Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Radiocarbon and the Global Carbon Cycle -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Carbon Reservoirs in the Earth System -- 1.2.1 Pre-1850 Pools and Fluxes -- 1.2.2 Post-1850: The Anthropocene -- 1.2.3 Carbon Pools During Glacial Times -- 1.3 Radiocarbon Distribution Across Reservoirs -- 1.4 Scope of This Book -- References -- 2 Radiocarbon Dating: Development of a Nobel Method -- 2.1 Discovery of Radiocarbon -- 2.2 "Wild Bill" Libby at Berkeley: 1927-1941 -- 2.3 Libby at the Manhattan Project: 1941-1946 -- 2.4 Libby at Chicago: 1946-1954 -- 2.5 The Critical Experiments: 1946-1948 -- 2.6 Dating Unknown-Age Samples: 1949-1954 -- 2.7 Radiocarbon Dating Comes of Age: 1954-1960 -- 2.8 Nobel Prize: 1960 -- 2.9 Afterward -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Radiocarbon Nomenclature, Theory, Models, and Interpretation: Measuring Age, Determining Cycling Rates, and Tracing Source Pools -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Carbon Isotope Basics: General Nomenclature and Isotope Fractionation -- 3.2.1 Mass-Dependent Fractionation of Isotopes -- 3.2.2 Equilibrium Exchange Reactions -- 3.2.3 Kinetic Fractionation -- 3.2.4 Isotopes in the Global Carbon Cycle -- 3.3 Reporting Radiocarbon Data: Radiocarbon Nomenclature and Calculations -- 3.3.1 Raw Data: Ratios of Unknowns to Standards -- 3.3.2 Corrections for Mass-Dependent Isotope Fractionation -- 3.3.3 Radiocarbon Age -- 3.3.4 Expressing the Absolute Amount of Radiocarbon -- 3.3.5 Known-Age Corrections and Δ: The Origin of the Calibration Curve -- 3.4 Interpreting Radiocarbon Data -- 3.4.1 Calibrated Ages -- 3.4.2 Single- and Multiple-Pool Turnover Models -- 3.4.2.1 Single Homogeneous Reservoir: Pre-1950 -- 3.4.2.2 Homogeneous Reservoir: Incorporation of Bomb Radiocarbon Since 1950 -- 3.4.2.3 Mean Age and Turnover Time -- 3.4.2.4 Multiple Discrete Pools. , 3.4.3 Isotope Mixing Models: Source Partitioning -- 3.4.3.1 Visualizing Mixing Model Data -- 3.4.3.2 Models with Unique Solutions -- 3.4.3.3 Models Without Unique Solutions -- 3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 4 Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbon Dioxide and Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere: Overview -- 4.2.1 The Global Carbon Dioxide and Radiocarbon Budgets -- 4.2.2 Atmospheric Transport Modeling of Radiocarbon -- 4.3 Preindustrial Distribution of Radiocarbon -- 4.3.1 Mean Isotope Ratio -- 4.3.2 Spatial Gradients -- 4.4 The "Suess" Period: 1890-1945 -- 4.5 The "Bomb" Period: 1945-1985 -- 4.5.1 Global Bomb Radiocarbon Budget -- 4.5.2 Atmospheric Radiocarbon Seasonality During the Bomb Period -- 4.5.3 Spatial Gradients -- 4.5.4 Evolving Isofluxes During the Bomb Period -- 4.6 The Post-bomb Period: 1985-Present -- 4.6.1 Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide -- 4.6.2 Nuclear Industry -- 4.6.3 Terrestrial Carbon -- 4.6.4 Oceans -- 4.6.5 Stratosphere -- 4.6.6 Long-Term Trend -- 4.6.7 Interhemispheric Gradient -- 4.6.8 Seasonal Cycles -- 4.7 The Future Trajectory of Atmospheric Radiocarbon -- 4.8 Atmospheric Monitoring of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- 4.8.1 Determination of Fossil Fuel Mole Fraction from Radiocarbon Observations -- 4.8.2 Large-Scale Spatial Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Variability and Plant Material Proxies -- 4.8.3 Quantification of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the Urban and Regional Scale -- 4.8.4 Other Applications of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Measurements -- 4.8.5 Volcanic Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- 4.9 Atmospheric Radiocarbon in Other Compounds -- 4.9.1 14CO as a Detector for Hydroxyl Radicals -- 4.9.2 Fossil Methane Source Identification -- 4.9.3 Aerosol Source Attribution -- 4.10 Conclusions and Future Directions. , 4.10.1 Improved Radiocarbon Measurement Techniques and Comparability -- 4.10.2 Developing Radiocarbon Observations into Policy-Relevant Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emission Estimates -- 4.10.3 Detection of Climate-Related Changes in Air-Land or Air-Ocean Carbon Exchanges -- References -- 5 Radiocarbon in the Oceans -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Cycling in the World Ocean -- 5.2.1 Radiocarbon Age of the Surface Ocean -- 5.2.2 Bomb Radiocarbon in the Surface Ocean -- 5.2.3 Radiocarbon in the Deep Ocean -- 5.2.4 Climate Change and Radiocarbon in Corals -- 5.2.5 Daily Variability of Surface Radiocarbon -- 5.3 Organic Carbon Cycling in the Coastal and Open Ocean -- 5.3.1 