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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aquatic Plants of Northern and Central Europe Including Britain and Ireland. (2023)
    Princeton :Princeton University Press,
    Details
    Keywords: Aquatic plants. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: No detailed description available for "Aquatic Plants of Northern and Central Europe including Britain and Ireland".
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (747 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780691251028
    Series Statement: WILDGuides Series ; v.118
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=30480039
    DDC: 581.94
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Travelling down the river -- Travelling through time -- Species, identification and taxonomy -- Anatomy and morphology -- Ecology -- Eco-physiology -- Research traditions -- Species distribution and diversity in the study area -- Species richness -- Similarity of species composition -- Habitats -- Springs -- Running waters (watercourses) -- Still waters -- Basic guidelines for sampling and identification of aquatic plants -- Main identification key -- Subkey A -- Subkey B -- Subkey C -- Subkey D -- Subkey E -- Subkey F -- Descriptions and maps 0 -- Nymphaeales -- Nymphaceae -- Cabombaceae -- Key to Nymphaea -- Key to Nuphar -- Acorales -- Acoraceae -- Alismatales -- Araceae -- Alismataceae -- Aponogetonaceae -- Butomaceae -- Hydrocharitaceae -- Potamogetonaceae -- Ruppiaceae -- Zosteraceae -- Key to Lemna, Spirodela and Wollfia -- Key to Sagittaria -- Key to Najas -- Key to Groenlandia, Potamogeton, Stuckenia and Zannichellia -- Tabular key to Potamogeton-species and most common hybrids -- Key to Stuckenia -- Tabular key to Stuckenia -- Key to Zannichellia -- Asparagales -- Iridaceae -- Key to Sparganium and Typha -- Commelinales -- Pontederiaceae -- Poales -- Typhaceae -- Juncaceae -- Cyperaceae -- Poaceae -- Key to grass-like plants in vegetative state -- Key to vegetative Juncus growing in water -- Key to vegetative Cyperaceae growing in water -- Key to Bolboschoenus -- Key to Schoenoplectus -- Key to aquatic Poaceae in vegetative state -- Ceratophyllales -- Ceratophyllaceae -- Ranunculales -- Ranunculaceae -- Key to Ranunculaceae -- Tabular key to Ranunculus sect. Batrachium -- Saxifragales -- Crassulaceae -- Haloragaceae -- Key to Myriophyllum -- Rosales -- Rosaceae -- Malpighiales -- Elatinaceae -- Hypericaceae -- Key to Elatine -- Myrtales -- Lythraceae -- Onagraceae -- Brassicales. , Brassicaceae -- Caryophyllales -- Polygonaceae -- Droseraceae -- Caryophyllaceae -- Montiaceae -- Ericales -- Primulaceae -- Gentianales -- Rubiaceae -- Solanales -- Solanaceae -- Boraginales -- Boraginaceae -- Key to Myosotis -- Lamiales -- Plantaginaceae -- Scrophulariaceae -- Lamiaceae -- Acanthaceae -- Phrymaceae -- Lentibulariaceae -- Key to Callitriche -- Key to Mentha -- Key to Erythranthe - Mimulus -- Key to Utricularia -- Asterales -- Lobeliaceae -- Menyanthaceae -- Asteraceae -- Key to Bidens, Cotula, Shinnersia -- Key to Hydrocotyle species from wet habitats -- Key to Apiaceae -- Apiales -- Araliceae -- Apiaceae -- Isoetales -- Isoetaceae -- Salviniales -- Marsileaceae -- Salviniaceae -- Equisetales -- Equisetaceae -- Glossary -- Literature -- Index of latin names.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herbivory of invertebrates on submerged macrophytes from Danish freshwaters (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 28 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Invertebrate herbivory on submerged freshwater macrophytes, measured as per cent leaf area lost, was determined for sixteen species and forty-two populations of macrophytes during peak summer biomass in Danish streams and lakes.2. All seventeen Potamogeton populations and seventeen of the remaining twenty-five non-Potamogeton populations were grazed. Species of Potamogeton were significantly more heavily grazed (mean 4.2%) than non-Potamogeton species (mean 0.8%). Herbivory losses were not significantly different between stream (mean 2.4%) and lake populations (mean 1.9%). Wide ranges in herbivory loss were observed between species from the same locality and within species from different localities. The location of main damage to either old or young leaves was not species specific but varied among localities. Additional data for four macrophyte populations showed that herbivory loss had a strong seasonal variation (e.g. 1.0–26.3% for Potamogeton perfoliatus), with maximum losses during May-June.3. Although the mean defoliation percentages were low during the period of maximum macrophyte biomass, they were not systematically lower than encountered for terrestrial plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1992.tb00588.