Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE TO THE SERIES -- PREFACE TO VOLUME 36 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- Chapter 1: THE MECHANISM OF "FENTON-LIKE" REACTIONS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. A BIOLOGIST'S VIEW -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Fenton Reaction and Fenton-Like Reactions -- 3. Significance of the Fenton-Like Reactions in vivo -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: REACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC CARBON-CENTERED AND ALIPHATIC-PEROXYL RADICALS WITH TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES AS A PLAUSIBLE SOURCE FOR BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE INDUCED BY RADICAL PROCESSES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of Radicals in Biological Systems -- 3. Redox Properties of Alkyl and Alkyl-Peroxyl Radicals -- 4. The Role of Transition Metal Complexes in Radical-Induced Biological Deleterious Processes -- 5. The "Site-Specific" Mechanism -- 6. Reactions of Aliphatic Carbon-Centered Radicals with Transition Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solutions -- 7. Mechanisms of Decomposition of the Transient Complexes, LmMn+l-R -- 8. Reactions of Alkyl-Peroxyl Radicals with Transition Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solution -- 9. Mechanisms of Decomposition of the Transient Complexes, LmMn+ l-OOR -- 10. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: FREE RADICALS AS A RESULT OF DIOXYGEN METABOLISM -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Redox Chemistry, Acid-Base Chemistry and Bond Energies of Dioxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species -- 3. Major Radical Reactions of Dioxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species -- 4. Lipid Peroxidation, an Especially Facile and Major Type of Radical Chain Autoxidation -- 5. Lipid Hydroperoxides as a Major Source of Radicals. , 6. Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Respiratory Burst of Phagocytes -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4: FREE RADICALS AS A SOURCE OF UNCOMMON OXIDATION STATES OF TRANSITION METALS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of Free Radicals -- 3. Generation of Free Radicals -- 4. Measurement of Reaction Rates -- 5. Interaction of Free Radicals with Simple Transition Metal Ions -- 6. Interaction of Free Radicals with Complexed Transition Metal Ions -- 7. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF COPPER-ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE AND ITS LINK TO AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biophysical Properties of Wild-Type Superoxide Dismutase -- 3. Enzymatic Activity -- 4. Evidence Concerning Biological Function -- 5. Role of Mutant Human CuZn Superoxide Dismutase in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: DNA DAMAGE MEDIATED BY METAL IONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COPPER AND IRON -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Binding of Metal Ions to DNA -- 3. DNA Lesions -- 4. Biological Implications of Metal-DNA Damage -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: RADICAL MIGRATION THROUGH THE DNA HELIX: CHEMISTRY AT A DISTANCE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Charge Transport in DNA: Chemical and Biological History -- 3. DNA as a Bridge for Long-Range Charge Transport -- 4. DNA as a Reactant in Long-Range Charge Transfer Reactions -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: INVOLVEMENT OF METAL IONS IN LIPID PEROXIDATION: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Outline of the Mechanism of Lipid Peroxidation -- 3. Involvement of Metal Ions in Various Stages of the Lipid Peroxidation Process -- 4. Biological Examinations of the Effect of Metal Ions on Lipid Peroxidation. , 5. Considerations on Tissue Damage -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: FORMATION OF METHEMOGLOBIN AND FREE RADICALS IN ERYTHROCYTES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. ESR Detection of Free Radical Intermediates -- 3. Chemiluminescence Detection of the Ferryl Hemoglobin Protein Radical -- 4. Spin Labeling of the Erythrocyte Membrane -- 5. Iron Liberation -- 6. Reactions Involving Thiol Groups (R-SH) -- 7. Electrophoresis of Membranes with SDS-PAGE -- 8. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: ROLE OF FREE RADICALS AND METAL IONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Normal Cerebral Transition Metal Ion Homeostasis and Oxidative Metabolism -- 3. Altered Cerebral Metal Ion and Oxidative Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4. Cerebral Amyloid Deposition in Neurological Diseases and Aging -- 5. Neurochemical Factors that Precipitate Alzheimer Aβ Protein -- 6. Sources of Neuronal Free Radicals -- 7. Neurochemical Environments Leading to Amyloid Deposition and Neuronal Death in Alzheimer's Disease -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11: METAL BINDING AND RADICAL GENERATION OF PROTEINS IN HUMAN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES AND AGING -- 1. Introduction: Transition Metal Ions in Biological Systems -- 2. Free Radicals and Human Diseases -- 3. Superoxide Dismutase in Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Gain of Function -- 4. Radical Generation of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimer's Disease -- 5. Involvement of Oxygen Radicals in Aβ Amyloid Formation -- 6. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: THIYL RADICALS IN BIOCHEMICALLY IMPORTANT THIOLS IN THE PRESENCE OF METAL IONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Thiyl Radicals. , 3. Thiyl Radicals in the Presence of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Chromium, and Vanadium -- 4. Copper(I)-Stabilized Thiyl Radicals -- 5. Improved Stabilization of Copper(I)-Thiyl Radicals Embedded in Inorganic and Biological Matrices -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: METHYLMERCURY-INDUCED GENERATION OF FREE RADICALS: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction: The Toxicity and Pathology of Mercury -- 2. Mercury Chemistry -- 3. Mercurial-Induced Oxidative Stress in Biological Systems -- 4. Protective Mechanisms Against Mercury Toxicity -- 5. Biological Implications -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 14: ROLE OF FREE RADICALS IN METAL-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Role of Free Radicals in Chromium Carcinogenesis -- 3. The Role of Free Radicals in Nickel Carcinogenesis -- 4. The Possible Role of Free Radicals in Arsenic Carcinogenesis -- 5. Beryllium Pulmonary Fibrosis and Carcinogenesis: Is There a Role for Free Radicals? -- 6. Iron and Free Radicals: Is There a Role in Carcinogenesis or Tumor Promotion? -- 7. Copper and Free Radicals: Is There a Role in Carcinogenesis? -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 15: pH-DEPENDENT ORGANOCOBALT SOURCES FOR ACTIVE RADICAL SPECIES: A NEW TYPE OF ANTICANCER AGENTS -- 1. Introduction: Prerequisites for the Search for Potential Anticancer Drugs Among Organocobalt Complexes -- 2. Alkylcobalt(III) Chelates with Tridentate Schiff Bases -- 3. Biomedical Examinations -- 4. Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 16: DETECTION OF CHROMATIN-ASSOCIATED HYDROXYL RADICALS GENERATED BY DNA-BOUND METAL COMPOUNDS AND ANTITUMOR ANTIBIOTICS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chromatin-Associated Hydroxyl Radicals. , 3. Detection of Chromatin-Associated Hydroxyl Radicals -- 4. Methods for Attaching SECCA to In Vitro Chromatin Models -- 5. Metal Compounds and Antitumor Antibiotics that Generate Chromatin-Associated HO -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 17: NITRIC OXIDE (NO): FORMATION AND BIOLOGICAL ROLES IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biologically Relevant Chemistry of Nitric Oxide -- 3. Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis -- 4. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nitric Oxide: A Chemical Perspective -- 5. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 18: CHEMISTRY OF PEROXYNITRITE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- 1. Introduction and Brief Historical Overview -- 2. Is Peroxynitrite Formed in vivo? -- 3. Syntheses -- 4. Properties, Isomerization, and Decomposition -- 5. Reactions that Are First Order in Peroxynitrous Acid -- 6. Biomolecular Reactions -- 7. Superoxide Dismutase and Peroxynitrite -- 8. Peroxynitrite or Hydroxyl Radical? -- Note Added in Proof -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19: NOVEL NITRIC OXIDE-LIBERATING HEME PROTEINS FROM THE SALIVA OF BLOODSUCKING INSECTS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Strategies Used by Bloodsucking Insects to Ensure that They Obtain a Sufficient Blood Meal -- 3. Properties of Nitric Oxide -- 4. Spectroscopy of the Nitrophorins of Rhodnius prolixus in Comparison to Other Heme Proteins -- 5. Redox Chemistry of Nitric Oxide-Heme Systems and the Nitrophorins of Rhodnius prolixus -- 6. X-Ray Crystallography -- 7. Other Metal-Nitric Oxide Complexes of Importance in Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 8. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 20: NITROGEN MONOXIDE-RELATED DISEASE AND NITROGEN MONOXIDE SCAVENGERS AS POTENTIAL DRUGS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitric Oxide and Disease -- 3. Therapeutic Strategies. , 4. Organic Molecules as Nitric Oxide Scavengers.

Note: Intro -- Interplay between MetalIons and Nucleic Acids -- Historical Development and Perspectivesof the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Preface to Volume 10 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 10 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ionsin Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in theMetal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: Characterization of Metal Ion-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Solution -- Chapter 2: Nucleic Acid-Metal Ion Interactions in the Solid State -- Chapter 3: Metal Ion-Promoted Conformational Changes of Oligonucleotides -- Chapter 4: G-Quadruplexes and Metal Ions -- Chapter 5: Metal Ion-Mediated DNA-Protein Interactions -- Chapter 6: Spectroscopic Investigations of Lanthanide Ion Binding to Nucleic Acids -- Chapter 7: Oxidative DNA Damage Mediated by Transition Metal Ions and Their Complexes -- Chapter 8: Metal Ion-Dependent DNAzymes and Their Applications as Biosensors -- Chapter 9: Enantioselective Catalysis at the DNA Scaffold -- Chapter 10: Alternative DNA Base Pairing through Metal Coordination -- Chapter 11: Metal-Mediated Base Pairs in Nucleic Acids with Purine- and Pyrimidine-Derived Nucleosides -- Chapter 12: Metal Complex Derivatives of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Series -- Preface to Volume 15 -- Contributors -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1 Categories of Zinc Metalloenzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Catalytic Role of Zinc: Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3. Structural Role of Zinc: Aspartate Transcarbamylase -- 4. Regulatory and Catalytic Roles of Zinc: Leucine Aminopeptidase -- 5. Noncatalytic and Catalytic Roles of Zinc: Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- 6. General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Models for Zn(II) Binding Sites in Enzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3. Peptidases: Carboxypeptidase and Thermolysin -- 4. Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- 5. Alkaline Phosphatase -- 6. Superoxide Dismutase -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 An Insight on the Active Site of Zinc Enzymes Through Metal Substitution -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Zinc(II) in Metalloenzymes -- 3. Zinc Substitution and General Remarks on the Metal Derivatives -- 4. Cobalt(II) Derivatives -- 5. Copper(II) Derivatives -- 6. Manganese(II) Derivatives -- 7. Cadmium(II) Derivatives -- 8. Other Metal Derivatives -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4 The Role of Zinc in DNA and RNA Polymerases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Universal Presence of Zinc in DNA and RNA Polymerases -- 3. DNA Polymerase -- 4. RNA Polymerase -- 5. Possible Role of Intrinsic Zinc -- 6. Conclusions and Perspective -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5 The Role of Zinc in Snake Toxins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metals in Snake Venoms -- 3. Effect of Chelating Agents -- 4. Zinc in Purified Hemorrhagic Toxins and Proteolytic Enzymes -- References -- Chapter 6 Spectroscopic Properties of Metallothionein -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Covalent Structure -- 3. Metal Composition, Removal, and Reconstitution: Preparation of Transition Metal Derivatives. , 4. Spectroscopic Features of Native and Reconstituted Metallothionein -- 5. Conformation of the Polypeptide Chain in Metallothionein -- 6. Coordination Geometry of Metal-Binding Sites in Metallothionein -- 7. Metal-Thiolate Clusters in Metallothionein -- 8. Stability of Metal-Protein Complexes in Metallothionein -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Interaction of Zinc with Erythrocytes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Interaction of Zinc with Erythrocyte Membranes -- 3. Interaction of Zinc with Hemoglobin -- 4. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8 Zinc Absorption and Excretion in Relation to Nutrition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Absorption -- 3. Excretion -- 4. Significance for Zinc Nutrition -- References -- Chapter 9 Nutritional Influence of Zinc on the Activity of Enzymes and Hormones -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of Zinc on Metalloenzyme Activity -- 3. Effects of Zinc on Hormones -- References -- Chapter 10 Zinc Deficiency Syndrome During Parenteral Nutrition in Humans -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metabolic Aspects of Zinc in Human Nutrition -- 3. Zinc Deficiency During Parenteral Nutrition -- 4. Case Reports -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Prefaces -- In Memoriam -- Contents -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- Chapter 1. The Biogeochemistry of Molybdenum and Tungsten -- Chapter 2. Transport, Homeostasis, Regulation, and Binding of Molybdate and Tungstate to Proteins -- Chapter 3. Molybdenum Nitrogenases: A Crystallographic and Mechanistic View -- Chapter 4. Chemical Dinitrogen Fixation by Molybdenum and Tungsten Complexes: Insights from Coordination Chemistry -- Chapter 5. Biosynthesis of the Nitrogenase Iron-Molybdenum-Cofactor from Azotobacter vinelandii -- Chapter 6. Molybdenum Enzymes Containing the Pyranopterin Cofactor: An Overview -- Chapter 7. The Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors: A Crystallographic View -- Chapter 8. Models for the Pyranopterin-Containing Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors -- Chapter 9. Biosynthesis and Molecular Biology of the Molybdenum Cofactor (Moco) -- Chapter 10. Molybdenum in Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Oxidoreductase* -- Chapter 11. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Nicotinate, Isonicotinate, and Nicotine -- Chapter 12. The Molybdenum-Containing Xanthine Oxidoreductases and Picolinate Dehydrogenases -- Chapter 13. Enzymes of the Xanthine Oxidase Family: The Role of Molybdenum -- Chapter 14. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Quinoline, Isoquinoline, and Quinaldine -- Chapter 15. Molybdenum Enzymes in Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Acids -- Chapter 16. Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes in C1 Metabolism -- Chapter 17. Molybdenum Enzymes and Sulfur Metabolism -- Chapter 18. Comparison of Selenium-Containing Molybdoenzymes -- Chapter 19. Tungsten-Dependent Aldehyde Oxidoreductase: A New Family of Enzymes Containing the Pterin Cofactor -- Chapter 20. Tunsten-Substituted Molybdenum Enzymes -- Chapter 21. Molybdenum Metabolism and Requirements in Humans. , Chapter 22. Metabolism and Toxicity of Tungsten in Humans and Animals -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.

Note: i_iv -- v_vi -- vii_viii -- ix_xvi -- xvii_xx -- xxi_xxii -- xxiii_xxx -- 001_030 -- 031_050 -- 051_082 -- 083_106 -- 107_154 -- 155_182 -- 183_198 -- 199_238 -- 239_278 -- 279_318 -- 319_352 -- 353_398 -- 399_412 -- 413_440 -- 441_482 -- 483_514.

