Note: Front cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Diversity-Based Approaches to Selective Biomimetic Oxidation Catalysis -- I Introduction -- II Biomimetic Oxidation Catalysis Based on Metal Complexes -- III Biomimetic Oxidation Catalysis Based on Purely Organic Catalysts -- IV Directed Evolution of Enzymes for Oxidation Catalysis -- Epilogue -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Selective Conversion of Hydrocarbons with H2O2 Using Biomimetic Non-heme Iron and Manganese Oxidation Catalysts -- I General Introduction -- II Biological Enzymes and Catalytic Oxidation -- III Biomimetic Iron Catalysts -- IV Biomimetic Manganese Catalysts -- V Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- DNA Oxidation by Copper and Manganese Complexes -- I Introduction -- II Oxidative DNA Cleavage by Copper Complexes -- III Oxidative DNA Damage by Manganese Complexes -- IV Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Ligand Influences in Copper-Dioxygen Complex-Formation and Substrate Oxidations -- I Introduction -- II Tetradentate Ligand Influences -- III Tridentate Ligand Influences: Side-on Peroxo vs. Bis(μ-oxo) Equilibrium -- IV Ligand Effects on the Exogenous Substrate Reactivity of Cu2O2 Compounds -- V Summary and Outlook -- References -- Biomimetic Oxidations by Dinuclear and Trinuclear Copper Complexes -- I Copper Proteins Containing Dinuclear and Trinuclear Metal Clusters -- II Biomimetic Oxidations by Dinuclear Complexes as Tyrosinase and Catechol Oxidase Models: General Aspects -- III Phenolase Activity -- IV Catecholase Activity -- V Oxidations by Trinuclear Complexes -- VI Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Green oxidation of alcohols using biomimetic Cu complexes and Cu enzymes as catalysts -- I Introduction -- II Enzymatic Systems Using Cu-oxidases. , III Biomimetic Systems for Alcohol Oxidation -- IV Future Outlook -- References -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.

Note: Cover -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1: Introduction to Bioinorganic Chemistry -- 2: Introduction to Homogeneous Catalysis -- 3: Relationships Between Enzymatic and Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 4: Lewis Acid Properties of Zinc and Its Development to Phosphotriester Detoxifying Agents -- 5: Vanadium Haloperoxidases -- 6: Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes -- 7: Catalysis by Nitrogenases and Synthetic Analogs -- 8: Biological Iron-Sulfur Clusters with Catalytic Activity -- 9: Catalysis by Nickel in Biological Systems -- 10: Oxygen Activation at NonhemeIron Centers -- 11: Dioxygen Activation at Heme Centers in Enzymes and Synthetic Analogs -- 12: Biological and Biomimetic Catalysis of Manganese Redox Enzymes and Their Inorganic Models -- 13: The Two B12 Cofactors: Influence of the trans Nitrogen Ligand on Homolytic and Heterolytic Processes -- 14: Formation, Structure, and Reactivity of Copper Dioxygen Complexes -- 15: Multielectron Transfer and Catalytic Mechanisms in Oxidative Polymerization -- 16: Metalloenzymes with a Quinone Cofactor -- 17: Future Developments -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Volume 1: Main-Group Elements, Including Noble Gases -- Copyright -- Editorial Board -- Contributors -- Contents -- Preface -- Volume Editor´s Introduction -- Catenated Compounds (including rings, chains & -- clusters, but not multiply bonded systems) -- Chapter 1.01: Catenated Compounds - Group 13 (Al, Ga, In, Tl) -- Introduction -- Chain and Ring Compounds with Direct E-E-Single Bonds -- Synthesis and Structures of Compounds with Solitary E2-Units -- Trieldihalides -- E2R4 compounds -- Synthetic pathways -- Structural features -- Thallium-thallium interactions -- Bulky silanide derivatives -- Cycloaddition products of ditrielenes -- Lewis acidity - higher coordination numbers -- Heteroleptic compounds -- Synthesis and Structure of Compounds with E3-Units -- Synthesis and Structure of Compounds with Higher En-Units -- Subhalides -- Nonhalide derivatives -- Synthesis and Structure of Compounds with E-E Bonds -- Polyhedral Cluster Compounds -- Tetrahedral E4R4 Cluster Compounds and Derivatives -- Synthesis and structures -- Bonding -- Reactivity -- Higher [EnRn]x- Cluster Compounds -- Aromaticity of [EnRn]x- Cluster Compounds -- Element-Rich Cluster Compounds -- Introduction -- Aluminum Cluster Compounds -- Gallium Cluster Compounds -- Ga8, Ga9, and Ga10 clusters -- Ga11 and Ga13 clusters -- Ga16, Ga18, and Ga19 clusters -- Ga22 clusters -- Ga23 and higher clusters -- Indium Cluster Compounds -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 1.02: Catenated Silicon Compounds -- Introduction -- Hydrosilanes -- Synthesis -- Properties and Reactivity -- Applications -- Halohydrosilanes -- Acyclic Chlorohydrosilanes -- Acyclic Bromohydrosilanes -- Acyclic Iodohydrosilanes -- Acyclic Fluorohydrosilanes -- Mixed Acyclic Halohydrosilanes -- Cyclic Halohydrosilanes -- Halosilanes -- Acyclic Perchlorosilanes -- Acyclic Perbromosilanes. , Acyclic Periodosilanes -- Acyclic Perfluorosilanes -- Mixed Acyclic Perhalosilanes -- Cyclic Perhalosilanes -- Chalcogenosilanes -- Si-O Compounds -- Acyclic Si-O Compounds -- Siloxenes -- Si-S Compounds -- Si-Se, Si-Te, and Si-Po Compounds -- Silanes with Group-15 Substituents -- Si-N Compounds -- Acyclic Si-N Compounds -- Cyclic Si-N Compounds -- N-Heterocyclic Silylenes as Starting Material for Acyclic and Cyclic Silanes -- N-Substituted Pentacoordinated Si Compounds -- Si-P Compounds -- Si-As, Si-Sb, and Si-Bi Compounds -- Silanes with Other Group-14 Substituents Except Organic Groups -- Silanes with Other Group-13 Substituents -- Silanes and Group-1 and -2 Metals -- Silanes and Transition Metals -- Silanes and Lanthanoids and Actinoids -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 1.03: Catenated Compounds - Group 14 (Ge, Sn, Pb) -- Germanium -- Introduction -- Synthetic Methods -- Reactivity of the Ge-Ge Bond -- Structural Features of the Ge-Ge Bond -- Digermanes -- Synthesis by coupling -- Synthesis by addition -- Functionalized digermanes -- Linear and Branched Oligogermanes -- Trigermanes -- Tetragermanes -- Linear -- Branched -- Penta-, hexa-, and higher oligogermanes -- Cyclogermanes -- Cyclotrigermanes -- Cyclotetragermanes -- Cyclopenta- and -hexagermanes -- Heterocyclogermanes -- Germanium Cages -- Germanium Clusters -- Polygermanes -- Tin -- Introduction -- Synthetic Methods -- Reactivity of the Sn-Sn Bond -- Structural Features of the Sn-Sn Bond -- Di- and Oligostannanes -- Condensation reactions -- Wurtz-type coupling reactions and comparable methods -- Derivatives of unsaturated organotin compounds -- Di- and oligostannanes