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  • 1
    Keywords: Kongreß Konferenz ; Konferenzschrift ; Sedimentologie
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: IV, S. 787 - 930 , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie 1988,7/8
    Language: German
    Note: Literaturangaben
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Terra nova 4 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The Fourier transform infrared spectra of individual conodonts with various CAI values indicate definite changes in conodont francolite during diagenesis. Steady decarbonation can be observed in the increasing intensity of the band with the wavenumber 2340 an-1, which is assigned to trapped molecular CO2. Carbon dioxide originates from decomposing CO2-3-ions occupying the B-site in francolite. Furthermore, the intensity of the water-deformation band at 1644 cm-1 decreases with higher CAI values. These changes of intensity can be quantified by calculating the maximum extinction (Emax) for the corresponding absorption maxima and correlated with the CAI. Unaltered conodonts have a relative variable water ‘content’ and very little CO2. Up to a CAI value of 4 conodont francolite continuously expells water and carbon dioxide is trapped. Conodonts with CAI = 5 have similar water ‘contents’ to CAI = 4 conodonts, but decarbonation continues to take place during this stage of diagenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 25 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The replacement by ferroan calcite with preservation of the original structures can be used as a new criterion for identifying skeletons originally composed of high-magnesian calcite. This applies to bryozoa, rugose corals, echinoderms, many foraminifera, most ostracods, red algae, and serpulids. On the other hand, skeletons originally composed of low-magnesian calcite were never replaced by ferroan calcite, as shown by belemnites, brachiopods, and most of the pelecypods.Using this criterion, an original low-magnesian calcite composition is inferred for Tentaculites and some ostracods and foraminifera, whereas a previous high-magnesian calcite composition is inferred for trilobites, oligostegina and certain ooids. Chemical instability of high-magnesian calcite is suggested to be the driving force of the replacement by ferroan calcite. In most of the thirty-seven samples investigated, of Oligocene to Devonian age, the ferrous iron concentration of the interstitial fluid increased during diagenesis, as shown by well established sequences of cement A and B and fissure fill. This offers a relative time scale for diagenetic processes.Ferroan calcites contain up to 6 mol % FeCO3 and up to 5 mol % MgCO3. In this range of concentration, the distribution coefficients for Fe and Mg between calcite and solution at about 25°C are about 1 to 0-03, respectively, according to experiments. Possible sources of iron are iron oxides and hydroxides as well as clay minerals including glauconite.Though a submarine origin below the sediment surface is conceivable for ferroan calcite, there are serious limiting conditions such as low Eh and, at the same time, lack in sulphate-reducing bacteria. On the other hand, ferroan ‘dedolomite’, compositional zonality in individual ferroan calcite overgrowths, low δ18C and δ18O values, and low Mg concentrations point more to a meteoric-phreatic origin of many ferroan calcite occurrences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 19 (1972), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Authigenic quartz crystals formed within skeleton walls frequently contain carbonate inclusions which may characteristically differ from the composition of the skeletons. Whereas the skeletons suffered diagenetic alteration, the inclusions in the quartz crystals were more or less preserved and thus may indicate the original composition of the skeletons, provided the quartz crystals formed not too late in diagenesis. Because they generally grew after the aragonite-calcite transformation, original aragonite skeletons are characterized by low-Mg calcite inclusions in the quartz crystals whereas original high-Mg calcite skeletons differ clearly by the Mg-content of the inclusions. There is no difference between inclusions within quartz of original low-Mg calcite and transformed aragonite skeletons, but the former skeletons are well and the latter are poorly preserved.By this method, it is shown that Paleozoic Stromatopora and Actinostroma as well as Triassic Ammonoidea presumably were composed of aragonite, whereas the shells of articulate brachiopods (Stringocephalus, Terebratula, Rhynchonella, Gigantoproductus) were composed of low-Mg calcite. The skeletons of Crinoidea (Devonian, Muschelkalk, Jurassic) and of Devonian rugose and tabulate corals, however, were composed of high-Mg calcite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Permo-Scythian deposits E of Lake Reschen (North-Italy) are composed of a sequence of terrestrial sediments in Verrucanofacies and of a series of detrital carbonate and lagoonal-evaporitic rocks (“Wechselschichten”) overlaid by Anisian fossiliferous dolomites. Examinations by cathodo-luminescence give reference to the source area of the detrius and to the diagenesis of the sediments. Further statements can be made by X-ray (triclinity of K-feldspars; inclusions in authigenic minerals) and chemical examinations (composition of dolomites). The detritus of the slightly metamorphic rocks, indicated by the crystallinity of illite, does not originate from the underlying “Plawenkristallin” and from the adjacent “ötztalkristallin”, respectively, but by 70% from a porphyritic source area that is supposed to be located in the region of Lugano.
