GLORIA

GEOMAR Library Ocean Research Information Access

feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 38 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In six patients undergoing gynaecological surgery computer assisted total intravenous anaesthesia (CATIA) was performed using etomidate and alfentanil. Constant plasma levels of etomidate (0.3 μg/ml) from the very beginning onwards were achieved using the so called B.E.T. infusion scheme. Alfentanil plasma concentrations of 0.45 μg/ml were maintained by the same infusion scheme beginning with skin incision until 20 minutes prior to the end of surgery. The proposed concept of CATIA provided an adequate analgesic and hypnotic effect during anaesthesia for abdominal surgery with a recovery period of short duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 38 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Some theoretical considerations of pharmacokinetics as applied to total intravenous anaesthesia are discussed. The problem is the need to achieve a concentration within the therapeutic range at the receptor site. The use of linear compartment models, and of the superposition principle within these models, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 43 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The combination of propofol and alfentanil was administered to 20 patients for total intravenous anaesthesia during general surgery. The infusion rates for both drugs were controlled by microprocessors in order to institute constant blood levels adapted to the patients' varying needs. The mean blood level of propofol required for adequate hypnosis during anaesthesia was 2.42 μg/ml (SD 0.43). Awakening occurred 7.9 minutes (SD 3.4) after the end of the infusion, at a propofol blood level of 1.59 μg/ml (SD 0.34). The plasma level of alfentanil was 285 ng/ml (SD 72) during major noxious stimulation and 148 ng/ml (SD 56) during minor stimulation. The computer-assisted infusions showed a measured/predicted ratio of 1.01 (SD 0.28) for alfentanil and 0.88 (SD 0.22) for propofol. This indicates that the administration device used in this study is reasonably reliable. The technique of total intravenous anaesthesia was characterised by a smooth induction without significant haemodynamic alterations, by good control during anaesthesia and by a very fast recovery without major side effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Anästhetika, intravenöse – Remifentanil – S(+)-Ketamin – Eltanolon – Target Controlled Infusion, TCI ; Key words Anaesthetics, intravenous – Remifentanil – S(+)-ketamine – Eltanolon – Target controlled infusion, TCI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The need for better intravenous anaesthetic agents had led to the approval or the clinical studies of new compounds, which have or are assumed to have a higher degree of controllability or an improved spectrum of undesired side effects compared to other approved anaesthetics. For the i.v.-anaesthetics different approaches have been used to achieve this. Among these are the new synthesis of a new chemical entity (NCE), the isolation of an isomer of a racemic mixture and the new galenic preparation of a known substance for i.v.-application. This review gives for all three approaches an example. Remifentanil is a NCE belonging to the group of opioids which has been released in Germany a few months ago. From the point of view of the intraoperative controllability this compound has reached the highest degree of controllability among all i.v. anaesthetics. Its context sensitive half-life, that is the effective time for drug concentration to decline by 50% (ET50) is about 3–4 min even after several hours of continuous administration. One reason for this exceptional property is that its metabolism is independent of liver and kidney function and depends almost only on unspecific esterases occurring in blood and tissues. S-(+) ketamine represents an example for the isolation of a specific isomer out of a known racemic mixture. Racemic ketamine was introduced into clinical practice in 1965. The clinical trials with the isolated S-(+) ketamine, which are finished now, showed that the racemic mixture of both isomer does not lead to an additive effect, but the action of S-(+) ketamine is weakened by the R-(--) compound. In volunteers studies it was not possible to achieve a complete loss of consciousness by administration of R-(--) ketamine only only, whereby with S-(+) ketamine one could reduce the dose with respect to the racemic mixture by a factor of two to achieve complete consciousness. This dose reduction is accompanied with a faster offset time. For broader clinical applications one would therefore expect a higher degree of controllability and a shortened recovery period. With eltanolon a substance is presented which is known as the metabolite pregnanolon of the reductive metabolic pathway of progesterone since the 50s and which is known to possess strong hypnotic potency. However, because of its low water solubility it could not be studied as an i.v. agent until in 1990 one succeeded in making a water soluable emulsion in fat. The clearance of eltanolon is ca. 25 ml/kg/min and it has a terminal half-life of about 3 hr. It has, however, a pronounced hysteresis of 8 min between blood and effect site. This unfavourable pharmacokinetic property in conjunction with observed unvoluntary spontaneous movements and increased muscle tone during application has led to the cessation of its further clinical development. With the introduction of shorter acting compounds it is also necessary to improve the traditional techniques of i.v. drug delivery like manual bolus injections or drip infusions. After more than 16 years of research and development in the field of socalled Target Controlled Infusions (TCI), there has been recently introduced the socalled Diprifusor-TCI, as a commercially available software module to control the delivery of propofol. TCI uses established pharmacokinetic data to determine infusion rates to achieve desired drug concentrations serving as the target, which can be chosen interactively. This way of dosing i.v. anesthetics is obviously not restricted to one specific compound but can be applied to any i.v.-drug if appropriate pharmacokinetic data are used.
