Note: Cover -- The Orphan Tsunami of 1700 -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface to the second edition -- Introduction -- 1 Unearthed earthquakes -- Earthquake potential -- Tsunami potential -- Flood stories -- Alaskan analog -- Sunken shores -- Sand sheets -- In harm's way -- Currents and cracks -- Magnitude 9? -- 2 The orphan tsunami -- Literate hosts -- Wetted places -- Primary sources -- Kuwagasaki -- Account in Morioka-han "Zassho" -- Words for waves -- Converting time -- Samurai scribes -- High ground -- Tsunami size -- Tsugaruishi -- Account in Moriai-ke "Nikki kakitome chō" -- Human error -- Social status -- Foreign waves -- Tsunami size -- Ōtsuchi -- Account in Morioka-han "Zassho" -- Report to Edo -- Collected writings -- Tsunami size -- Nakaminato -- Account in Ōuchi-ke "Go-yōdome" -- Certified loss -- Fair-weather waves -- Simulated waves -- Miho -- Account in "Miho-mura yöji oboe" -- Tidal waves -- Tsunami size -- Tanabe -- Account in "Tanabe-machi daichō" -- Tsunami size near a storehouse -- Tsunami size near Tanabe Bay -- Sawtooth cycles -- 3 The orphan's parent -- By elimination -- Tree-ring tests -- Magnitude 9 -- Muddy forecast -- High-enough ground -- Seismic waves -- Acknowledgments -- Authors -- References -- Index -- Afterword, 2015.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Unearthed earthquakes -- 2. The orphan tsunami -- Kuwagasaki -- Tsugaruishi -- Otsuchi -- Nakaminato -- Miho -- Tanabe -- 3. The orphan's parent -- Acknowledgments -- Authors -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 Emergence of Human Geoscience -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Roadmap of Human Geoscience -- 1.3 Proposals Compiled by the Human Geoscience Committee -- 1.3.1 SCJ Proposal-Towards Sustainable Co-existence of Nature and Human on the Land and in the Coastal Sea -- 1.3.2 SCJ Proposal-Promotion of Cooperation and Co-creation by Science and Society for Reduction of Disasters and Formation of Sustainable Society -- 1.4 Open Symposia Organized by the Human Geoscience Committee -- 1.5 Scope of Human Geoscience -- References -- Earth Surface Realms -- 2 Atmosphere-The Gaseous Realm Which Supports Human Life -- 2.1 Atmosphere Where We Live -- 2.2 Weather and Climate -- 2.3 Greenhouse Gas -- 2.4 Aerosols -- References -- 3 Lithosphere-The Solid Realm Which Supports Human Life -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geological Aspects of the Lithosphere and Related Human Activities -- 3.2.1 Plate Tectonics and Related Natural Hazards -- 3.2.2 Rocks and Minerals as Resources -- 3.3 Geographical/Geomorphological Aspects of the Lithosphere -- 3.3.1 Perception of Landforms Using Topographic Maps and Digital Data -- 3.3.2 Landform Development and Quaternary Environmental Changes -- 3.3.3 Geomorphic Processes and Human Activities -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Hydrosphere-The Water Realm Which Supports Human Life -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Major Water Reservoirs on the Earth -- 4.3 Flows in Terrestrial Hydrological Cycles -- 4.4 Global Water Balance -- References -- 5 Human Sphere-The Earth Surface Realm Created by Human -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Human Sphere -- 5.3 Unprecedented Expansion of Human Existence -- 5.4 Increasing Stress in Human Sphere -- 5.