    Abstract: Résumé Les sédiments permo-scythiens des Alpes centrales à l'est du Reschensee (Tyrol méridional, Italie) se composent d'une série continentale à faciès Verrucano et d'une série clasto-carbonatique, laguno-salifère («Wechselschichten »). Cette séquence est surmontée par des dolomies fossilifères anisiennes. Les résultats obtenus par la luminescence cathodique fournissent des informations sur la provenance des éléments détritiques et sur la diagenèse des roches sédimentaires. D'autres considérations sont introduites sur la base d'analyse röntgénographiques (triclinicité des feldspaths potassiques; inclusions dans les minéraux authigènes) et d'analyses chimiques (composition des dolomies). Les éléments détritiques des roches peu métamorphiques, ainsi que l'indique la cristallinité de l'illite, proviennent, non des roches cristallines formant le substratum («Plawenkristallin») et les roches cristallines de l'«ötztal» mais pour 70% d'une région à roches porphyriques, probablement les environs du Lugano.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die permoskythischen Ablagerungen östlich des Reschensees setzen sich aus einer terrestrischen Folge in Verrucano-Fazies und einer klastisch-karbonatischen lagunärsalinaren Serie (Wechselschichten) zusammen, die von fossilbelegten anisischen Dolomiten überlagert werden. Kathodenlumineszenzuntersuchungen geben durchlichtmikroskopisch nicht gewinnbare Hinweise zur Detritusherkunft und Diagenese der Sedimentgesteine, wobei Röntgendiffraktometeraufnahmen (Triklinität der Kalifeidspäte; Einschlüsse in authigenen Mineralen) und chemische Untersuchungen (Zusammensetzung der Dolomite) weitere Aussagen zulassen. Der Detritus der nach Illitkristallinität schwach metamorphen Gesteine entstammt nicht dem unterlagernden Plawenkristallin bzw. dem benachbarten ötztalkristallin, sondern zu ca. 70% einem porphyrischen Liefergebiet – vermutlich der weiteren Umgebung von Lugano.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 70 (1981), S. 1276-1302 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Mn-activated cathodoluminescence can be used in several fields of carbonate petrography. It may, for instance, be possible to recognize (a) cement sequences and their correlation (Tab. 1, Figs. 1, 2, 4; Tab. 2, Fig. 1) (b) growth fabrics of skeletons (Tab. 2, Figs. 2, 3, 4; Tab. 3, Figs. 1, 2) (c) dolomitisation processes and problems (Tab. 1, Figs. 1, 2; Tab. 4, Fig. 2) (d) transformation paths from Mg-calcite to calcite and from aragonite to calcite (Tab. 2, Fig. 1; Tab. 3, Figs. 3, 4; Tab. 4, Fig. 1) (e) growth structures in certain types of ooids (Tab. 1, Fig. 4; Tab. 3, Fig. 3; Tab. 4, Fig. 1) (f) reworked skeletal particles (Tab. 3, Fig. 4) (g) phantom grains and fossil-outlines in a micro- or macrocrystalline groundmass (Tab. 4, Figs. 2, 3) (h) healed fissures crossing micro- or macrocrystalline carbonate rocks (Tab. 4, Fig. 4). These are, however, no general luminescence criteria indicating the depositional environment. Luminescence of calcite and dolomite requires 20–40 ppm Mn, with the equipments used in this study. Aragonite is not yet investigated systematically. Zonal luminescence in carbonate cements may indicate changes of the chemical composition of the aquifer and may be used for “cement stratigraphy”. In skeletons it rather indicates physiological changes. While aragonitic skeletons lose their luminescence Zonation during replacement by calcite, Mg-calcite skeletons may keep parts of it, because their replacement preserves the original crystal fabric. Blotchy luminescence developes in Mg-calcitic particles during their adjustment to lower Mg-calcites by dissolution-precipitation processes in solutions with changing Mn/Fe-ratios.
