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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aquatic Plants of Northern and Central Europe Including Britain and Ireland. (2023)
    Princeton :Princeton University Press,
    Details
    Keywords: Aquatic plants. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: No detailed description available for "Aquatic Plants of Northern and Central Europe including Britain and Ireland".
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (747 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780691251028
    Series Statement: WILDGuides Series ; v.118
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=30480039
    DDC: 581.94
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Travelling down the river -- Travelling through time -- Species, identification and taxonomy -- Anatomy and morphology -- Ecology -- Eco-physiology -- Research traditions -- Species distribution and diversity in the study area -- Species richness -- Similarity of species composition -- Habitats -- Springs -- Running waters (watercourses) -- Still waters -- Basic guidelines for sampling and identification of aquatic plants -- Main identification key -- Subkey A -- Subkey B -- Subkey C -- Subkey D -- Subkey E -- Subkey F -- Descriptions and maps 0 -- Nymphaeales -- Nymphaceae -- Cabombaceae -- Key to Nymphaea -- Key to Nuphar -- Acorales -- Acoraceae -- Alismatales -- Araceae -- Alismataceae -- Aponogetonaceae -- Butomaceae -- Hydrocharitaceae -- Potamogetonaceae -- Ruppiaceae -- Zosteraceae -- Key to Lemna, Spirodela and Wollfia -- Key to Sagittaria -- Key to Najas -- Key to Groenlandia, Potamogeton, Stuckenia and Zannichellia -- Tabular key to Potamogeton-species and most common hybrids -- Key to Stuckenia -- Tabular key to Stuckenia -- Key to Zannichellia -- Asparagales -- Iridaceae -- Key to Sparganium and Typha -- Commelinales -- Pontederiaceae -- Poales -- Typhaceae -- Juncaceae -- Cyperaceae -- Poaceae -- Key to grass-like plants in vegetative state -- Key to vegetative Juncus growing in water -- Key to vegetative Cyperaceae growing in water -- Key to Bolboschoenus -- Key to Schoenoplectus -- Key to aquatic Poaceae in vegetative state -- Ceratophyllales -- Ceratophyllaceae -- Ranunculales -- Ranunculaceae -- Key to Ranunculaceae -- Tabular key to Ranunculus sect. Batrachium -- Saxifragales -- Crassulaceae -- Haloragaceae -- Key to Myriophyllum -- Rosales -- Rosaceae -- Malpighiales -- Elatinaceae -- Hypericaceae -- Key to Elatine -- Myrtales -- Lythraceae -- Onagraceae -- Brassicales. , Brassicaceae -- Caryophyllales -- Polygonaceae -- Droseraceae -- Caryophyllaceae -- Montiaceae -- Ericales -- Primulaceae -- Gentianales -- Rubiaceae -- Solanales -- Solanaceae -- Boraginales -- Boraginaceae -- Key to Myosotis -- Lamiales -- Plantaginaceae -- Scrophulariaceae -- Lamiaceae -- Acanthaceae -- Phrymaceae -- Lentibulariaceae -- Key to Callitriche -- Key to Mentha -- Key to Erythranthe - Mimulus -- Key to Utricularia -- Asterales -- Lobeliaceae -- Menyanthaceae -- Asteraceae -- Key to Bidens, Cotula, Shinnersia -- Key to Hydrocotyle species from wet habitats -- Key to Apiaceae -- Apiales -- Araliceae -- Apiaceae -- Isoetales -- Isoetaceae -- Salviniales -- Marsileaceae -- Salviniaceae -- Equisetales -- Equisetaceae -- Glossary -- Literature -- Index of latin names.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and quantitative development of aquatic macrophytes in relation to sediment characteristics in oligotrophic Lake Kalgaard, Denmark (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 9 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. The distribution and quantitative development of aquatic macrophytes have been studied in oligotrophic Lake Kalgaard, Denmark. The vegetation is dominated by isoetid species, which are widely distributed (about 40% of the lake bottom) compared to emergent and floating-leaved macrophytes (about 4%). Littorella uniflora dominates at depths of 0–2 m and Isoetes lacustris from 2.0 to 4.5m. Within the colonization area the mean midsummer biomass of Littorella is 112g organic dry weight m−2 and that of Isoetes, 66 gm−2. The total biomass of these two species constitutes 99% of the biomass of submerged macrophytes.The perennial Littorella shows only small seasonal biomass variations. The vegetational biomass, the above-ground fraction of the biomass, and the weight of individual plants all increased with the organic content of the sediment at water depths from 0 to 0.75 m. At the same time the interstitial concentrations of carbon dioxide, extractable inorganic nitrogen, and exchangeable inorganic phosphorus increased, thus supporting the hypothesis that an increasing organic content of the sediments at this low level creates a physiologically richer medium for the plants.The isoetid growth form is discussed in relation to the chemical environment of oligotrophic, softwater lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1979.tb01481.