as part of transition-metal complexes -- Derivatization of di- and oligostannanes -- Formation of Sn-Sn bonds via dehydrogenative coupling. , Dehydrogenative coupling catalyzed by transition-metal and f-block element complexes -- Polystannanes -- Tin Cages and Clusters -- Lead -- Introduction -- Synthetic Methods -- Reactivity of the Pb-Pb Bond -- Structural Features of the Pb-Pb Bond -- Diplumbanes -- Synthesis -- Oligoplumbanes -- Lead Clusters -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 1.04: Catenated Phosphorus Compounds -- Introduction -- Nomenclature -- Neutral Compounds -- Anionic Compounds -- Cationic Compounds -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 1.05: Catenated Compounds - Group 15 (As, Sb, Bi) -- Introduction -- Dipnicogen Compounds -- Monocycles (RE)n (E=As, Sb, Bi) -- Catena Tri- and Tetra-Pnicogen Compounds and Extended Chains (RE)x (E=As, Sb, Bi) -- Heteromonocycles with Pnicogen-Pnicogen Bonds -- Neutral Homoatomic Organometallic Pnicogen Polycycles (RnEm) (E=As, Sb, Bi -- n< -- m) -- Heteroatomic Polycycles with Pnicogen-Pnicogen Bonds -- Cationic Species with Pnicogen-Pnicogen Bonds -- Extended Ribbons in Bismuth Subhalides -- Anionic Catenated Species of As, Sb, and Bi -- Ligand-Free Pnicogen Cluster Anions with Heteroatoms -- Neutral Adducts with Dative Pnicogen-Pnicogen Bonds -- Catena Species in Complexes and Clusters -- Naked Neutral En Species (E=As, Sb, Bi) -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 1.06: Catenated Sulfur Compounds -- Background and Scope -- Neutral Systems: The Allotropes of Sulfur -- The Gas-Phase Allotropes - S2, S3, and S4 -- Forms of S8 and the Effects of Pressure upon This Allotrope -- Forms at ambient pressure, and biologically produced S8 -- The effects of pressure upon S8 -- Polymerization of S8 -- The Smaller Rings - S6 and S7 -- The Larger Rings S9-S20: Preparation and Structure -- Reactivity of S8 and the Larger Rings -- Complexes of intact rings -- Oxides of the cyclic allotropes -- Homoatomic Cations of Sulfur -- General Introduction. , Preparation and Structure of Solid-State Sulfur Cations -- The preparation and structure of salts of [S4]2+ -- The preparation and structure of salts of [S8]2+ -- The preparation and structure of salts of [S19]2+ -- Bonding Within Sulfur Cations -- Sulfur Cations in Solution -- Sulfur Cations in the Gas Phase -- Sulfur Cations within Zeolite Hosts -- Polysulfide Anions -- Free Polysulfide Anions -- Polysulfides as Ligands -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 1.07: Catenated Compounds - Group 16 (Se, Te) -- Introduction -- Elemental Selenium and Tellurium and Related Mixed Chalcogen Systems -- Polymeric Selenium and Tellurium Allotropes -- Selenium- and Tellurium-Containing Chalcogen Rings -- General -- Homocyclic selenium molecules -- Homocyclic tellurium molecules -- Selenium and tellurium rings in metal complexes -- Heterocyclic chalcogen molecules -- Selenium sulfides -- Tellurium-containing chalcogen rings -- Selenium- and Tellurium-Containing Ions -- Polyatomic Selenium and Tellurium Cations -- General -- E42+ -- E6n+ (n=2, 4) -- E8n+ (n=2, 4) -- En2+ (n> -- 8) -- Polyatomic Selenium-Halogen and Tellurium-Halogen Cations -- General -- Selenium-chlorine and selenium-bromine cations -- Selenium-iodine and tellurium-iodine cations -- Se2I42+ -- E6I22+ (E=Se, Te) -- Anions -- General -- Acyclic polyselenides and polytellurides -- Cyclic polyselenides and polytellurides -- Extended polytelluride networks -- Catenated Main Group Polyselenides and -tellurides -- Selenium and Tellurium Halogenides -- Group 15 Polyselenides and -tellurides -- Group 14 Polyselenides and -tellurides -- Group 13 Polyselenides and -tellurides -- Transition Metal Complexes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 1.08: Catenated Compounds - Group 17 - Polyhalides -- Introduction -- The Triiodide Ion -- The Bonding in Trihalide Ions -- Bonding Trends in Trihalides. , Polyiodides -- New Trends in Polyiodide Chemistry -- Structural Confinement -- Metal-Iodide/Iodine Compounds -- Liquids and Solvent Effects -- Polybromides - An Emerging Branch of Polyhalide Chemistry -- Other Polyhalides -- Applications -- Optical Applications -- X-Ray Contrast Agents -- Triiodide Detection -- Doping of Polymers and Carbons -- Electrolytes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 1.109: Zintl Anions -- Zintl Anions -- What is a Zintl Anion? -- History -- Definitions and concepts -- Synthetic routes -- Discrete Polyanions in Zintl Phases of Group 14 and Group 15 and Their Dissolution Behavior -- Homoatomic polyanions of group 14 in solid state -- Clusters -- E46- and rings -- Chains -- Homoatomic polyanions of group 15 in solid state -- Clusters -- Rings -- Chains -- Heteroatomic polyanions of group 14/15, group 14/16, and group 15/16 in solid state -- Solid-state versus solution: similarities and discrepancies -- Group 14 polyanions in solution -- Group 15 polyanions in solution -- Reactions of Zintl Anions -- Oxidation of Zintl anions -- Group 14 -- Group 15 -- Functionalization with exo-bonded main group elements -- Group 14 -- Group 15 -- Reactions with transition metal complexes -- Group 14 -- Group 15 -- Conclusion -- References -- New Aspects of Bonding -- Chapter 1.10: Multiply Bonded Compounds of Group 13 Elements -- Introduction -- Double-Bonded Group 13 Element Compounds -- Syntheses and Structural Properties of Neutral Double-Bonded Compounds -- Compounds with formula HEEH (E=B, Al, Ga, In) -- Group 13 element compounds with formula REER -- Reaction Chemistry of Neutral Ditrielenes REER -- Syntheses and Structural Properties of Double-Bonded Dianionic Compounds [R2EER2]2- -- Syntheses and Structural Properties of Group 13 Radicals with Multiple Bond Character. , Open-Shell Boron Compounds with Bond Order Greater Than Unity.

Note: 9780128231531v1_WEB -- Front Cover -- COMPREHENSIVE INORGANIC CHEMISTRY III -- COMPREHENSIVE INORGANIC CHEMISTRY III -- Copyright -- EDITOR BIOGRAPHIES -- VOLUME EDITORS -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1 -- 1.01 -Introduction: Significance of molecular inorganic chemistry -- 1.01.1 Birth of inorganic chemistry -- 1.01.2 Inorganic chemistry in the 20th century -- 1.01.3 Current trends in molecular inorganic chemistry -- 1.01.3.1 General -- 1.01.3.2 Multiple bonding in p-block compounds -- 1.01.3.3 Secondary bonding interactions -- 1.01.3.4 Small-molecule activation -- 1.01.3.5 Weakly coordinating anions -- 1.01.3.6 Biradicals and biradicaloids -- 1.01.4 Volume 1 of Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry III -- References -- 1.02 -Main group metal coordination chemistry -- 1.02.1 Introduction -- 