    Abstract: Résumé La signification de la cathodo-luminescence activée par Mn pour la pétrographie des carbonates est donnée par la connaissance de la succession et aussi de la corrélation de générations de ciment ainsi que de zones de croissances biogénitiques. Elle est aussi importante pour l'explication de problèmes concernant la dolomie, pour le changement du comportement luminescent suite à la transformation de Mg-calcite, respectivement aragonite en calcite et pour la formation de phénomènes concernant la texture. En général, une qualité de luminescence spécifique au milieu déposant n'existe pas dans les carbonates. carbonates. Avec l'appareil utilisé, la luminescence dans les calcites et dolomies commence entre 20 et 40 ppm Mn. Des recherches systématiques sont encore nécessaires en ce qui concerne l'aragonite. Dans les ciments carbonatiques, la zonation luminescente peut refléter un changement de la composition d'un aquifère (e. g. stratigraphie des ciments) et dans les squelettes biogénitiques, une modification conditionée par la physiologie. Une extinction de la zonation luminescente est caractéristique, en cours de calcitisation, dans les squelettes biogéniques calcitiques riches en Mg et aragonitiques. Dans les Mg-calcites a zonation primaire du contenu en Mg, une zonation luminescente peut se conserver après calcitisation achevées. Si la relation Mn/Fe de l'eau interstitielle dans les pores se modifie pendant la transformation des Mg-calcites primairement composés de faÇon homogène, une luminescence en taches apparaÎt.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung der Mn-aktivierten Kathodolumineszenz in der Karbonatpetrographie liegt im Erkennen der Abfolge und auch der Korrelation von Zementgenerationen sowie biogener Wachstumszonen, in der Aufdeckung von DolomitisierungsphÄnomenen, in der VerÄnderung des Leuchtverhaltens mit der Umwandlung von Mg-Calcit bzw. Aragonit in Calcit und in der Ausbildung gefügekundlicher PhÄnomene. Eine allgemeingültige milieuspezifische Lumineszenzeigenschaft gibt es bei Karbonaten nicht. Lumineszenz beginnt bei Calcit und Dolomit in der benutzten Apparatur zwischen 20 und 40 ppm Mn; für Aragonit sind noch systematische Untersuchungen notwendig. Lumineszenzzonarbau kann bei Karbonatzementen einen Wechsel in der Zusammensetzung eines Aquifers (z. B. Zementstratigraphie) und bei Biogenskeletten eine physiologisch bedingte VerÄnderung widerspiegeln. Eine Auslöschung des primÄren Zonarbaus ist in Mg-reichen calcitischen wie in aragonitischen Biogenskeletten im Verlauf einer Calcitisierung charakteristisch. Bei Mg-Calciten mit primÄr wechselnd Mg-haltigem Zonarbau kann ein Lumineszenzzonarbau nach erfolgter Calcitisierung erhalten bleiben. Ändert sich das Mn/Fe-VerhÄltnis der Porenlösung wÄhrend der Umwandlung primÄr einheitlich zusammengesetzter Mg-Calcite, entsteht eine fleckige Lumineszenz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 72 (1983), S. 53-66 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Deep fissures in shallow-water limestones filled with deep-water sediments are described from many places especially in the Triassic and Jurassic of the Tethys and in the Middle to Upper Devonian of the Variscian Mountains. Mass flows occur in the same formations and areas. On the island of Hydra (Greece) it was possible to show that both phenomena are linked by internal breccias of well-fitted limestone fragments. They are indicative of slope or near-slope positions and are very probably caused by flexure-like deformations of shallow-burial limestones. Seismic shocks producing overpressure may be instrumental in the disintegration of the semi-lithified limestones thus providing the material for mass flows. These events are associated with a tectonical subsidence as shown by deep-water matrix in the brecciated shallow-water limestones. They occur in areas and periods of submarine rifting, especially in late Devonian and Triassic time. At least four Triassic brecciation events can be traced from Greece to the Alps and correspond presumably to major transgressions in the cratonic basin of middle Europe.
