Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , Cover; Title; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Preface; 1 Resources, MATLAB primer, and introduction to linear algebra; 1.1 Resources; 1.2 Nomenclature; 1.3 A MATLAB primer; 1.4 Basic linear algebra; 1.5 Problems; 2 Measurement theory, probability distributions, error propagation and analysis; 2.1 Measurement theory; 2.1.1 Systems of measurements (scales); 2.1.2 Precision versus accuracy; 2.1.3 Systematic versus random errors; 2.1.4 Significant figures and roundoff; 2.1.5 Computational roundoff and truncation; 2.2 The normal distribution; 2.2.1 Parent versus sample distributions , 2.2.2 Mean/median/mode/moments2.2.3 The normal (Gaussian) distribution; 2.2.4 Testing a normal distribution; 2.2.5 Standardization and normalization (Z-scores); 2.2.6 Calculating normal probabilities; 2.3 Doing the unspeakable: throwing out data points?; 2.3.1 Chauvenet's criterion; 2.4 Error propagation; 2.4.1 The general equation; 2.4.2 Assumptions regarding independence or orthogonality; 2.5 Statistical tests and the hypothesis; 2.5.1 Hypothesis building and test; 2.5.2 Example 1: testing a null hypothesis; 2.5.3 Example 2: testing for a normal distribution; 2.6 Other distributions , 2.6.1 Student's t-distribution2.6.2 The F-distribution; 2.6.3 Poisson distribution; 2.6.4 Weibull distributions; 2.6.5 Log-normal transformations; 2.7 The central limit theorem; 2.8 Covariance and correlation; 2.8.1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA); 2.9 Basic non-parametric tests; 2.9.1 Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient; 2.9.2 Kendall's tau; 2.9.3 Wilcoxon signed-rank test; 2.9.4 Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA; 2.9.5 Mann-Whitney rank-sum test; 2.10 Problems; 3 Least squares and regression techniques, goodness of fit and tests, and nonlinear least squares techniques , 3.1 Statistical basis for regression3.1.1 The chi-squared (?2) defined (and goodness of fit); 3.1.2 Look at your residuals; 3.2 Least squares fitting a straight line; 3.2.1 Doing things the hard way (the normal equations); 3.2.2 Uncertainties in coefficients; 3.2.3 Uncertainties in an estimated y-value; 3.2.4 Example: ocean heat content; 3.2.5 Type II regressions (two dependent variables); 3.3 General linear least squares technique; 3.3.1 Choose your model functions wisely; 3.3.2 There is an easier way: the design matrix approach; 3.3.3 Solving the design matrix equation with SVD , 3.3.4 Multi-dimensional regressions3.3.5 Transformably linear models; 3.3.6 Non-coefficients; 3.4 Nonlinear least squares techniques; 3.4.1 Iterative techniques; 3.4.2 Uncertainties in nonlinear coefficients; 3.4.3 Example: Exponential phytoplankton growth; 3.4.4 Example: Gaussian on a constant background; 3.5 Problems; 4 Principal component and factor analysis; 4.1 Conceptual foundations; 4.1.1 The data matrix and the covariance matrix; 4.1.2 Standardization and normalization; 4.1.3 Linear independence and basis functions; 4.2 Splitting and lumping; 4.2.1 Discriminant analysis , 4.2.2 Cluster analysis

Note: Formerly CIP Uk. - Includes bibliographical references and index

Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Contents -- C ontributors -- Evolutionary Patterns -- Chapter 1: How to Grow a Bat Wing -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Fundamentals of Limb Development -- 1.3 Interdigital Tissues and Wing Patterning -- 1.4 Connective Tissue Development: From Cartilage to Bones -- 1.4.1 Mechanisms Generating Long Wing Bones -- 1.5 Mechanisms Regulating Bat Bone Architecture (Ongoing Research) -- 1.6 Future Research -- 1.6.1 Early Limb Patterning: When do Genes Stop Making a Pawed Limb and Start Making a Wing? -- 1.7 Sensing