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aquatic plants are open flexible structures – a reply to Sukhodolov (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Aquatic plant stands are flexible, mesh-like open structures that undergo modification in shape and experience a cascade of declining flow velocities and micro-scale Reynolds numbers with increasing distance into the stands. It is not possible to define or measure the frontal area of this open flexible plant structure. Total wetted area was used as a reference area for drag because it can be measured with high accuracy and it was the most suitable measure of plant size impeding the flow and absorbing light for photosynthetic production. What is important is that it is made absolutely clear which type of reference area that is used.2. Numerous important relationships in biology are open to discussion because of differences in dimensions between variables. Relating dimensionless drag coefficients to dimensionless Reynolds numbers resolve such discussions, but defining Reynolds numbers cause other problems. Relating drag coefficients to macro-scale Reynolds numbers would result in exactly the same form of relationship as to water velocity because macro-scale Reynolds numbers changed in direct proportion to water velocity in the experiments, while kinematic viscosity and characteristic length within species remained constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01297.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen stress and reduced growth of Lobelia dortmanna in sandy lake sediments subject to organic enrichment (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Lobelia dortmanna is a common representative of the small isoetid plants dominating the vegetation in nutrient-poor lakes in Europe and North America. Because of large permeable root surfaces and continuous air lacunae Lobelia exchanges the majority of O2 and CO2 during photosynthesis across the roots. This leads to profound diel pulses of O2 and CO2 in sandy sediments with low microbial O2 consumption rates. The ready radial root loss of O2 may, however, make Lobelia very susceptible to more reducing sediments. Therefore, we grew Lobelia for 6 months on natural and organically enriched sandy sediments to test how: (i) root oxygenation influenced degradation of organic matter and depth profiles of N and C; (ii) Lobelia and microbial O2 consumption rates influenced pool size and depth penetration of O2 in the sediments; and (iii) sediment enrichment influenced growth and mineral nutrition of Lobelia.2. Naturally low-organic sediments (0.32% DW) accumulated organic C and N during the experiment as a result of growth of Lobelia and surface micro-algae. In contrast, surface layers of enriched sediments (0.58, 0.87 and 2.46% DW) lost organic C and N because of enhanced mineralisation rates because of oxygen availability. In deeper layers of enriched sediments no significant differences in organic C and N pools were found between plant-covered and plant-free sediments probably because faster organic degradation because of root oxygenation was balanced by release of organic matter from the plants and because short roots with dense Fe-Mn coatings in the most enriched sediments constrained O2 release.3. Depth-integrated O2 pools were much higher in light than darkness, higher in plant-covered than plant-free sediments and higher in sandy than in organically enriched sediments. All sediments had a primary O2 maximum 1–2 mm below the sediment surface in light because of photosynthesis of micro-algae. Plant-covered sediments of low organic content (0.32 and 0.58% DW) also had a secondary deep maximum (2–4 cm) because of higher O2 release from Lobelia roots than microbial O2 consumption. Nitrification occurred here resulting in depletion of NH〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:00465070:FWB1382:FWB_1382_mu1" location="equation/FWB_1382_mu1.gif"/〉 and accumulation of NO〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:00465070:FWB1382:FWB_1382_mu2" location="equation/FWB_1382_mu2.gif"/〉. In low organic sediments, oxygen pools increased with higher plant biomass both in light and darkness. The deep O2 and NO3 maxima disappeared in high organic sediments of greater O2 consumption rates and smaller O2 release rates.4. Lobelia was stressed by increasing O2 consumption rate of the sediments. Plant weight and leaf number declined twofold and maximum root length declined fourfold suggesting severe problems maintaining sufficient axial O2 transport to the root tips because of rapid radial O2 loss. Despite markedly higher nutrient concentrations in the enriched sediments, leaf-N declined twofold and leaf-P declined fourfold to growth-limiting levels. These responses can be explained by constrains on mycorrhisal activity, root metabolism and vascular transport because of O2 depletion. Management efforts to stop the decline and ensure the recovery of the isoetid vegetation should therefore focus on improving water quality as well as sediment suitability for growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01382.