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic use of inorganic carbon among primary and secondary water plants in streams (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 27 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. We analysed photosynthetic rates and inorganic carbon use of thirty-five vascular macrophyte species collected submerged in eight nutrient- and CO2-rich Danish lowland streams. The species were classified in four groups as mainly terrestrial, homophyllous and heterophyllous amphibious and truly submerged. These groups represent plant species differently adapted to life in water.2. Photosynthetic rates measured in water increased in the gradual transition from mainly terrestrial, through amphibious to truly submerged species. Species normally in contact with air adapted to submergence by increasing the photosynthetic rate at limiting CO2. Photosynthetic rates of submerged parts of heterophyllous amphibious species were close to those of submerged species. Submerged species with thin or finely dissected leaves had the highest photosynthetic rates, probably because of low diffusional resistance to uptake of nutrients and gases.3. In contrast to submerged species, terrestrial and amphibious species were unable to use HCO3−. Extensive oversaturation with CO2 in the streams allows, however, many amphibious species to photosynthesize well under water, based on CO2-use alone. Amphibious CO2-users, with very few structural adaptations to life under water, can therefore be as dominant in the submerged vegetation of lowland streams as HCO3−-using water plants. Moreover, the streams provide open space for colonization from the dense vegetation ashore.4. Among the 1265 Danish herbaceous species no less than seventy-five terrestrial species occasionally grow submerged, forty-five species are amphibious, and fifty-one are true water plants. These numbers suggest that adaptation to permanent or temporary submergence is an ongoing process involving many species and that the land-water interface does not represent as difficult a barrier as often believed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1992.tb00540.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Invertebrate herbivory on the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus in a Danish stream (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1 Invertebrate herbivory on the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus was studied in a Danish lowland stream during the main growth seasons of summer 1991 and 1992. Young apical leaves escaped consumption probably because of their location and dense packing, but herbivory loss increased linearly with age and exposure time of older leaves. Nitrogen content was relatively high in both young (4.61% DW) and old leaves (3.65% DW) but a food preference experiment showed that young leaves were preferred by the main herbivore, the trichopteran Anabolia nervosa.2 The percentage of standing plant biomass lost to herbivory (the apparent loss) between sampling periods increased from early May to a mid-June maximum (24.8% in 1991, 4.2% in 1992), and subsequently declined to zero within a month. The averages for the growth seasons were 10.5% in 1991 and 2.0% in 1992. Yet, the proportions of annual plant production harvested by herbivores were low and almost the same (1.3 and 1.8%) because consumption was low when plant production peaked in late summer.Consumption was almost the same early in the two years, but plant growth dynamics differed markedly and was the main factor determining apparent herbivory loss.3 Despite heavy damage early in the summer, P. Perfoliatus contributed a minor fraction (1–5%) of the trichopteran diet. This fraction appeared to be restricted by the low macrophyte biomass during early summer.4 The results emphasize that apparent herbivory loss does not estimate the harvested proportion of plant production, and that plant growth dynamics should be analysed to attain precise estimates of herbivory rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1994.tb00837.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass and oxygen dynamics of the epiphyte community in a Danish lowland stream (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 22 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1. We examined the abundance and oxygen metabolism of epiphytic organisms on the dominant macrophyte, Potamogeton pectinatus, in headwaters of the eutrophic River Suså. Microbenthic algae were abundant in the stream during spring and macrophytes during summer.2. The low macrophyte biomass in spring supported a dense epiphyte cover whereas the high macrophyte biomass during summer had a thin epiphyte cover of 10–100-fold lower abundance per unit area of macrophyte surface. The epiphyte community was dominated by microalgae in spring and by heterotrophs, probably bacteria, during summer. This seasonal shift was shown by pronounced reductions of the chlorophyll a content (from 2–3% to 0.1–0.7% of organic DW), the gross photosynthetic rate (from 20–85 to 3–15 mg O2, g-1 organic DW h−1) and the ratio of gross photosynthesis to dark respiration in the epiphyte community (from 5–18 to 1). The reduced contributions of epiphytic microalgae correlated with reduced light availability during summer.3. Both the density and the photosynthetic activity of epiphytic algae were low on a stream area basis relative to those of microbenthic algae and macrophytes. Rapid variations in water velocity and extensive light attenuation in water and macrophyte stands probably constrained the development of epiphytic algae. The epiphyte community was more important in overall stream respiration, contributing c. 10% to total summer respiration and c. 20% to summer respiration within the predominantly heterotrophic microbial communities on sediments and macrophyte surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01116.