Note: Front cover -- Preface to the Series -- Preface to Volume 43 -- Contents of Volume 43 -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- HANDBOOK ON METALLOPROTEINS -- 1 -- The Biogeochemical Cycles of the Elements and the Evolution of Life -- Peter M. H. Kroneck -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MODERN EARTH: CYCLING OF THE BIOLOGICAL ELEMENTS -- 3. EVOLUTION OF LIFE -- 4. OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 2 -- Biogeochemistry of Dihydrogen (H2) -- Tori M. Hoehler -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Antiquity and Ubiquity of H2 in the Microbial World -- 1.2. The Evolving Role of H2 in Biogeochemistry -- 2. H2 FROM THE PLANETARY MATRIX 2.1. Abiotic Mechanisms of H2 Production -- 2.2. Atmospheric Chemistry Involving H2 -- 2.3. Abiotic H2 as an Energy Source for Photosynthesis-Independent Ecosystems -- 3. H2 CYCLING IN ANAEROBIC ECOSYSTEMS -- 3.1. Interspecies H2 Transfer -- Table 1 -- Table 2 -- 3.2. Factors Controlling H2 Concentrations -- 3.3. Implications for Biogeochemistry -- 4. H2 CYCLING IN PHOTOTROPHIC ECOSYSTEMS 4.1. H2 in the Metabolism of Phototrophic Microorganisms -- Table 3 -- 4.2. H2 Cycling in Photosynthetic Microbial Mats -- 4.3. Implications for Biogeochemistry -- 5. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 -- Dioxygen over Geological Time -- Norman H. Sleep -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LONG-TERM CRUSTAL RESERVOIRS AND CYCLES -- 3. MODERN AND ANCIENT BIOLOGICAL REDOX CYCLES -- 3.1. Thermodynamics of Life -- 3.2. The Geological Record of the Modern Cycle -- 3.3. Ancient Ecosystems -- 4. MANTLE CYCLE -- 4.1. Coupled Sulfur and Carbon Cycles and the Net Mantle Flux -- 4.2. Oxidation of Basaltic Crust at Midocean Ridges -- 4.3. Mantle Oxidation and Volcanic Gases -- 4.4. Subduction of Sediments -- 4.5. Serpentinite -- 4.6. Hydrogen Escape to Space. , 5. CARBON BURIAL -- 5.1. Coupled Organic Carbon and Carbonate Surface Cycles -- 5.2. Sites for Organic Carbon Burial -- 5.3. Phosphorus and Organic Carbon Burial -- 6. CONCLUSION: OXYGEN BUILD-UP OVER GEOLOGICAL TIME -- 6.1. Hydrogen Escape and the Crustal Oxygen Reservoir -- 6.2. Transition to Oxygen-Rich Atmosphere -- 6.3. Controls on Reservoir Sizes -- 6.4. Exportable Biological Implications -- NOTES ADDED IN PROOF -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 -- The Nitrogen Cycle: Its Biology -- Marc Rudolf and Peter M. H. Kroneck -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NITROGEN FIXATION 2.1. Chemical Aspects -- 2.2. Biological Aspects -- 2.3. Nitrogenase: Three-Dimensional Structure and Reaction Mechanism -- 3. RESPIRATORY PROCESSES: ENERGY CONSERVATION WITH INORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS -- 3.1. Denitrification: Reductive Transformation of Nitrate to Dinitrogen -- 3.2. Nitrite Ammonification: Reductive Transformation of Nitrite to Ammonia -- 3.3. Nitrification and Nitrite Oxidation: Oxidative Transformation of Ammonia -- 4. ASSIMILATORY PROCESSES: BUILDING THE ESSENTIAL MOLECULES OF LIFE -- 5. OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 -- The Biological Cycle of Sulfur -- Oliver Klimmek -- 1. SULFUR IN BIOLOGY -- Table 1 -- 2. CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR 2.1. Polysulfide Sulfur as Soluble Sulfur Compound -- 3. POLYSULFIDE SULFUR AS AN INTERMEDIATE IN SULFUR RESPIRATION -- 4. POLYSULFIDE SULFUR RESPIRATION OF BACTERIA 4.1. Bacterial Sulfur Reducers -- 4.2. Polysulfide Sulfur Respiration of W. succinogenes -- Table 2 -- Table 3 -- 5. SULFUR RESPIRATION OF ARCHAEA 5.1. Archaeal Sulfur Reducers -- 5.2. Sulfur Respiration of Acidianus ambivalens -- 5.3. Sulfur Respiration of Pyrodictium abyssi -- 6. POLYSULFIDE SULFUR TRANSFERASES -- 6.1. Polysulfide Sulfur Transferase of W. succinogenes -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT. , ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 -- Biological Cycling of Phosphorus -- Bernhard Schink -- 1. INTRODUCTION: CHEMISTRY OF PHOSPHORUS MINERALS -- Table 1 -- 2. PHOSPHATES IN BIOLOGY -- 2.1. Phosphate Uptake by Algae, Bacteria, and Higher Plants -- Table 2 -- 2.2. Polyphosphate Synthesis and Degradation -- 3. METABOLISM OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS WITH C-P LINKAGES -- 3.1. Synthesis of C-P and C- P- C Compounds -- 3.2. Degradation of C- P and C- P-C Compounds -- 4. METABOLISM OF REDUCED INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS 4.1. Assimilation of Phosphite and Hypophosphite -- 4.2. Dissimilation of Phosphite -- 5. FORMATION OF PHOSPHINE -- 6. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 -- Iron, Phytoplankton Growth, and the Carbon Cycle -- Joseph H. Street and Adina Paytan -- 1. IRON, AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT FOR MARINE ORGANISMS 1.1. Iron Function in Cells -- 1.2. Cellular Uptake Mechanisms -- 1.3. Chemical and Physical Limits on Uptake Rates -- 1.4. Expression of Stress -- 2. IRON CHEMISTRY IN SEAWATER -- 2.1. Chemical Forms -- 2.2. Speciation and Redox Chemistry -- 2.3. Interaction with Organic Compounds -- 3. IRON DISTRIBUTION AND CYCLING IN THE OCEAN -- 3.1. External Iron Sources -- 3.2. Iron Cycling in the Ocean -- 3.3. Patterns in the Distribution of Iron in the Ocean -- 4. IRON LIMITATION OF MARINE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND CONTROL ON ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE -- 4.1. Evidence for the Role of Iron in Regulating Productivity in High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll Regions -- 4.2. Interaction of Iron with Other Limiting Factors -- 4.3. Carbon Export and Iron Fertilization -- 5. THE ROLE OF IRON IN REGULATING ATMOSPHERIC CO2 5.1. The Iron Hypothesis -- 5.2. Changes in Dust Input and Productivity in Glacial Periods -- 5.3. Consequences for Atmospheric CO2 and Global Climate -- 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS. , REFERENCES -- 8 -- The Biogeochemistry of Cadmium -- Franc¸ois M. M. Morel and Elizabeth G. Malcolm -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONCENTRATIONS: SOURCES AND SINKS -- 2.1. Cadmium in the Atmosphere -- 2.2. Cadmium in Rivers and Soils -- 2.3. Cadmium in the Oceans -- 3. CHEMICAL SPECIATION -- 4. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 4.1. Toxicity -- 4.2. Detoxification -- 4.3. Cadmium Use in Phytoplankton -- 5. THE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF CADMIUM AS AN ALGAL NUTRIENT IN THE SEA 5.1. Mass Balance in Surface Seawater -- 5.2. Cellular Quotas -- 5.3. Uptake and Growth Rates -- 5.4. Remineralization -- 6. CADMIUM AS A PALEOTRACER -- 7. ENVOI -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 -- The Biogeochemistry and Fate of Mercury in the Environment -- Nelson J. O'Driscoll -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MERCURY SPECIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3. PROCESSES AFFECTING ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT AND FATE 3.1. Atmospheric Emissions and Mercury Deposition -- 3.2. Atmospheric Reactions -- 4. PROCESSES AFFECTING AQUATIC TRANSPORT AND FATE 4.1. Mercury Oxidation and Reduction -- 4.2. Mercury Methylation and Demethylation -- 4.3. Binding and Sedimentation -- 5. EFFECTS OF A CHANGING LANDSCAPE ON MERCURY FATE 5.1. Wetlands -- 5.2. Deforestation -- 6. BIG DAM WEST LAKE MERCURY MASS BALANCE 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Experimental Findings -- 7. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 -- Biogeochemistry and Cycling of Lead -- William Shotyk and Gae¨l Le Roux -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHEMISTRY OF LEAD AND BEHAVIOR IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2.1. Summary of Basic Chemical Properties -- 2.2. Abundance and Occurrence -- 2.3. Measuring Lead Concentrations -- 3. LEAD ISOTOPES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT 3.1. Stable Isotopes -- 3.2. Measurements of Stable Lead Isotopes -- 3.3. Intermediate Decay Products of U-Th Decay Series. , 4. ANCIENT AND MODERN USES OF LEAD 4.1. Ancient and Medieval Uses -- 4.2. Modern Uses -- 5. EMISSIONS OF LEAD TO THE ENVIRONMENT -- Table 1 -- 5.1. Lead in Natural vs. Anthropogenic Atmospheric Particles -- 5.2. Atmospheric Lead from Alkyllead Fuel Additives -- 6. INPUTS AND FATE OF ANTHROPOGENIC LEAD IN THE BIOSPHERE 6.1. Lead Concentrations in Soils -- 6.2. Cumulative Impact of Anthropogenic, Atmospheric Lead -- Table 2 -- 6.3. The Fate of Anthropogenic Lead in Soils -- 6.4. Lead Concentrations in Solution -- 7. TEMPORAL TRENDS IN ATMOSPHERIC LEAD DEPOSITION 7.1. Lead in Sediments -- 7.2. Lead in Bryophytes -- 7.3. Lead in Tree Rings and Bark Pockets -- 7.4. Peat Bog Archives -- 7.5. Relative Importance of Gasoline Lead vs. Other Sources of Industrial Lead -- 7.6. The Cumulative Input of Anthropogenic Lead -- 7.7. Lead in Polar Snow and Ice -- 7.8. Lead in Atmospheric Aerosols Today -- 8. ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD EXPOSURE AND HUMAN HEALTH 8.1. Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) and Their Significance -- 8.2. Mechanism of Lead Poisoning -- 8.3. Predominant Sources of Lead Exposure -- 8.4. Other Sources of Lead Exposure -- 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Back cover.

Note: i-iv -- v-vi -- vii-x -- xi-xvi -- xvii-xviii -- xix -- Ch001r -- Ch002r -- Ch003r -- CH004r -- CH005r -- CH006r -- CH007r -- CH008r -- Ch009r -- CH010r -- CH011r -- CH012r -- 461 -- 497.