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Natural Resources and Society -- 6 World Land Resources at Stake -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Land Use. , 6.3 Land Use/Cover Change in Global Research Context -- 6.4 Urbanisation and Land Use -- 6.5 Geo-Disasters and Land Resources -- 6.6 UNEP's Global Environment Outlook -- 6.7 Towards Sustainable Use and Management of Land Resource -- References -- 7 World Soil Resources at Stake -- 7.1 Soil and Human Beings -- 7.2 Soil Changes with Natural Processes -- 7.3 Soil Changes with Human Impacts -- 7.4 International Year of Soils (IYS) 2015 and International Decade of Soils (IDS) 2015-2024 -- 7.5 Possible Soil Changes Under the Climate Change -- 7.5.1 Earth's Global Warming Raises Soil Temperature -- 7.5.2 Global Warming Promotes Biochemical Reaction in Soil (Promote or Alter) -- 7.5.3 Global Warming Alters Soil Communities -- 7.5.4 Climate Change Alter Soil Moisture Conditions and Physical Properties -- 7.5.5 Prediction of Future Soil Moisture by Downscaling Global Climate Model, GCM -- 7.6 Soil Restoration and Hazard Regulation Techniques -- 7.6.1 Soil Hazard Due to Earthquake Followed by Radioisotope Contamination in 2011, Japan -- 7.6.2 Recommendation by ITPS -- References -- 8 World Water Resources at Stake -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Dawn of Civilization and Water -- 8.3 Irrigation -- 8.4 FEW Nexus and Remarks -- References -- Natural Hazards and Society -- 9 Active Fault and Earthquake Disasters -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Overview of an Active Fault -- 9.2.1 What Is an Active Fault? -- 9.2.2 History of Active Fault Research in the Twentieth Century -- 9.3 The 1995 Kobe Earthquake and the Active Fault -- 9.3.1 Outline of the Kobe Earthquake -- 9.3.2 Active Fault Study After the Kobe Earthquake -- 9.4 The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake and Active Fault Research -- 9.4.1 Overview of the Kumamoto Earthquake -- 9.4.2 Issues Raised by the Kumamoto Earthquake -- 9.5 Social Problems on Active Faults. , 9.5.1 Measures Against Strong Ground Motion and Fault Displacement -- 9.5.2 Countermeasures Against Large, Low-Frequency Disasters -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Earthquake Disasters and Government Committees -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 History of Earthquake Disasters and Committees -- 10.3 Committees for Earthquake Prediction -- 10.4 Headquarters of Earthquake Research Promotion -- 10.4.1 Observation Networks -- 10.4.2 Long-Term Forecast of Large Earthquakes -- 10.4.3 Ground Motion Prediction -- 10.4.4 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps -- 10.5 Central Disaster Management Council -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Tsunami Science and Disaster Prevention -- 11.1 The 2011 East Japan Earthquake Disaster -- 11.2 Tsunami Generation and Propagation -- 11.3 Tsunami Warning System -- 11.4 History of Past Tsunamis -- 11.5 Tsunami Hazard Maps -- 11.6 Coastal Infrastructures -- 11.7 Disaster Education and Practices -- 11.8 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Volcanic Eruption and Human Geoscience -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Characteristics of Volcanism in Japan -- 12.2.1 Scale of Eruptions -- 12.2.2 Hazards from Very Large Eruptions -- 12.3 Earthquake and Volcanic Eruption -- 12.4 The Present Situation of Forecasting Volcanic Eruption -- 12.4.1 Eruptions at Unzen and Miyakejima -- 12.4.2 Issues of Forecasting Eruptions -- 12.4.3 Eruption Scenarios -- 12.5 Scientific Research and Increasing the Resilience of Residents -- References -- 13 The 2014 Eruption of Mt. Ontake Volcano and Its Disaster -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Short Precursor of Phreatic Eruption -- 13.3 Volcano Alert Level -- 13.4 Emergency Action After the Eruption -- 13.5 Lessons from the Disaster -- References -- 14 Mud Volcanoes and Human Geoscience -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Description of Representative Onshore Mud Volcanoes in Japan and Taiwan -- 14.2.1 Niikappu Mud Volcano. , 14.2.2 Niigata Mud Volcano [Fig. 14.3(3-1, 3-2, 3-3)] -- 14.2.3 Moon World Mud Volcano -- 14.2.4 Wushanting