    Notes: Zum Thema Der Wunsch nach der Verfügbarkeit besserer Anästhetika hat in jüngerer Zeit zu einer Reihe von klinischen Prüfungen bzw. Markteinführungen von neuen Pharmaka geführt. Bei den intravenösen Anästhetika wurden dabei ganz unterschiedliche Wege eingeschlagen, u. a. die de-novo Synthese einer NCE (New Chemical Entity), die Reindarstellung eines Isomers aus einem bekannten Razemat und die neue galenische Formulierung einer bekannten Substanz für die i.v.-Applikation. Diese Übersicht gibt für alle 3 Verfahrensweisen ein Beispiel. Mit Remifentanil wird eine NCE aus dem Bereich der Opioide vorgestellt. Diese Substanz weist die bisher höchste intraoperative Steuerbarkeit aller intravenösen Anästhetika auf. Wesentliche Ursache hierfür ist die von Leber- und Nierenfunktion weitgehend unabhägige Verstoffwechselung zu de facto inaktiven Metaboliten durch unspezifische Esterasen. S(+)-Ketamin repräsentiert ein Beispiel für die Isolierung eines Isomers eines schon lange bekannten Razemates, das Anfang der 60er Jahre synthetisiert und 1965 in die klinische Praxis eingeführt wurde. Die abgeschlossene klinische Prüfung von S(+)-Ketamin hat ergeben, daß aus der razemischen Kombination beider Isomere keine additive Wirkung resultiert, sondern daß die Wirkstärke des S(+)-Ketamin reduziert wird. In Probandenuntersuchungen wurde nachgewiesen, daß mit R(-)-Ketamin keine vollständige Bewußtlosigkeit erzielbar ist, während mit S(+)-Ketamin eine Dosisreduktion gegenüber dem razemischen Gemisch um einen Faktor 2 möglich ist. Mit Eltanolon wird eine Substanz vorgestellt, die seit den 50er Jahren als der Metabolit Pregnanolon des reduktiven Progesteronstoffwechsels bekannt ist und starke hypnotische Wirkung besitzt. Wegen der geringen Wasserlöslichkeit konnte diese Substanz erst 1990 nach galenischer Formulierung in stabiler Fettemulsion als i.v.-Substanz untersucht werden. Mit der Einführung immer kurzwirkenderer Substanzen ist auch die Notwendigkeit verbunden, traditionelle Formen der Verabreichung von i.v.-Anästhetika als manuelle Bolusinjektion oder Tropfinfusion zu verbessern. Mit dem Diprifusor-TCI-System steht eine computergestützte Target Controlled Infusion zur Verfügung, die auf der Basis pharmakokinetischer Daten eine interaktive Dosierung von Propofol erlaubt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Ro 48-6791 ; Midazolam ; Pharmakokinetisch-pharmakodynamische Modellbildung ; Konzentrationswirkungsbeziehung ; Aufwachzeiten ; Key words Ro 48-6791 ; Midazolam ; Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling ; Concentration-effect relationship ; Recovery times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The objectives of the present study were to compare in a randomized double-blind crossover study design the concentration-effect relationships of Ro 48-6791, a new benzodiazepine agonist, and midazolam, following infusion in young and elderly male volunteers. Therefore, linearly increasing plasma concentrations were generated by computer controlled infusion pumps to achieve a deep hypnotic effect. The endpoint of the infusion was defined by loss of response to loud verbal commands and a median frequency of the recorded EEG power spectrum below 4 Hz. Arterial blood samples were collected in regular intervals up to 6 hours after cessation of the infusion. The method of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling was used to quantify the concentration-effect relationship, including age related differences, already in this early phase I study. The total clearance of Ro 48-6791 was found to be 1410±380 vs. 399±91 ml min−1 for midazolam (mean±SD; P〈0.005) and the central volume of distribution to be 20.5±7.1 vs. 7.9±3.0 l, respectively (P〈0.005). The comparison between young and elderly volunteers yielded for Ro 48-6791 a statistically not significant reduction of 16% for clearance with age and a slowed distribution of 47% for midazolam (P〈0.05). The recovery period for Ro 48-6791 was reduced by 66% (P〈0.005) in the young and 45% (P〈0.01) in the elderly, respectively, in comparison with midazolam. With respect to the total doses administered, Ro 48-6791 appeared to be 2.5 times as potent as midazolam in all volunteers (P〈0.001). Comparing both age groups, the doses necessary to cause similar effects were reduced by one half for both compounds in the elderly (P〈0.001). The major advantages of Ro 48-6791 compared to midazolam were its shorter duration of action as well as the faster recovery and thus the better controllability. Further investigations would have to confirm these results in a greater number of patients. The applied method of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling not only allowed to quantify the efficacy of Ro 48-6791 but also provided data to augment the safety for further investigations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung hatte zum Ziel, bereits in der frühen Phase I die Konzentrationswirkungsbeziehung für das therapeutische Ziel eines tiefen hypnotischen Effekts für Ro 48-6791 und Midazolam mittels einer pharmakokinetisch-pharmakodynamischen Modellbildung im direkten Vergleich zu quantifizieren und zwar unter Einbeziehung altersspezifischer Unterschiede. Hierzu wurden die beiden Substanzen 9 jungen und 9 älteren Probanden mit Hilfe computergesteuerter Infusionspumpen in einer doppelblinden randomisierten crossover-Studie zur Generierung langsam linear ansteigender Plasmaspiegel infundiert. Neben klinischen Zeichen diente die Medianfrequenz des EEG Powerspektrums als kontinuierliches Maß für den hypnotischen Effekt. Endpunkt der Infusion war der Verlust der Reaktion auf laute akustische Signale bei einer gleichzeitigen Medianfrequenz unter 4 Hz. Die Gesamtclearance von Ro 48-6791 betrug 1410±380 gegenüber 399±91 ml/min für Midazolam (MW±SD; p〈0,005) und das zentrale Verteilungsvolumen 20,5±7,1 gegenüber 7,9±3,0 l (p〈0,005). Der Vergleich zwischen jungen und älteren Probanden zeigte lediglich eine statistisch nicht signifikante, altersbedingte Reduktion der Clearance um 16% für Ro 48-6791 und eine um 47% verlangsamte Umverteilung für Midazolam (p〈0,05). Die Aufwachzeiten bis zur vollen Orientierung waren für Ro 48-6791 bei den Jungen um 66% (p〈0,005) und bei den Älteren um 45% (p〈0,01) kürzer als nach Gabe von Midazolam. Bezüglich der erforderlichen Gesamtmengen erwies sich Ro 48-6791 als etwa 2,5-fach potenter als Midazolam. Der Vergleich der beiden Altersgruppen zeigte, daß für beide Verbindungen vergleichbare Effekte mit der halben Dosis erzielt wurden, wobei die entsprechenden Plasmakonzentrationen für Midazolam um 50%, für Ro 48-6791 um 30% niedriger lagen als bei den Jungen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter EEG ; Enfluran ; Stickoxidul ; Interaktion ; Key words Electroencephalography ; Enflurane ; Nitrous oxide ; Interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The aim of this study was to quantify the interaction of enflurane and nitrous oxide at a constant median EEG frequency. Methods. Thirty patients were studied during laparotomies. Nitrous oxide was randomly administered in concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 75 vol.-% for 10 patients for each nitrous oxide concentration. Enflurane vaporizer settings were chosen so that the median EEG frequency was kept constant at 2–3 Hz. The relationship between nitrous oxide concentrations and the required enflurane concentrations was examined with the isobole method. Results. Nitrous oxide decreases the enflurane requirement linearly. Addition of every 10 vol.-% of nitrous oxide decreases the enflurane requirement by 0.042 vol.-%. The total anaesthetic requirement of enflurane and nitrous oxide, expressed in terms of previously reported MAC values, increases significantly with increasing nitrous oxide concentrations. Conclusions. The interaction of enflurane and nitrous oxide in the dose range from 0 to 75 vol.-% on median EEG frequency is compatible with additivity. The potency of nitrous oxide as a substitute for enflurane is less than might be expected when adding up the MAC values.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie haben wir die Interaktion von Enfluran und Stickoxidul bei einem konstanten EEG-Median untersucht. Registriert wurde bei 30 Patienten während gynäkologischer Laparotomien. Stickoxidul wurde randomisiert in Konzentrationen von 0, 20, 40, 60 und 75 Vol.-% bei jeweils 10 Patientinnen appliziert. Die Einstellungen des Enfluranverdampfers wurden so gewählt, daß der EEG-Median zwischen 2–3 Hz lag. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Stickoxidulkonzentrationen und den gemessenen endexspiratorischen Enflurankonzentrationen wurde mittels Regressionsanalyse bestimmt. Stickoxidul senkt den Enfluranbedarf linear um 0,042 Vol.-% pro 10 Vol.-% Stickoxidul. Die Interaktion von Enfluran und Stickoxidul im Dosisbereich von 0–75 Vol.-% entspricht einem additiven Synergismus. Die Interaktion beim EEG-Median 2–3 Hz ist jedoch geringer als bei den MAC-Werten. Je höher die Stickoxidulkonzentration, desto größer ist der Bedarf an Anästhetika in MAC-Einheiten, um den EEG-Median zwischen 2–3 Hz konstant zu halten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Propofol ; Target-controlled infusion (TCI) ; Präzision ; Bias ; Disoprifusor-TCI® ; Key words Propofol ; Target-controlled infusion (TCI) ; Precision ; Bias ; Disoprifusor-TCI®