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Velocity gradients and turbulence around macrophyte stands in streams (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 42 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Submerged macrophytes strongly modify water flow in small lowland streams. The present study investigated turbulence and vertical velocity gradients using small hot-wire anemometers in the vicinity and within the canopies of four macrophyte species with the objective of evaluating: (a) how plant canopies influence velocity gradients and shear force on the surfaces of the plants and the stream bed; and (b) how the presence and morphology of plants influence the intensity of turbulence.2. Water velocity was often relatively constant with water depth both outside and inside the plant canopies, but the velocity declined steeply immediately above the unvegetated stream bed. Steep vertical velocity profiles were also observed in the transition to the surface of the macrophyte canopy of three of the plant species forming a dense shielding structure of high biomass. Less steep vertical profiles were observed at the open canopy surface of the fourth plant species, growing from a basal meristem and having the biomass more homogeneously distributed with depth. The complex distribution of hydraulic roughness between the stream bed, the banks and the plants resulted in velocity profiles which often fitted better to a linear than to a logarithmic function of distance above the sediment and canopy surfaces.3. Turbulence increased in proportion to the mean flow velocity, but the slope of the relationships differed in a predictable manner among positions outside and inside the canopies of the different species, suggesting that their morphology and movements influenced the intensity of turbulence. Turbulence was maintained in the attenuated flow inside the plant canopies, despite estimates of low Reynolds numbers, demonstrating that reliable evaluation of flow patterns requires direct measurements. The mean velocity inside plant canopies mostly exceeded 2 cm s−−1 and turbulence intensity remained above 0.2 cm s−−1, which should be sufficient to prevent carbon limitation of photosynthesis in CO2-rich streams, while plant growth may benefit from the reduced physical disturbance and the retention of nutrient-rich sediment particles.4. Flow patterns were highly reproducible within canopies of the individual species despite differences in stand size and location among streams. We propose that individual plant stands are suitable functional units for analysing the influence of submerged macrophytes on flow patterns, retention of particles and biological communities in lowland streams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.444495.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size dependence of composition, photosynthesis and growth in the colony-forming freshwater ciliate, Ophrydium versatile (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Ophrydium versatile is a symbiotic ciliate which forms gelatinous colonies up to several centimetres in diameter in transparent temperate lakes. The ciliates are evenly spaced at the colony surface and constitute a small proportion of the surface area (7%) and volume (3.1%) of the colony, but a large proportion of organic carbon (74%) and nitrogen content (82%) (exemplified for 1 cm3 colonies). The majority of the colony volume is formed by the jelly. The biomass proportion of ciliates scales inversely with colony size, following the decline of surface area to colony volume. The largest colonies found in Danish lakes in early summer contain almost 1 million ciliates, and assuming they derive from a single ciliate undergoing exponential division, they need twenty generations and, presumably, almost a year to reach maximum size.2. The ciliates contain numerous symbiotic zoochlorellae that constitute about 10% of ciliate volume and more than half of the carbon content. Zoochlorellae dominate oxygen metabolism of the assemblage, resulting in low light compensation points, a large diel photosynthetic surplus, and a marked dependence on light for sustained growth and ciliate metabolism. Estimated gross photosynthesis (7ng C ciliate−1 day−1) of Ophnrydium from shallow, clear waters in June greatly exceeded the estimated carbon contained in filtered bacteria and small algae (1.9ng C cilicate−1 day−1). Nitrogen and phosphorus content of the prey, however, may provide the main nutrient source consistent with the correspondence between mass-specific rates of nutrient uptake and measured relative growth rates (average 0.067 day−1, generation time 10 days).3. The large Ophrydium colonies require increased allocation of photosynthetic carbohydrates with increasing colony size to maintain the jelly. The large colonies tend to become gas-filled, floating, mechanically destroyed and their ciliate inhabitants abandon them as swarmers. Colony formation, however, should offer protection against predators which may be more important for the natural abundance than the costs of growing in a colony.