    Abstract: Résumé Des profondes fissures remplies de sédiments d'eau profonde ont été décrites, dans un certain nombre de localités, dans des calcaires marins de faible profondeur, surtout du Trias et du Jurassique de la Mésogée, ainsi que du Dévonien moyen et supérieur de l'orogène hercynien. Des écoulements en masse (mass flows) se présentent dans les mêmes formations et régions. Sur l'île de Hydra (Grèce), on a pu montrer que des «brèches internes» composées de fragments bien accordés de calcaires constituent un intermédiaire entre ces deux phénomènes. Elles indiquent une position de pente ou proche d'une pente et sont le résultat de flexures dans des calcaires sous un faible enfouissement. Des séismes produisant une pression plus que hydrostatique peuvent également coopérer à la bréchification des sédiments carbonatés peu consolidés et ainsi préparer des matériaux pour des écoulements en masse. Ces processus sont liés à une subsidence tectonique puisque les brèches de calcaires d'eau peu profonde contiennent une matrice de sédiments d'eau plus profonde. De telles brèches sont formées dans des régions et dans des périodes de rifting sous-marin, spécialement dans le Dévonien supérieur et le Trias. Pour ce dernier, au moins quatre événements de bréchification peuvent se suivre de la Grèce jusque dans les Alpes et correspondent également des transgressions plus importantes dans le bassin cratonique en Europe centrale.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Tiefe Spalten in Flachwasserkalken, welche mit Tiefwassersediment gefüllt sind, wurden verschiedentlich beschrieben, besonders aus der Trias und dem Jura der Tethys und aus dem Mittelbis Oberdevon des variscischen Orogens. Mass flows kommen in den gleichen Formationen und Gebieten vor. Auf Hydra (Griechenland) konnte gezeigt werden, daß als Zwischenglied dieser beiden Erscheinungen sogenannte Intembreccien auftreten, deren Karbonatklasten wie Puzzles aneinanderpassen. Sie weisen auf Hangoder hangnahe Positionen hin und entstehen sehr wahrscheinlich durch flexurartige Deformationen von Kalken in geringer Versenkungstiefe. Erdbebenstöße mögen mit überhydrostatischem Druck an der Brecciierung der schwach verfestigten Kalksedimente beteiligt sein. So wird Material für mass flows bereitgestellt. Diese Vorgänge sind mit tektonischen Absenkungen verknüpft; die Flachwasserkalk-Breccien enthalten oft eine Matrix von Sedimenten tieferen Wassers. Solche Breccien und Spalten entstehen in Gebieten und Perioden mit submarinem „rifting“, speziell im Oberdevon und in der Trias. Für die letztere können die einzelnen Brecciierungs-Ereignisse von Griechenland bis zu den Alpen verfolgt werden und entsprechen vermutlich auch größeren Transgressionen in der germanischen Trias.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: The North Atlantic Oscillation is the dominant atmospheric pressure mode in the North Atlantic region and affects winter temperature and precipitation in the Mediterranean, northwest Europe, Greenland, and Asia1. The index1 that describes the sea-level pressure difference between Iceland and the Azores is correlated with a dipole precipitation pattern over northwest Europe and northwest Africa. How the North Atlantic Oscillation will develop as the Greenland ice sheet melts is unclear2. A potential past analogue is the early Holocene, during which melting ice sheets around the North Atlantic3, 4 freshened surface waters, affecting the strength of the meridional overturning circulation5. Here we present a Holocene rainfall record from northwest Africa based on speleothem δ18O and compare it against a speleothem-based rainfall record from Europe6. The two records are positively correlated during the early Holocene, followed by a shift to an anti-correlation, similar to the modern record, during the mid-Holocene. On the basis of our simulations with an Earth system model, we suggest the shift to the anti-correlation reflects a large-scale atmospheric and oceanic reorganization in response to the demise of the Laurentide ice sheet and a strong reduction of meltwater flux to the North Atlantic, pointing to a potential sensitivity of the North Atlantic Oscillation to the melting of ice sheets.