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In Germany a TCI-system for propofol (Disoprifusor-TCI®) has been commercially available since spring 1997. We investigated the prediction error and precision of this TCI system as part of a multicentre study. Bias, precision, blood concentrations and dosage of propofol were compared with patients receiving propofol via a manually controlled infusion device. Methods: After approval by the local Ethics Committee and written informed consent, 21 patients of ASA-classification I to III scheduled for major abdominal surgery received either a target controlled infusion (group T, Disoprifusor-TCI®) or a manually controlled infusion (group M) of propofol. The propofol plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC. The prediction error for each measurement, the median prediction error (MDPE) or bias, the median absolute prediction error (MDAPE) or precision and the divergence (change of the prediction error over infusion time) were calculated for both groups. Results: For all patients in group T (n = 12) the bias of the TCI system was 6.7% and the precision 27.5%. For 70% of all measured plasma concentrations the absolute prediction error was ≤ 37%. The divergence was −5.4% per hour. For all patients in group M (n = 9) the bias was 44.2% and the precision 50%. The mean amount of propofol infused per kilogramm body weight and hour was signifikant higher in T (9.0 ± 1.2 mg/kg/h) than in M (6.6 ± 1.2 mg/kg/h, p 〈 0.005). Conclusions: With a precision of 27.5% the investigated TCI system (Diprifusor-TCI®) showed an acceptable inaccuracy, as for TCI-systems a median prediction error of ± 30% has to be expected due to the inherent variability of pharmacokinetic parameters. Further studies will be necessary to find out whether the investigated TCI system for propofol may offer substantial advantages.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit April 1997 ist in Deutschland ein TCI-System für Propofol (Disoprifusor-TCI®) kommerziell erhältlich. Wir haben Prädiktivität und Präzision dieses Systems untersucht und mit dem Bias, der Präzision, dem Propofolverbrauch und dem Blutspiegelverlauf einer manuell gesteuerten Infusion verglichen. Methode: 21 Patienten erhielten randomisiert eine intravenöse Anästhesie mit Propofol entweder als manuell gesteuerte Infusion oder als TCI. Blutplasmaspiegel wurden mittels HPLC bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Für das untersuchte TCI-System ergab sich eine Präzision von 27,5% und ein Bias von 6,7%. In der manuellen Gruppe betrug der Bias 44,2% und die Präzision 50%. Die durchschnittlich infundierte Propofolmenge (9,0 ± 1,2 vs. 6,6 ± 1,2 mg/kg/h, p 〈 0,005) und die mittlere Propofolplasmakonzentration (3,7 ± 0,5 vs. 3,0 ± 0,5 µg/ml, p 〈 0,05) waren in der TCI-Gruppe signifikant höher. Schlußfolgerung: Die in dieser Studie ermittelte Präzision und der Bias des untersuchten TCI-Systems ist nur unwesentlich größer als die Variabilität der pharmakokinetischen Parameter selbst, und kann somit als akzeptabel angesehen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 379-386 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: linear system theory ; linear pharmacokinetics ; dosage regimen calculations ; theoretical analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The problem of correctly administering drugs is considered with respect to pharmacokinetics. A general method for calculating the dosage scheme for any linear model is presented, if the desired blood level or amount of drug in any other compartment is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 45 (1993), S. 545-550 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Linear pharmacokinetics ; ill-posed problem ; Tikhonov regularization ; parameter estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary For model identification and parameter estimation in the framework of linear pharmacokinetics it is most often assumed that the disposition function is a finite sum of exponential functions with time constants λi and associated coefficients Ci. Least-square fitting procedures are used to estimate the coefficients Ci and the corresponding discrete locations λi on the λ-axes. This work presents an alternative approach. It does not assume that the non-zero coefficients are located at sharply defined values of λ, but that they are represented by a continuous function h(λ), the spectrum of the disposition function. This turns the non-linear least-square problem into a linear problem, which is known to be as so-called “ill-posed”. Regularisation methods have been developed in recent years as suitable tools for the treatment of such ill-posed problems. Application of Tikhonov regularisation to the case of the bolus kinetics of propofol in 8 volunteers is demonstrated. In 7 of the 8 cases a spectrum with 4 to 5 peaks was found, and in one volunteer there were only 2 peaks. All spectra with more than 2 peaks showed negative values of h(λ). The method used is described and the results are compared with those of conventional compartment analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...