Mud Volcano -- 14.3 Characteristics of Mud Volcanoes and Mud Volcanism -- 14.3.1 Topographic Features of Mud Volcanoes and Their Surrounding Areas -- 14.4 Erupted Materials -- 14.4.1 Groundwater -- 14.4.2 Mud -- 14.4.3 Coal Fragments -- 14.4.4 Gas -- 14.5 Geological Structure Under Mud Volcanoes -- 14.6 Timing and Migration of Mud Volcanism -- 14.7 Mud Volcanism and Risk to Human Life -- 14.7.1 Violent Eruption -- 14.7.2 Rock Swelling -- 14.7.3 Landslides -- 14.7.4 Greenhouse Effect -- 14.8 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Land-Use Change and Flood Risk Transformation in Urban Area -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Flooding in Urban Area -- 15.2.1 Urban Rivers and Landform Reclamation -- 15.2.2 Land-Use Change and Vulnerability of Flooding -- 15.3 Inundation Risk and Vulnerability on Lowlands -- 15.3.1 Land Form and Flooding Risk -- 15.3.2 Local Community in Changing Land Use and Resilience in the Social Structure Change -- 15.4 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Landslides and Human Geoscience -- 16.1 Landslides and Human Society -- 16.2 Landslide Classification -- 16.3 Landslide Mobility -- 16.4 Earthquake-Induced Landslides -- 16.4.1 Rock Avalanches Preceded by Gravitational Slope Deformation -- 16.4.2 Landslides Preceded by Rock Weathering -- 16.4.3 Pore Pressure Build-up -- 16.4.4 Reactivation of Rockslides that Collide with an Opposite Slope and Are then Undercut -- 16.5 Rain-Induced Landslides -- 16.5.1 Shallow Landslides -- 16.5.2 Rock Avalanches Preceded by Gravitational Slope Deformation -- 16.6 Landslide Mapping and Predicting Sites of Catastrophic Failure -- 16.7 Prediction of Landslides -- 16.8 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Nuclear Disaster and Human Geoscience -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The Accident and Progress to the Present. , 17.2.1 Accident of FDNPP and Deposition of Radioactive Materials -- 17.2.2 Evacuation Order and the Sequence of Evacuation -- 17.2.3 Progress After Evacuation -- 17.3 Decontamination of Radioactive Materials and Its Verification -- 17.4 Distribution of Dose Rate in Satoyama Watershed -- 17.5 Rebirth of the Pride of the Region -- 17.6 Restoration of Livelihood -- 17.7 Problems to Be Solved for Future Fukushima -- References -- Global Environmental Problems -- 18 Population Dynamics and the Environment -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Population Distribution and Its Change -- 18.3 Elements of Natural Change: Fertility and Mortality -- 18.4 Human Migration -- 18.5 Population Structure and Characteristics -- 18.6 Population and the Environment -- References -- 19 Urbanization: Concept, Mechanism, and Global Implications -- 19.1 Concept of Urbanization -- 19.2 History of Urbanization -- 19.3 Mechanisms of Urbanization and Urban Trend in the Modern World -- 19.3.1 Urbanization in Developed Countries -- 19.3.2 Urbanization in Developing Countries -- 19.3.3 Trends in Global Urbanization -- 19.4 Impacts of Urbanization -- 19.4.1 Urban Heat Island -- 19.4.2 Urban Air Pollution and Urban Health -- 19.4.3 Urban Flooding -- 19.4.4 Urban Poverty -- 19.4.5 Urban Crimes and Violence -- 19.4.6 Traffic Congestion -- 19.5 Toward Sustainable Urban Development -- 19.6 Concluding Remarks: The Importance of Geospatial Tools in Urban Monitoring -- References -- 20 Climate Change We Human Are Responsible for -- 20.1 What Is Climate Change? -- 20.2 Observational Changes in the Climate System -- 20.3 Drivers of Past Climate Change -- 20.4 Drivers of Future Climate Change -- 20.5 Projections of Global and Regional Climate Change -- 20.6 Climate Stabilization -- References -- 21 Anthropogenic Lead Pollution in the Ocean -- 21.1 Introduction. , 21.2 Anthropogenic Emission of Leaded Gasoline.