology in a Nutshell.- Part II - Endogenic Forms and Processes.- 2. Volcanic Landforms.- 3. Igneous Intrusive Landforms.- 4. Tectonic Landforms.- Part III - Exogenic Forms and Processes.-  5. Impacts Craters.- 6. Physical and Chemical Weathering.-  7. Karst landscapes - topographies sculptured by dissolution of rock -- 8. Mass Movements - landforms shaped under the force of gravity -- 9. Forms by Flowing Water (Fluvial Features) -- 10. Planar Forms and Plain Forming Processes: Pediments/Glacis, and Peneplains (with Inselbergs) -- 11. Forms by Wind (or: Aeolian Processes): Deflation and Dunes -- 12. Glacier Ice and its Domain.- 13. Frost and Permafrost as Morphological Agents (or: the Periglacial Domain) -- Part IV - Epilogue - Transformation of the Earth´s Surface by Man (Anthropogenic Forms) -- Index.