Note: i-iv -- v-vi -- vii-x -- xi-xvi -- xvii-xx -- xxi-xxii -- xxiii-xxxii -- 1-36 -- 37-100 -- 101-124 -- 125-140 -- 141-174 -- 175-196 -- 197-234 -- 235-252 -- 253-276 -- 277-298 -- 299-346 -- 347-378 -- 379-392.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- PREFACE TO THE SERIES -- PREFACE TO VOLUME 40 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- HANDBOOK ON METALLOPROTEINS -- Chapter 1: DISTRIBUTION OF THE LANTHANIDES IN THE EARTH'S CRUST -- 1. Geochemical Behavior of the Lanthanides -- 2. Lanthanide Mineralogy -- 3. Samarium-Neodymium and Hafnium-Lutetium Isotope Geochemistry -- 4. The Oceanic Crust of the Earth -- 5. The Continental Crust -- 6. Lanthanides in the Continental Crust -- 7. Europium as a Geochemical Tracer -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 2: MOBILIZATION OF LANTHANIDES THROUGH THE TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE -- 1. Basic Lanthanide Chemistry -- 2. Sources of Lanthanides for Environmental Processes -- 3. Weathering of Rocks: Formation of Soil and Abundance of Lanthanides -- 4. Microbial Interactions with Lanthanides -- 5. Uptake of Lanthanides into Plants -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 3: COMPLEXES OF LANTHANIDE IONS WITH AMINO ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, AND OTHER LIGANDS OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST IN SOLUTION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results from Complexes with Model Ligands -- 3. Complexes of Amino Acids with Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Lanthanide Phospholipid Complexes -- 5. Interactions of Nucleotides and Lanthanide Ions -- 6. Complexes of Lanthanides with Sugar-Type Ligands -- 7. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 4: BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT STRUCTURAL COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF SIMPLE LANTHANIDE ION COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. X-Ray Structural Studies of Simple Lanthanide Ion Complexes -- 3. Summary and Overview -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations. , References -- Chapter 5: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES IN STUDIES OF METAL ION-DEPENDENT ENZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modulation of Enzyme Activity by Lanthanide Ions and Suitability as Probes -- 3. Conclusions -- 4. Appendix: Methodologies -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: LANTHANIDE CHELATES AS FLUORESCENCE LABELS FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanide Fluorescent Complexes and Labels -- 3. Application to Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay -- 4. Application to DNA Hybridization Assay and Cell Activity Assay -- 5. Application to Chromatography -- 6. Application to Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging -- 7. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: RESPONSIVE LUMINESCENT LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanistic Basis for Mode of Action -- 3. pH Dependent Luminescence -- 4. Anion Dependent Luminescence -- 5. Oxygen Dependent Luminescence -- 6. Modulation by Metal Ions and Selected Molecules -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES OF ELECTRON TRANSFER IN PROTEINS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Parvalbumin/Lanthanide Model System -- 3. Proof of Electron Transfer in the Model System -- 4. Application of Markus Theory of Electron Transfer to the Model System -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 9: LANTHANIDE IONS AS LUMINESCENT PROBES OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Photophysical Properties of Lanthanides -- 3. Nucleic Acids -- 4. Proteins and Enzymes -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: LANTHANIDE-PROMOTED PEPTIDE BOND HYDROLYSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Peptide Hydrolysis by Ce(IV) -- 3. Activities of Other Lanthanide and Non-Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Mechanism of Peptide Hydrolysis. , 5. Homogeneous Hydrolysis of Peptides by Lanthanide-Cyclodextrin Complexes -- 6. Origin of the Remarkable Activity of Ce(IV) -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11: LANTHANIDE-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHATE ESTERS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS -- 1. Introduction and Scope -- 2. Mechanisms of Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis -- 3. Formation of Lanthanide Complexes in Water and Their Catalytic Use -- 4. Kinetics of Catalytic Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis -- 5. Lanthanide Alkoxide and Hydroperoxide Complexes -- 6. Catalysis with Di- and Polynuclear Complexes -- 7. Analogs of Functional Amino Acids in Catalytic Centers -- 8. Other Lanthanide-Based Systems -- 9. A Final Performance Comparison of Lanthanides with Other Metal Ions -- 10. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: SEQUENCE-SELECTIVE SCISSION OF DNA AND RNA BY LANTHANIDE IONS AND THEIR COMPLEXES -- 1. Significance of Site-Selective Scission of DNA and RNA -- 2. Molecular Design for a Sequence-Selective Scission -- 3. Sequence-Selective DNA Cutters (Artificial Restriction Enzymes) -- 4. Sequence-Selective RNA Cutters (Ribozyme Mimics) -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES FOR METAL IONS IN THE STRUCTURE AND CATALYTIC MECHANISM OF RIBOZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Using Lanthanides to Study the Catalytic Mechanism of Ribozymes -- 3. Defining Metal Ion Binding Sites by Lanthanide-Induced Cleavage of the Phosphodiester Backbone -- 4. X-Ray Crystal Structures of Ribozymes and Lanthanides -- 5. Conclusions and Possible Future Applications of Lanthanides in Ribozyme Chemistry -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 14: LANTHANIDES AS SHIFT AND RELAXATION AGENTS IN ELUCIDATING THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanides as Structural Probes -- 3. Theory of Paramagnetic NMR Effects of Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Stable Lanthanide-Macromolecule Complexes -- 5. Structural Studies of Proteins in Solution -- 6. Probing Protein Surfaces and Protein Interactions with Lanthanide Chelates -- 7. Ln3+ as Probes of Nucleic Acids -- 8. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 15: LANTHANIDE IONS AS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENTS. NUCLEAR AND ELECTRONIC RELAXATION PROPERTIES. APPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physical Principles of Medical Imaging by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 3. Relaxation Enhancement Induced by Gd(III) Complexes -- 4. Application: Design of High Relaxivity Agents -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Structural Formulas of Ligands -- References -- Chapter 16: INTERACTIONS OF LANTHANIDES AND THEIR COMPLEXES WITH PROTEINS. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- 1. Generalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gd(III)-Based Contrast Agents -- 2. Interactions of Lanthanide(III) Ions with Proteins -- 3. Interactions of Gadolinium(III) Complexes with Proteins -- 4. Responsive Systems Based on Protein Binding -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 17: METABOLISM AND TOXICITY OF THE LANTHANIDES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemistry -- 3. Sites of Deposition in Animals -- 4. Routes of Uptake by Man -- 5. Aspects of Biochemical Behavior and Toxicity -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 18: CELL RESPONSES TO LANTHANIDES AND POTENTIAL PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF LANTHANIDES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biological Effects of Potential Medical Significance -- 3. Therapeutic Significances of the Biological Effects of Lanthanides -- 4. Problems to Be Solved. , Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences. -- Preface to Volume 16 -- The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 16 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Volume 1 Neurodegenerative Diseases and Metal Ions -- Volume 2 Nickel and Its Surprising Impact in Nature -- Volume 3 The Ubiquitous Roles of Cytochrome P450 Proteins -- Volume 4 Biomineralization. From Nature to Application -- Volume 5 Metallothioneins and Related Chelators -- Volume 6 Metal-Carbon Bonds in Enzymes and Cofactors -- Volume 7 Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology -- Volume 8 Metal Ions in Toxicology: Effects, Interactions, Interdependencies -- Volume 9 Structural and Catalytic Roles of Metal Ions in RNA -- Volume 10 Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids -- Volume 11 Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Volume 12 Metallomics and the Cell -- Volume 13 Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases -- Volume 14 The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment -- Volume 15 Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases -- Volume 16 The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Roles for Life (this book) -- Volume 17 Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health (in preparation) -- Chapter 1: Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Alkali Metal Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectroscopic Techniques and Other Physical Methods -- 3 Lithium -- 3.1 Introduction to the Coordination Chemistry of Li+ -- 3.2 Recent Research Trends Regarding Li+ -- 4 Sodium and Potassium -- 4.1 Introduction to the Coordination Chemistry of Na+ and K+ -- 4.2 Recent Research Trends Regarding Na+ and K+. , 5 Rubidium and Cesium -- 6 Francium -- 7 Conclusions, Outlook, and Further Considerations for Future Studies -- References -- Chapter 2: Determination of Alkali Ions in Biological and Environmental Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectrophotometry -- 3 Atomic Spectroscopy -- 4 Ion-Selective Electrodes -- 5 Ion Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis -- 6 Clinical Analysis -- 7 Single Cell Analysis -- 8 Environmental Samples -- 9 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Solid State Structures of Alkali Metal Ion Complexes Formed by Low-Molecular-Weight Ligands of Biological Relevance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid and Small Peptide Complexes -- 2.1 Amino Acid Complexes -- 2.2 Small Peptide Complexes -- 3 Nucleic Acid Constituent Complexes -- 3.1 Nucleobase Complexes -- 3.2 Nucleoside Complexes -- 3.3 Nucleotide Complexes -- 3.3.1 Mononucleotide Complexes -- 3.3.2 Dinucleotide Complexes -- 4 Simple-Carbohydrate Complexes -- 5 Naturally Occurring Antibiotic Ionophore Complexes -- 5.1 Channel-Forming Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2 Ion Carrier Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.1 Depsipeptide Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.2 Macrotetrolide Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.3 Polyether Ionophore Complexes -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Discriminating Properties of Alkali Metal Ions Towards the Constituents of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Conclusions from Gas-­Phase and Theoretical Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental and Theoretical Methods -- 2.1 Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Experiments -- 2.2 Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments -- 2.3 Other Experimental Approaches -- 2.3.1 Equilibrium Methods -- 2.3.2 Kinetic Method -- 2.3.3 Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation -- 2.3.4 Ion Mobility -- 2.4 Theoretical Calculations -- 3 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Amino Acids -- 3.1 Structure. , 3.2 Thermodynamics -- 3.3 Periodic Trends -- 3.4 Effects of Hydration -- 4 