Flow and Capturing Prey: Mechanoreceptors in the Wings, Muscles, and Tendons of Bats -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Time's Arrow in the Evolutionary Development of Bat Flight -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Stability of Gliding Versus Flapping Flight -- 2.3 Growth and Development of Bat Wings -- 2.4 Ontogeny of Flight in Bats -- 2.5 Evo-Devo Modeling of Derived Morphologies -- 2.6 Evo-Devo Modeling of Mammalian Locomotor Patterns -- 2.7 Gliding Versus Direct Flapping Flight Hypotheses -- 2.8 From the Cradle to the Air -- 2.9 Synthesis -- 2.10 What Bats Inherited Versus Derived -- 2.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Evolution of Echolocation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Echolocation Signals -- 3.2.1 Time and Frequency -- 3.2.2 Intensity -- 3.2.3 Signals and Frequency -- 3.2.4 Harmonics -- 3.2.5 Clutter -- 3.2.6 Range -- 3.2.7 Self-Deafening (Forward Masking) -- 3.2.8 Duty Cycle -- 3.3 Signal Production -- 3.4 Signal Reception -- 3.5 Uses for Echolocation -- 3.6 Echolocation and the Phylogeny of Bats -- 3.7 Origin of Bats -- 3.8 Conclusions -- Box 3.1 Echolocation: Units, Terms -- References -- Chapter 4: Nasal-Emission and Nose leaves -- 4.1 Bat Heads -- 4.2 Nasal-Emitters -- 4.3 Skull Mechanics -- 4.4 Rostrum as Vocal Tract -- 4.4.1 Phyllostomids -- 4.4.2 Rhinolophids and Hipposiderids. , 4.4.3 Linear Model of the Rhinolophid Vocal Tract -- 4.5 Noseleaf Structure -- 4.6 General Function and Dimensions of a Noseleaf -- 4.7 Beamforming -- 4.7.1 Anterior Leaf and Nostrils -- 4.7.2 Posterior Leaf: Lancet and Spear -- 4.7.3 Sella -- 4.8 Movement of the Noseleaf and Head Orientation -- 4.8.1 Rhinolophids -- 4.8.2 Phyllostomids -- 4.8.3 Head Aim -- 4.8.4 Head Aim and Body Posture -- 4.9 Evolution of Nasal-Emission and the Yinpterochiroptera -- 4.10 Why Nasal-Emitting Bats? -- References -- Chapter 5: Bat Facial and Lip Projections: Unique Integumentary Morphology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.3 Results -- 5.4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 6: Bat Molecular Phylogenetics: Past, Present, and Future Directions -- 6.1 Bat Phylogenetics from Linnaeus to 2011 -- 6.2 Promise and Potential Pitfalls of Recent Technological Advances -- 6.3 Potential Concerns Regarding Phylogenomic Approaches -- 6.4 Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 7: Of Bats and Molecules: Chromosomal Characters for Judging Phylogenetic Relationships -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Conventional Cytogenetics -- 7.2.1 Non-differential Staining -- 7.2.2 Banding Techniques -- 7.3 Molecular Cytogenetics or FISH -- 7.3.1 Methodology -- 7.3.2 Application of Whole Chromosome Probe Sets in Chiroptera -- 7.3.3 Description of Chromosomal Characters Based on FISH -- 7.4 Phylogenetic Considerations -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Ecology and Behaviour -- Chapter 8: Aeroecology -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Important Questions in Aeroecology -- 8.2.1 Climate/Weather and Aerial Behavior of Bats -- 8.2.2 Population Monitoring -- 8.2.3 Aeroecology for Conservation -- 8.3 Tools Used in Aeroecology -- 8.3.1 Radar Aeroecology -- 8.3.2 Thermal Imaging -- 8.3.3 Tracking Individuals -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 9: Response of Bat Diversity to Forest Disturbance in Southeast Asia: Insights from Long-Term Research in Malaysia -- 9.1 Southeast Asian Bat Diversity, Threats, and Research Effort -- 9.2 Assemblage Structure and Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Unmodified Habitat -- 9.3 Roosting Ecology, Assemblage Composition, and Forest Disturbance -- 9.4 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 10: Modeling the Colonization of Hawaii by Hoary Bats ( Lasiurus cinereus) -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methods and Assumptions -- 10.3 A Model for Colonization of Hawaii Hoary Bats from North America -- 10.3.1 Is Fat Limiting? -- 10.3.2 Is Water Limiting? -- 10.3.3 Tailwind Assistance -- 10.4 Modeling Conclusions -- 10.5 Post-colonization Ecology and Evolution of Hoary Bats in Hawaii -- 10.5.1 Hawaiian Founder Population -- 10.5.2 Morphological Divergence of Modern Hawaiian Hoary Bats -- 10.5.3 Present Hawaiian Distribution and Habitat Use -- References -- Chapter 11: Learning and Memory in Bats: A Case Study on Object Discrimination in Flower-Visiting Bats -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Spatial Memory -- 11.2.1 Large-Scale Navigation -- 11.2.2 Foraging -- 11.2.3 Small-Scale Landmarks -- 11.2.4 Spatial Memory and the Brain -- 11.3 Vocal Learning -- 11.3.1 Individual Recognition -- 11.3.2 Vocal Learning in Bat Pups -- 11.3.3 Group Recognition -- 11.4 Social Learning -- 11.4.1 Feeding Resource Information -- 11.4.2 Eavesdropping -- 11.5 Discrimination Learning in Flower-Visiting Bats -- 11.5.1 Initial Learning and Memory -- 11.5.2 Flexibility, Sex and Individual Differences -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Cooperation and Conflict in the Social Lives of Bats -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Inclusive Fitness Theory -- 12.3 Kinship and Social Structure in Bats -- 12.4 Cooperation and Conflict as a Coevolutionary Arms Race. , 12.5 Cooperative Behaviors in Bats -- 12.5.1 Alloparental Care -- 12.5.2 Cooperative Male Defense of Females -- 12.5.3 Cooperative Female Defense of Food and Pups -- 12.5.4 Food Sharing -- 12.5.5 Social Grooming -- 12.6 Social Bonds and Complex Cooperation -- 12.7 Future Avenues of Research -- References -- Chapter 13: Decision-Making and Socioemotional Vocal Behavior in Bats -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Decision Making -- 13.2.1 The Economics of Decision Making -- 13.2.2 Prey Selection via Echolocation -- 13.2.3 Roost Selection -- 13.2.4 Choosing a Mate -- 13.2.5 Neural Substrate for Decision Making -- 13.3 Social and Vocal Behavior -- 13.3.1 Acoustic Structure of Social Calls -- 13.3.2 Babbling and Prosody -- 13.3.3 Territoriality and Aggression -- 13.3.4 Whistling and Singing -- 13.3.5 Mother-Infant Interactions -- 13.4 Emotion and Motivation -- 13.4.1 Signal Design -- 13.4.2 Cognition of Affect -- 13.4.3 Computing Emotion -- 13.5 Future Directions of Research -- 13.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: New Advances in the Study of Group Behavior in Bats -- 14.1 Collective Behavior in Animal Groups -- 14.2 Group Behavior in Bats -- 14.3 Methods and Techniques to Study Group Behavior of Bats in the Field -- 14.3.1 Thermal Imaging -- 14.3.2 High-Speed Video -- 14.3.3 3D Laser Scanning -- 14.3.4 Multichannel Sound Recording -- 14.4 Analytical Methods -- 14.4.1 Flight Trajectory Parameters -- 14.4.2 Scales of Analysis-Reference Frames -- 14.4.3 Angular Distribution -- 14.4.4 Spatial Structure of the Group -- 14.5 Examples and Initial Findings from a Model Bat -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Recent Advances in Bat Migration Research -- 15.1 About Migration -- 15.2 Overview of Migration in Bats -- 15.3 Applying Migration Theory to Bats -- 15.4 Four Examples of Bat Migration -- 15.4.1 Long-Distance Migrant Tree Bats: Hoary Bats. , 15.4.2 Regional Migrant Cave Bats: Schreiber's Bats -- 15.4.3 Long-Distance, Facultative, and Partial Migrants -- 15.4.4 Migration in Old-World Fruit Bats -- 15.5 Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 16: Speciation Dynamics of the Fruit-Eating Bats (Genus Artibeus): With Evidence of