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patch dynamics of the stream macrophyte, Callitriche cophocarpa (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 27 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. We examined changes in position and growth of Callitriche cophocarpa patches in a shallow section of a small Danish stream during the main expansion of plant cover between April and June. Mean upstream growth of patches was only 7.5% of downstream growth. The mean growth rate was 1,02cm day−1 in length and 0.55 cm day−1 in width and the growth rates were not significantly dependent on patch size. For patches with an area (A) above 100cm2, the growth rates in patch area (dA/dt) was proportional to patch circumference and thus √Aand the relative growth rate (dA/dt A−1) was inversely proportional to √A.The smallest patches (〈100cm2), however, expanded less than expected because of their combined tendency to grow more slowly in patch length and width than larger patches.2. The expansion of plant cover will be much more rapid in many medium-sized patches compared to few large patches of a similar combined area, because internal selflimitation by light and space is partially relieved in smaller patches. We anticipate that recruitment and mortality of new-formed patches are critical steps preceding areal expansion. Quantification of these processes are needed fully to evaluate patch dynamics and space occupation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1992.tb00539.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size dependence of composition, photosynthesis and growth in the colony-forming freshwater ciliate, Ophrydium versatile (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Ophrydium versatile is a symbiotic ciliate which forms gelatinous colonies up to several centimetres in diameter in transparent temperate lakes. The ciliates are evenly spaced at the colony surface and constitute a small proportion of the surface area (7%) and volume (3.1%) of the colony, but a large proportion of organic carbon (74%) and nitrogen content (82%) (exemplified for 1 cm3 colonies). The majority of the colony volume is formed by the jelly. The biomass proportion of ciliates scales inversely with colony size, following the decline of surface area to colony volume. The largest colonies found in Danish lakes in early summer contain almost 1 million ciliates, and assuming they derive from a single ciliate undergoing exponential division, they need twenty generations and, presumably, almost a year to reach maximum size.2. The ciliates contain numerous symbiotic zoochlorellae that constitute about 10% of ciliate volume and more than half of the carbon content. Zoochlorellae dominate oxygen metabolism of the assemblage, resulting in low light compensation points, a large diel photosynthetic surplus, and a marked dependence on light for sustained growth and ciliate metabolism. Estimated gross photosynthesis (7ng C ciliate−1 day−1) of Ophnrydium from shallow, clear waters in June greatly exceeded the estimated carbon contained in filtered bacteria and small algae (1.9ng C cilicate−1 day−1). Nitrogen and phosphorus content of the prey, however, may provide the main nutrient source consistent with the correspondence between mass-specific rates of nutrient uptake and measured relative growth rates (average 0.067 day−1, generation time 10 days).3. The large Ophrydium colonies require increased allocation of photosynthetic carbohydrates with increasing colony size to maintain the jelly. The large colonies tend to become gas-filled, floating, mechanically destroyed and their ciliate inhabitants abandon them as swarmers. Colony formation, however, should offer protection against predators which may be more important for the natural abundance than the costs of growing in a colony.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1994.tb00846.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herbivory and growth in terrestrial and aquatic populations of amphibious stream plants (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 47 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Many amphibious plant species grow in the transition between terrestrial and submerged vegetation in small lowland streams. We determined biomass development, leaf turnover rate and invertebrate herbivory during summer in terrestrial and aquatic populations of three amphibious species to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of aerial and submerged life.2. Terrestrial populations had higher area shoot density, biomass and leaf production than aquatic populations, while leaf turnover rate and longevity were the same. Terrestrial populations experienced lower percentage grazing loss of leaf production (average 1.2–5.1%) than aquatic populations (2.9–17.3%), while the same plant dry mass was consumed per unit ground area.3. Grazing loss increased linearly with leaf age apart from the youngest leaf stages. Grazing loss during the lifetime of leaves was therefore 2.4–3.1 times higher than mean apparent loss to standing leaves of all ages. The results imply that variation in density of grazers relative to plant production can account for differences in grazing impact between terrestrial and aquatic populations, and that fast leaf turnover keeps apparent grazing damage down.4. We conclude that the ability of amphibious plants to grow submerged permits them to expand their niche and escape intense competition on land, but the stream does not provide a refugium against grazing and constrains plant production compared with the terrestrial habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00890.