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1994.tb00846.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in temperature, organic carbon and oxygen consumption among lowland streams (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Temperature, organic carbon and oxygen consumption were measured over a year at 13 sites in four lowlands streams within the same region in North Zealand, Denmark with the objectives of determining: (i) spatial and seasonal differences between open streams, forest streams and streams with or without lakes, (ii) factors influencing the temperature dependence of oxygen consumption rate, (iii) consequences of higher temperature and organic content in lake outlets on oxygen consumption rate, and (iv) possible consequences of forecasted global warming on degradation of organic matter.2. High concentrations of easily degradable dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were found in open streams downstream of plankton-rich lakes, while high concentrations of recalcitrant DOC were found in a forest brook draining a forest swamp. Concentrations of predominantly recalcitrant POC and DOC were low in a groundwater-fed forest spring. Overall, DOC concentration was two to 18 times higher than POC concentrations.3. Oxygen consumption rate at 20 °C was higher during summer than winter, higher in open than shaded streams and higher in lake outlets than inlets. Rate was closely related to concentrations of chlorophyll and POC but not to DOC. The ratio of oxygen consumption rate to total organic concentrations (DOC + POC), serving as a measure of organic degradability, was highest downstream of lakes, intermediate in open streams and lowest in forest streams.4. Temperature coefficients describing the exponential increase of oxygen consumption rate between 4 and 20 °C averaged 0.121 °C−1 (Q10 of 3.35) in 70 measurements and showed no significant variations between seasons and stream sites or correlations with ambient temperature and organic content.5. Oxygen consumption rate was enhanced downstream of lakes during summer because of higher temperature and, more significantly, greater concentrations of degradable organic carbon. Oxygen consumption rates were up to seven times higher in the stream with three impoundments than in a neighbouring unshaded stream and 21 times higher than in the groundwater-fed forest spring.6. A regional climate model has calculated a dramatic 4–5 °C rise in air temperature over Denmark by 2070–2100. If this is realised, unshaded streams are estimated to become 2–3 °C warmer in summer and winter and 5–7 °C warmer in spring and, thereby, increase oxygen consumption rates at ambient temperature by 30–40% and 80–130%, respectively. Faster consumption of organic matter and dissolved oxygen downstream of point sources should increase the likelihood of oxygen stress of the stream biota and lead to the export of less organic matter but more mineralised nutrients to the coastal waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01436.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Invertebrate herbivory on the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus in a Danish stream (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1 Invertebrate herbivory on the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus was studied in a Danish lowland stream during the main growth seasons of summer 1991 and 1992. Young apical leaves escaped consumption probably because of their location and dense packing, but herbivory loss increased linearly with age and exposure time of older leaves. Nitrogen content was relatively high in both young (4.61% DW) and old leaves (3.65% DW) but a food preference experiment showed that young leaves were preferred by the main herbivore, the trichopteran Anabolia nervosa.2 The percentage of standing plant biomass lost to herbivory (the apparent loss) between sampling periods increased from early May to a mid-June maximum (24.8% in 1991, 4.2% in 1992), and subsequently declined to zero within a month. The averages for the growth seasons were 10.5% in 1991 and 2.0% in 1992. Yet, the proportions of annual plant production harvested by herbivores were low and almost the same (1.3 and 1.8%) because consumption was low when plant production peaked in late summer.Consumption was almost the same early in the two years, but plant growth dynamics differed markedly and was the main factor determining apparent herbivory loss.3 Despite heavy damage early in the summer, P. Perfoliatus contributed a minor fraction (1–5%) of the trichopteran diet. This fraction appeared to be restricted by the low macrophyte biomass during early summer.4 The results emphasize that apparent herbivory loss does not estimate the harvested proportion of plant production, and that plant growth dynamics should be analysed to attain precise estimates of herbivory rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1994.tb00837.