Ecological Divergence in Central American Populations -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Materials and Methods -- 16.2.1 Divergence Time Estimates -- 16.2.2 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms -- 16.2.3 Detection of Outlier AFLP Loci -- 16.2.4 Population Structure of A. lituratus -- 16.3 Results -- 16.3.1 Timescale of Diversification -- 16.3.2 AFLP Variation -- 16.3.3 Demographic History of A. lituratus -- 16.4 Discussion -- 16.4.1 Biogeographic Patterns in South America -- 16.4.2 Central American Diversification -- 16.4.3 Evidence for Ecological Divergence -- 16.5 Conclusions -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- References -- Conservation and Education -- Chapter 17: Considering Human Development, Socialization, and Enculturation in Educational Intervention Design for Wildlife Conservation: A Case for Bats -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Biodiversity Crisis -- 17.3 Major Thesis: Need for Interventions -- 17.4 Review of Relevant Theories for Intervention Design and Support -- 17.4.1 Perceptions of Wildlife in Human Development -- 17.4.2 The Development of Fear and Disgust -- 17.4.2.1 Fear -- 17.4.2.2 Disgust -- 17.4.3 Affinity for Animals: Developed or Innate? -- 17.4.3.1 The Role of Social Learning Theory and Modeling -- 17.4.3.2 The Role of Empathy -- 17.4.3.3 The Role of Playing in Nature -- 17.4.3.4 Cross-Cultural Continuity of Concern -- 17.5 Influence of Culture in Our Relationship with Wildlife and Nature -- 17.5.1 Chinese Culture and Bats -- 17.6 Conservation and Humane Education Programs. , 17.6.1 A Tested Program: Summer Camps at Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding and Chengdu Zoo.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9 -- 10 -- 11 -- 12 -- 13 -- 14 -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1: Viral Mutation Rates -- 2: Viral Informatics: Tools for Understanding the Evolution of Biology's Most Varied Genomes -- 3: The Evolution and Transmission of Vector-borne Viruses -- 4: Choose Your Weapons: Origins and Evolution of Innate Host Defenses and Viral Counterstrategies -- 5: Evolution of the Interactions of Viruses With Their Plant Hosts -- 6: Evolution of Viral Virulence: Empirical Studies -- 7: Taxonomy Advancement and Genome Size Change: Two Perspectives on RNA Virus Genetic Diversity -- 8: Understanding Adaptation Through Experimental Evolution with Viruses: From Simple to Complex Environments -- 9: Evolution of Persistent Viruses in Plants -- 10: Paleovirology: The Study of Endogenous Viral Elements -- 11: Population Genetic Modeling of Viruses -- 12: Emerging Viral Infections.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Integrating ontogeny into ecological and evolutionary investigations -- STRUCTURE AND OVERVIEW -- REFERENCES -- 2 Bat phylogeny: an evolutionary context for comparative studies -- INTRODUCTION -- DATA USED TO BUILD PHYLOGENETIC TREES OF BATS -- EVALUATING SUPPORT FOR DIFFERENT CLADES -- CURRENT HYPOTHESES OF BAT RELATIONSHIPS -- Bat monophyly -- Relationships within Megachiroptera -- Eocene fossil bats -- Is Microchiroptera monophyletic? -- Interfamilial relationships -- Relationships within Emballonuridae -- Relationships within Rhinopomatoidea -- Relationships within Rhinolophoidea -- Relationships within Noctilionoidea -- Relationships within Nataloidea -- Relationships within Molossoidea -- Relationships within Vespertilionidae -- INFERRING PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION FROM BAT PHYLOGENIES -- Character mapping and other methods -- Morphological and functional evolution -- Evolution of development and physiology -- Ecological and behavioral evolution -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Early