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in temperature, organic carbon and oxygen consumption among lowland streams (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Temperature, organic carbon and oxygen consumption were measured over a year at 13 sites in four lowlands streams within the same region in North Zealand, Denmark with the objectives of determining: (i) spatial and seasonal differences between open streams, forest streams and streams with or without lakes, (ii) factors influencing the temperature dependence of oxygen consumption rate, (iii) consequences of higher temperature and organic content in lake outlets on oxygen consumption rate, and (iv) possible consequences of forecasted global warming on degradation of organic matter.2. High concentrations of easily degradable dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were found in open streams downstream of plankton-rich lakes, while high concentrations of recalcitrant DOC were found in a forest brook draining a forest swamp. Concentrations of predominantly recalcitrant POC and DOC were low in a groundwater-fed forest spring. Overall, DOC concentration was two to 18 times higher than POC concentrations.3. Oxygen consumption rate at 20 °C was higher during summer than winter, higher in open than shaded streams and higher in lake outlets than inlets. Rate was closely related to concentrations of chlorophyll and POC but not to DOC. The ratio of oxygen consumption rate to total organic concentrations (DOC + POC), serving as a measure of organic degradability, was highest downstream of lakes, intermediate in open streams and lowest in forest streams.4. Temperature coefficients describing the exponential increase of oxygen consumption rate between 4 and 20 °C averaged 0.121 °C−1 (Q10 of 3.35) in 70 measurements and showed no significant variations between seasons and stream sites or correlations with ambient temperature and organic content.5. Oxygen consumption rate was enhanced downstream of lakes during summer because of higher temperature and, more significantly, greater concentrations of degradable organic carbon. Oxygen consumption rates were up to seven times higher in the stream with three impoundments than in a neighbouring unshaded stream and 21 times higher than in the groundwater-fed forest spring.6. A regional climate model has calculated a dramatic 4–5 °C rise in air temperature over Denmark by 2070–2100. If this is realised, unshaded streams are estimated to become 2–3 °C warmer in summer and winter and 5–7 °C warmer in spring and, thereby, increase oxygen consumption rates at ambient temperature by 30–40% and 80–130%, respectively. Faster consumption of organic matter and dissolved oxygen downstream of point sources should increase the likelihood of oxygen stress of the stream biota and lead to the export of less organic matter but more mineralised nutrients to the coastal waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01436.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aquatic plants are open flexible structures – a reply to Sukhodolov (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Aquatic plant stands are flexible, mesh-like open structures that undergo modification in shape and experience a cascade of declining flow velocities and micro-scale Reynolds numbers with increasing distance into the stands. It is not possible to define or measure the frontal area of this open flexible plant structure. Total wetted area was used as a reference area for drag because it can be measured with high accuracy and it was the most suitable measure of plant size impeding the flow and absorbing light for photosynthetic production. What is important is that it is made absolutely clear which type of reference area that is used.2. Numerous important relationships in biology are open to discussion because of differences in dimensions between variables. Relating dimensionless drag coefficients to dimensionless Reynolds numbers resolve such discussions, but defining Reynolds numbers cause other problems. Relating drag coefficients to macro-scale Reynolds numbers would result in exactly the same form of relationship as to water velocity because macro-scale Reynolds numbers changed in direct proportion to water velocity in the experiments, while kinematic viscosity and characteristic length within species remained constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01297.x
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