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Early marine diagenetic dolomite is a rather thermodynamically‐stable carbonate phase and has potential to act as an archive of marine porewater properties. However, the variety of early to late diagenetic dolomite phases that can coexist within a single sample can result in extensive complexity. Here, the archive potential of early marine dolomites exposed to extreme post‐depositional processes is tested using various types of analyses, including: petrography, fluid inclusion data, stable δ13C and δ18O isotopes, 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and U‐Pb age dating of various dolomite phases. In this example, a Triassic carbonate platform was dissected and overprinted (diagenetic temperatures of 50 to 430°C) in a strike‐slip zone in Southern Spain. Eight episodes of dolomitization, a dolostone cataclasite and late stage meteoric/vadose cementation were recognized. The following processes were found to be diagenetically relevant: (i) protolith deposition and fabric‐preservation, and marine dolomitization of precursor aragonite and calcite during the Middle–Late Triassic; (ii) intermediate burial and formation of zebra saddle dolomite and precipitation of various dolomite cements in a Proto‐Atlantic opening stress regime (T ca 250°C) during the Early–Middle Jurassic; (iii) dolomite cement precipitation during early Alpine tectonism, rapid burial to ca 15 km, and high‐grade anchizone overprint during Alpine tectonic evolution in the Early Eocene to Early Miocene; (iv) brecciation of dolostones to cataclasite during the onset of the Carboneras Fault Zone activity during the Middle Miocene; and (v) late‐stage regression and subsequent meteoric overprint. Data shown here document that, under favourable conditions, early diagenetic marine dolomites and their archive data may resist petrographic and geochemical resetting over time intervals of 108 or more years. Evidence for this preservation includes preserved Late Triassic seawater δ13CDIC values and primary fluid inclusion data. Data also indicate that oversimplified statements based on bulk data from other petrographically‐complex dolomite archives must be considered with caution.
    Description: DFG http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.9 ; Diagenesis ; dolomite ; dolomitization ; fluid inclusions ; geochemistry ; petrography ; tectonic overprint ; U‐Pb dating
    Type: article
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-01-22
    Description: The occurrence of aragonite in speleothems has commonly been related to high dripwater Mg/Ca ratios, because Mg is known to be a growth inhibitor for calcite. Laboratory aragonite precipitation experiments, however, suggested a more complex array of controlling factors. Here, we present data from Pleistocene to Holocene speleothems collected from both a dolostone and a limestone cave in northern Morocco. These stalagmites exhibit both lateral and stratigraphic calcite-to-aragonite transitions. Aragonite fabrics are well-preserved and represent primary features. In order to shed light on the factors that control alternating calcite and aragonite precipitation, elemental (Mg, Sr, Ba, U, P, Y, Pb, Al, Ti and Th) abundances were measured using LA-ICP-MS, and analysed with Principal Component Analysis. Samples were analyzed at 100–200 μm resolution across stratigraphic and lateral transitions. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios were analysed at 100 μm resolution covering stratigraphic calcite-to-aragonite transitions. Results show that the precipitation of aragonite was driven by a decrease in effective rainfall, which enhanced prior calcite precipitation. Different geochemical patterns are observed between calcite and aragonite when comparing data from the Grotte de Piste and Grotte Prison de Chien. This may be explained by the increased dripwater Mg/Ca ratio and enhanced prior aragonite precipitation in the dolostone cave versus lower dripwater Mg/Ca ratio and prior calcite precipitation in the limestone cave. A full understanding for the presence of lateral calcite-to-aragonite transitions is not reached. Trace elemental analysis, however, does suggest that different crystallographic parameters (ionic radius, amount of crystal defect sites, adsorption potential) may have a direct effect on the incorporation of Sr, Mg, Ba, Al, Ti, Th and possibly Y and P.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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