embryology, fetal membranes, and placentation -- INTRODUCTION -- OVUM MATURATION, FERTILIZATION, AND PREIMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT -- Development of the embryo -- Fertilization -- Cleavage -- Preimplantation development of the embryo -- Formation of endoderm - bilaminar blastocyst -- Fate of the zona pellucida -- Implantation -- Implantation sites vary between species with a bicornuate or simplex uterus -- The site of implantation in the uterus relative to its mesenteries -- The point of the embryo that effects attachment/implantation -- The orientation of the epiblast/embryonic shield -- The depth of implantation -- Physiological relationships during implantation -- Delays in embryonic development -- Developmental diapause or delayed implantation -- Delayed development. , FETAL MEMBRANES -- General pattern of development of fetal membranes -- The fetal membranes -- Amnion -- Amniogenesis by cavitation -- Primordial amniotic cavity formed by cavitation, the definitive amnion by folding -- Amniogenesis by folding -- Amniogenesis by coalescence -- Yolk sac -- Allantois -- Umbilical cord -- PLACENTATION -- Trophoblastic placenta or 'preplacenta' -- Yolk sac placenta -- Choriovitelline placenta -- Chorionic placenta -- Chorioallantoic placenta -- Histogenesis of the chorioallantoic placenta -- Interhemal membrane -- Endotheliochorial or vasochorial placenta -- Hemochorial placenta -- Interstitial membrane -- Origin of interstitial membrane -- Reichert's membrane -- Accessory placental structures -- Giant cells -- PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Brain ontogeny and ecomorphology in bats -- INTRODUCTION -- CHIROPTERAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT -- Nervus terminalis -- Vomeronasal organ -- Amygdala -- Cerebral cortex -- Midbrain - corpora quadrigemina -- Cerebellum -- Spinal cord -- Comparative brain development -- NEURONAL CONNECTIONS AND THE CHIROPTERAN MONOPHYLY DEBATE -- LAYER VII OF CEREBRAL CORTEX -- ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY -- BRAIN TRAITS AND BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY -- Aerial insectivory -- Moderate and slow-flying bats -- Constant frequency (CF) bats -- Trawlers -- Gleaners -- Sanguinivores -- Nectarivores -- Frugivores -- Tight-crevice roosting species -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Evolutionary plasticity and ontogeny of the bat cochlea -- INTRODUCTION -- A brief note on biosonar -- Echolocation signals -- Hearing characteristics -- COMPARATIVE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY AND EVOLUTION OF THE BAT COCHLEA -- Gross anatomy of the bat cochlea -- Cochlear frequency maps -- General organization of the organ of Corti -- Sensory cells -- Supporting cells -- Basilar membrane. , Tectorial membrane -- Diversity of cochlear mechanics in bats -- ONTOGENY OF ECHOLOCATION (HEARING AND VOCALIZATION). -- Development of vocalization and hearing capabilities -- Development of the cochlear frequency maps -- Development of cochlear structure in horseshoe bats -- Which is leading development? Cochlea or vocalization system? -- REFERENCES -- 6 Skull growth and the acoustical axis of the head in bats -- INTRODUCTION -- Spatial competition and the packaging of the fetal head -- Bone as a plastic entity -- Brain growth and skull form -- ONTOGENY OF THE CHIROPTERAN SKULL - CEPHALOMETRY -- Rotation of the rostrum in fetal mammals -- Anatomical planes and cephalometric angles -- Inner ear -- Hard palate -- Foramen magnum -- Cribriform plate -- Cephalometry of fetal bats -- ONTOGENY OF THE CHIROPTERAN SKULL - ANATOMICAL LANDMARK DATA -- Multivariate approach to growth trajectories -- Regression analyses and growth trajectories -- OSSIFICATION OF THE CRANIUM -- THE ACOUSTICAL AXIS AND SKULL MECHANICS -- Mechanics of the midface -- Nasal septum and the Old World nasal-emitters -- RHINOLOPHOID SKULL DESIGN AND ACOUSTICS -- Acoustical considerations -- Fundamental frequency -- Second harmonic -- Third harmonic -- Anatomical correlates of the dorsal nasal chambers -- Physiological integration -- EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS -- Distinct developmental paths -- Adaptive landscapes -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Ontogeny of the chiropteran basicranium, with reference to the Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra -- INTRODUCTION -- DESCRIPTIONS OF BASICRANIAL STRUCTURES -- MEGADERMA LYRA -- Tympanic floor -- ULASN M1 -- ULASN M4 -- AMNH 39590 and 208823 -- Tympanic roof -- ULASN M4 -- ULASN M1 -- AMNH 208823 -- Arterial system -- ULASN M4 -- AMNH 39590 and 208823 -- COMPARISONS OF BASICRANIAL TRUCTURES -- Tympanic floor -- Other microchiropterans. , Megachiropterans -- Tympanic roof -- Other microchiropterans -- Megachiropterans -- Arterial system -- Other microchiropterans -- Megachiropterans -- Miscellaneous -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 A theoretical consideration of dental morphology,ontogeny,and evolution in bats -- INTRODUCTION -- DENTITION IN A BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT -- DENTAL ONTOGENY AND ERUPTION -- EVOLUTION OF CHIROPTERAN DENTITION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Wing ontogeny, shifting niche dimensions, and adaptive landscapes -- INTRODUCTION -- ONTOGENY OF THE BAT HANDWING -- Prenatal growth of the handwing: divergence from the phylotype -- Skeletogenesis -- Growth rates -- Bone fusions -- The manus -- Postnatal growth of the wing -- DEVELOPMENTAL ECOLOGY OF FLIGHT -- Onset of flight -- Dimensions of the juvenile wing -- Defining the ontogenetic niche -- Wings, natural selection, and evolution -- THE ONTOECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE -- A model of flight ontogeny, ecology, and evolution -- Do data fit the model? -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Ontogeny and evolution of the hindlimb and calcar: assessing phylogenetic trends -- INTRODUCTION -- THE HINDLIMB: A DERIVED TRUCTURAL COMPOSITE -- ONTOGENETIC PATTERNS OF THE LOWER HINDLIMB -- Microchiroptera -- Megachiroptera -- ONTOGENETIC PATTERNS OF THE CALCAR -- Microchiroptera -- Megachiroptera -- SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ACROSS SUBORDERS -- FOSSILS, PHYLOGENY, AND THE CALCAR -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 A comparative perspective on the ontogeny of flight muscles in bats -- INTRODUCTION -- MUSCLE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS -- ONTOGENY OF MUSCLES IN TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS -- ONTOGENY OF FLIGHT MUSCLES IN BATS -- PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL EFFECTS ON BODY MASS AND MUSCLE ONTOGENY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 12 The ontogeny of behavior in bats:a functional perspective. , INTRODUCTION -- SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AMONGST PUPS -- PATERNAL CARE -- MATERNAL CARE -- Suckling -- Carrying of young by mothers -- Grooming -- Thermoregulation -- ALLOMATERNAL CARE -- MECHANISMS FOR AVOIDING THE MISDIRECTION OF MATERNAL CARE -- SOCIAL LEARNING DURING DEVELOPMENT -- Echolocation calls -- Isolation calls -- THE ONTOGENY OF EMERGENCE TIMING -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORAGING BEHAVIOR -- Species that show evidence of tuition from mothers -- Species that may lack maternal tuition about foraging -- MATERNAL CARE AFTER WEANING -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.