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of submerged macrophytes on sediment composition and near-bed flow in lowland streams (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 39 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Submerged macrophytes have important physical and structural effects on lowland streams. This study investigated the ability of submerged macrophytes to modify the near-bed flow and to retain mineral and organic particles in patches of four common macrophytes in shallow Danish streams during mid-summer.2. In dense patches of Callitriche cophocarpa and Elodea canadensis, where near-bed velocity was reduced, the sediment surface was markedly raised and enriched with fine particles. In dense patches of Ranunculus peltatus, fine sediments were deposited among rooted shoots in the upstream part of the patches, while erosion and coarse sediments prevailed in the downstream part of the patches because of the strong vortices that formed at the rear and moved up under the trailing canopy. The open canopy of Sparganium emersum, with its streamlined leaves, had little effect on flow and sediment.3. Patterns of sediment deposition and composition were closely related to the morphology and canopy structure of plant species and the presence of low velocity above the sediment among the rooted shoots. The mineral particles retained probably originate from bed-load, and the enrichment with finer particles within the patches probably results mainly from size-selective processes during erosion and transport of particles rather than during deposition. The mixed sediment composition within patches suggests that the flow-resistant shoots generate an environment conducive to deposition of all transported particles.4. Fine sediments within macrophyte beds contained high concentrations of organic matter, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The wide scatter in the relationships between mineral grain size and the content of organic matter and nutrients reflects the spatial and temporal complexity of erosion, transport and sedimentation of mineral and organic particles.5. Enrichment of sediment within macrophyte beds relative to the surrounding substratum ranged from 780 g organic matter m–2, 30 g N m–2 and 25 g P m–2 for the flow-resistant dense canopies af Callitriche cophocarpa to 150 g organic matter m–2, 6.6 g N m–2 and 3.4 g P m–2 for the open canopies of Sparganium emersum. Retention of nutrient-rich particles within the macrophyte beds is probably of limited importance for plant growth in most lowland European streams, because macrophyte growth is rarely nutrient limited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00316.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass and oxygen dynamics of the epiphyte community in a Danish lowland stream (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 22 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1. We examined the abundance and oxygen metabolism of epiphytic organisms on the dominant macrophyte, Potamogeton pectinatus, in headwaters of the eutrophic River Suså. Microbenthic algae were abundant in the stream during spring and macrophytes during summer.2. The low macrophyte biomass in spring supported a dense epiphyte cover whereas the high macrophyte biomass during summer had a thin epiphyte cover of 10–100-fold lower abundance per unit area of macrophyte surface. The epiphyte community was dominated by microalgae in spring and by heterotrophs, probably bacteria, during summer. This seasonal shift was shown by pronounced reductions of the chlorophyll a content (from 2–3% to 0.1–0.7% of organic DW), the gross photosynthetic rate (from 20–85 to 3–15 mg O2, g-1 organic DW h−1) and the ratio of gross photosynthesis to dark respiration in the epiphyte community (from 5–18 to 1). The reduced contributions of epiphytic microalgae correlated with reduced light availability during summer.3. Both the density and the photosynthetic activity of epiphytic algae were low on a stream area basis relative to those of microbenthic algae and macrophytes. Rapid variations in water velocity and extensive light attenuation in water and macrophyte stands probably constrained the development of epiphytic algae. The epiphyte community was more important in overall stream respiration, contributing c. 10% to total summer respiration and c. 20% to summer respiration within the predominantly heterotrophic microbial communities on sediments and macrophyte surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01116.x
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