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Peptides -- 4.1 Structure -- 4.1.1 Di- and Tripeptides -- 4.1.2 Larger Peptides -- 4.2 Thermodynamics -- 5 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Nucleobases -- 5.1 Structure -- 5.2 Thermodynamics -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5: Alkali Metal Ion Complexes with Phosphates, Nucleotides, Amino Acids, and Related Ligands of Biological Relevance. Their Properties in Solution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Alkali Metal Ion Complex Formation in Biological Fluids -- 2.1 Alkali Metal Concentration in Different Biofluids -- 2.2 Experimental Determination of Alkali Metal Complex Formation Constants and Calculation Problems -- 3 Inorganic Complexes -- 3.1 Hydroxide -- 3.2 Chloride -- 3.3 Sulfate -- 3.4 Carbonate -- 3.5 Phosphates -- 3.6 Other Inorganic Ligands -- 4 Nucleotide Complexes -- 5 Amino Acid and Peptide Complexes -- 6 Other Ligands of Biological Relevance -- 6.1 Amines -- 6.2 Carboxylates -- 6.3 Thiols -- 6.4 Complexones -- 6.5 Phosphonates -- 6.6 Phenols -- 6.7 Other Ligands -- 7 The Relevance of Alkali Metal Ion Complexes in Modelling Biofluids -- 8 Alkali Metal Ions as Probes in Biological Systems -- 9 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Sodium and Potassium Interactions with Nucleic Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identification of Na+ and K+ Ions in Structural Studies -- 2.1 X-ray Crystallography -- 2.1.1 Na+ Prevalence in Crystal Structures - A Brief Statistical Overview -- 2.1.2 Monovalent Ion Detection Based on Geometrical Considerations -- 2.1.2.1 Coordination Distances -- 2.1.2.2 Coordination Numbers and Coordination Geometry -- 2.1.3 Direct and Indirect Anomalous Signal-Based Approaches -- 2.1.3.1 K+ Anomalous Signals -- 2.1.3.2 Detection Based on K+/Tl+ Replacement. , 2.1.3.3 Detection Based on K+/Rb+ or K+/Cs+ Replacement -- 2.1.4 A Word of Caution -- 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 2.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Detection of Na+/K+-Induced Effects -- 2.2.2 Prevalence of Na+ over K+ in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Buffers -- 2.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- 3 Non-specific Versus Specific Binding of Na+/K+ Ions -- 3.1 Non-specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Nucleic Acids -- 3.2 Binding of Monovalent Cations to Nucleic Acid Grooves -- 3.2.1 DNA Duplexes -- 3.2.1.1 Molecular Dynamics Perspective -- 3.2.1.2 Experimental Views -- 3.2.2 RNA Duplexes -- 3.3 Specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Quadruplex Structures -- 3.3.1 DNA Quadruplexes - A Perfect K+ Coordination Geometry -- 3.3.2 RNA Quadruplex Switches -- 3.4 RNA Folding Needs Monovalent Cations -- 3.5 Specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Complex RNA Folds -- 3.5.1 First Crystallographic Evidence: The P4-P6 Group I Intron Fragment -- 3.5.2 A Buried Backbone-K+ Complex in a rRNA Fragment -- 3.5.3 Pseudoknots Can Capture Monovalent Cations -- 3.5.4 Small Ribozymes Are Active at High Monovalent Concentrations -- 3.5.4.1 The Hammerhead Ribozyme -- 3.5.4.2 The Hepatitis Delta Virus and Glms Ribozymes -- 3.5.4.3 DNAzymes Are also Influenced by Monovalent Cations -- 3.5.5 Other Systematic and Less Systematic Ion Binding Studies on RNA Systems -- 3.5.5.1 Thirteen Metal Ions in the HIV-1 RNA Dimerization Initiation Site -- 3.5.5.2 Signal Recognition Particle - An Example of K+/Mg2+ Mixed Occupancy -- 3.5.5.3 Riboswitches and Monovalent Ions -- 3.5.5.4 Group I and Group II Introns -- 3.6 Monovalent Cation Influence on the Stability of Protein/DNA Complexes -- 3.7 Ribosomal Activities Are Altered or even Inhibited by Na+ Ions -- 3.8 Are Both Na+ and K+ Involved in Chromatin Compaction? -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 7: Role of Alkali Metal Ions in G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acid Structure and Stability -- 1 Introduction: G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids -- 1.1 Overview of Structure -- 1.2 Stabilizing Interactions -- 1.2.1 Stacking -- 1.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding -- 1.3 Alkali Metal Ion Coordination in G-Quartets -- 1.3.1 Cation Preference -- 1.3.2 Cation Binding Energetics -- 1.3.3 Cation Location -- 2 Methods to Study G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids -- 2.1 Folding Topology -- 2.1.1 X-Ray Crystallography -- 2.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 2.1.3 Molecular Modeling -- 2.1.4 Electronic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy -- 2.1.5 UV Absorption Spectroscopy -- 2.1.6 Separative Techniques -- 2.1.7 Native Mass Spectrometry -- 2.1.8 Miscellaneous -- 2.2 Cation Coordination -- 2.2.1 X-Ray Crystallography -- 2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 2.2.3 Native Mass Spectrometry -- 3 Role of Alkali Metal Ions in G-Quadruplex Stability -- 3.1 Case Study: dTG3-5T Tetramolecular G-Quadruplexes -- 3.2 General Trends -- 3.2.1 Libraries -- 3.2.2 Human Telomeric Sequences -- 3.2.3 Other Sequences and Overview -- 3.2.4 Summary -- 3.3 Kinetics of Strand Association, Dissociation, Folding, and Unfolding -- 3.4 Cation Exchange Mechanisms -- 4 Influence of Alkali Metal Ions on G-Quadruplex Structures -- 4.1 Case Study: The Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex Sequence -- 4.1.1 The Intramolecular Folding of dAGGG(TTAGGG)3 -- 4.1.2 Other Human Telomeric Sequences -- 4.1.3 Summary -- 4.2 Other Sequences -- 4.3 General Trends -- 5 Cation-Dependent Conformational Switching -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Sodium and Potassium Ions in Proteins and Enzyme Catalysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coordination Chemistry of Sodium and Potassium Ions -- 3 Selectivity of Sodium(I) and Potassium(I) Enzyme Activation. , 4 Classification of Sodium(I)- and Potassium(I)-Activated Enzymes.