Dissolved Organic Carbon -- 5.3.2 Particulate Organic Carbon -- 5.3.3 Sedimentary Organic Carbon -- 5.3.3.1 Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Studies -- 5.3.3.2 Terrestrial Input by Rivers -- 5.3.3.3 Resuspension, Lateral Transport, and Redeposition -- 5.3.3.4 Porewater Dissolved Organic Carbon -- 5.3.4 Black Carbon -- 5.3.4.1 Sources of Black Carbon to the Ocean: Aerosols and Rivers -- 5.3.4.2 Black Carbon in Sedimentary Organic Carbon -- 5.3.4.3 Black Carbon in Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon -- 5.4 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 6 Radiocarbon in Terrestrial Systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ages of Living Things in an Ecological Context -- 6.2.1 Age of Trees -- 6.2.2 Age of Roots -- 6.2.3 Consumer Organisms: Heterotrophs -- 6.2.4 Plant Mortality, Moss, and Peat Accumulation -- 6.3 Soil Organic Matter Dynamics -- 6.3.1 Heterogeneity of Soil Organic Matter Pools -- 6.3.2 Modeling Soil Carbon Residence Times with Natural Abundance 14C -- 6.3.3 Modeling Soil Carbon Residence Times with Bomb 14C: Steady-State Systems -- 6.3.4 Modeling Soil C Residence Times with Bomb 14C: Non-Steady-State Systems. , 6.4 Respiration and Other Ecosystem Carbon Losses -- 6.4.1 Radiocarbon of Respiration Sources -- 6.4.2 Partitioning Respiration In Situ -- 6.4.3 Partitioning Heterotrophic Respiration -- 6.4.4 Other Ecosystem C Losses -- 6.5 Low-Level Radiocarbon Labels -- 6.5.1 Advantages of Enriched Low-Level 14C Labels -- 6.5.2 Pulse-Chase 14C Labeling Studies -- 6.5.3 Enriched Isotope Background Study (EBIS) -- 6.5.4 Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Labels -- 6.5.5 Additional 14C Label Application Techniques -- 6.5.6 Compound-Specific 14C Labeling -- 6.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 7 Paleoclimatology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Paleoclimate-The Basics -- 7.2.1 Proxies of Past Climate Change -- 7.2.2 Meridional Overturning Circulation -- 7.2.3 Radiocarbon as a Tracer of Ocean Mixing -- 7.3 Case Study: The Old Water Mystery During the Last Glacial-Deglacial Transition -- 7.3.1 The 190 ‰ Drop in Atmospheric Radiocarbon -- 7.3.2 Source of Old Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- 7.3.3 Sedimentary Evidence of the Old CO2 Reservoir -- 7.4 Calibration of Radiocarbon During the Last 50,000 Years -- 7.4.1 Formation of Radiocarbon -- 7.4.2 Records of the Geomagnetic Field -- 7.4.3 Records of Solar Variations -- 7.4.4 Calibration Records: Tree Rings -- 7.4.5 Radiocarbon Tree Ring Data: What Are the Limitations? -- 7.4.6 Calibration Beyond Tree Rings-Varved Lake Sediments -- 7.4.7 Other Atmospheric Calibration Records-Speleothems -- 7.4.8 Marine Calibration Records -- 7.4.9 Uranium-Thorium-Dated Corals -- 7.4.10 Marine Calibration Records-Sedimentary Records -- 7.5 Calibration Computer Codes and Their Datasets -- 7.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 8 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of Radiocarbon -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ion Source and Injector -- 8.3 Accelerator and Stripper -- 8.4 Detector and High-energy Beam Line. , 8.5 From Radiocarbon Counts to Radiocarbon Isotopic Ratios -- 8.6 Various Configurations for Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry -- 8.7 Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- 9 Preparation for Radiocarbon Analysis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 General Procedures for Sample Preparation -- 9.2.1 Sample Selection -- 9.2.2 Avoiding Contamination with Radiocarbon Tracer -- 9.2.3 Pretreatment and Conversion to Carbon Dioxide -- 9.2.4 Graphitization Methods -- 9.3 Evaluating Measurement Uncertainties -- 9.3.1 Introduction of Extraneous Carbon During Processing -- 9.3.2 Correcting for Background Carbon -- 9.3.3 Processing of Materials with Known Radiocarbon Content -- 9.4 Examples of Sampling and Pretreatment -- 9.4.1 Homogeneous Carbon Used for Age Determination (Closed System) -- 9.4.1.1 Acid-Base-Acid Treatment -- 9.4.1.2 Calcium Carbonate Materials -- 9.4.1.3 Cellulose Extraction -- 9.4.1.4 Bone -- 9.4.2 Homogeneous Compounds in Open Systems -- 9.4.2.1 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon -- 9.4.2.2 Carbon Dioxide in Air -- 9.4.2.3 Methane in Air and Water -- 9.4.3 Heterogeneously Aged Carbon -- 9.4.3.1 Soil Organic Matter -- 9.4.3.2 Dissolved Organic Carbon -- 9.4.3.3 Compound-Specific Methods -- 9.4.3.4 Organic Compounds in Biosilica -- 9.5 Isotopically Enriched Samples -- 9.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References.