1.02.2 Nitrogen-donor ligands -- 1.02.2.1 Monodentate ligands -- 1.02.2.1.1 NH3, RNH2, R3N -- 1.02.2.1.2 R2N−, RHN−, RN2− -- 1.02.2.1.3 Nitriles -- 1.02.2.1.4 N3−, N-bonded CN−, NCO−, NCS−, NCSe− -- 1.02.2.1.5 Monodentate heterocyclic ligands -- 1.02.2.1.5.1 Pyridine -- 1.02.2.1.5.2 Pyrazine and pyrimidine -- 1.02.2.1.5.3 Imidazole -- 1.02.2.1.5.4 Pyrazole -- 1.02.2.2 Bidentate ligands -- 1.02.2.2.1 Diamines -- 1.02.2.2.2 Imidoamidate and guanidinate ligands -- 1.02.2.2.3 β-Diketiminates -- 1.02.2.2.4 Triazenide ligands -- 1.02.2.2.5 2,2′-Bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline -- 1.02.2.3 Tridentate ligands -- 1.02.2.3.1 Triamines: Open-chain -- 1.02.2.3.2 Triamines: Tripodal ligands and tris(pyrazolyl)borates -- 1.02.2.3.3 Pincer ligands -- 1.02.2.3.4 2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridines -- 1.02.2.4 Polydentate open-chain, macrocyclic and cage ligands -- 1.02.3 Phosphorus-donor ligands -- 1.02.3.1 Monodentate ligands -- 1.02.3.1.1 RPH2, R2PH, R3P including P,P-ligands in monodentate or bridging modes -- 1.02.3.1.2 R2P−, RPH−, RP2− -- 1.02.3.1.3 PCO−, PCS−. , 1.02.3.2 [Pn]x- ligands derived from P4 -- 1.02.3.3 Bidentate ligands -- 1.02.3.3.1 Chelating bisphosphanes -- 1.02.3.3.2 PXP (X=P, CR) ligands with delocalized backbone -- 1.02.3.3.3 Heterocyclics: Reduced 2,2′-biphosphinine -- 1.02.3.4 Tris(phosphane) ligands: Open-chain and tripodal -- 1.02.4 Arsenic-donor ligands -- 1.02.4.1 Monodentate ligands -- 1.02.4.1.1 R3As -- 1.02.4.1.2 R2As− -- 1.02.4.1.3 AsCO− -- 1.02.4.2 Bidentate ligands: Chelating R2As(X)AsR2 -- 1.02.4.3 Tridentate: Tripod ligands -- 1.02.5 Antimony-donor ligands -- 1.02.5.1 Monodentate ligands -- 1.02.5.1.1 R3Sb -- 1.02.5.1.2 R2Sb− -- 1.02.6 Oxygen-donor ligands -- 1.02.6.1 Monodentate ligands: Simple coordination compounds -- 1.02.6.1.1 H2O (restricted to simple aqua complexes) -- 1.02.6.1.2 ROH, R2O -- 1.02.6.1.3 RO− -- 1.02.6.1.4 NCO− and PCO− -- 1.02.6.1.5 R3PO -- 1.02.6.1.6 Monodentate heterocyclic ligands -- 1.02.6.1.7 Monodentate acetato ligands -- 1.02.6.2 Bidentate ligands -- 1.02.6.2.1 1,2-Dimethoxyethane -- 1.02.6.2.2 Diol and diolato ligands -- 1.02.6.2.3 β-Diketonates -- 1.02.6.2.4 Carboxylates: Bidentate and bridging -- 1.02.6.2.5 Oxalate -- 1.02.6.2.6 N,N′-Dioxides of 2,2′-bpy (bpy) and 4,4′-bpy -- 1.02.6.3 Tridentate (open-chain) -- 1.02.6.4 Polydentate (open-chain) -- 1.02.6.5 Macrocyclic ligands -- 1.02.7 Sulfur-donor ligands -- 1.02.7.1 Monodentate ligands -- 1.02.7.1.1 R2S -- 1.02.7.1.2 Sn2− (bridging modes) -- 1.02.7.1.3 S-Bonded NCS− -- 1.02.7.1.4 Heterocyclic ligands -- 1.02.7.2 Bidentate: [S(CH2)2S]2− and RS(X)SR -- 1.02.7.3 Tridentate -- 1.02.7.4 Macrocyclic ligands (S only donors) -- 1.02.8 Selenium-donor ligands -- 1.02.8.1 Monodentate and bidentate ligands -- 1.02.8.1.1 R2Se -- 1.02.8.1.2 Heterocyclics -- 1.02.8.1.3 RSe(X)SeR -- 1.02.8.2 Tridentate ligands -- 1.02.8.3 Macrocyclic ligands (Se only donors) -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 1.03 -Low-coordinate compounds of heavier group 14-16 elements -- 1.03.1 Introduction -- 1.03.2 Theoretical aspects -- 1.03.3 Low-coordinate compounds of heavier group 14 elements -- 1.03.3.1 Introduction -- 1.03.3.2 Doubly bonded derivatives -- 1.03.3.2.1 Alkene analogues -- 1.03.3.2.1.1 Homonuclear derivatives, EE (ESi, Ge, Sn, Pb) -- 1.03.3.2.1.1.1 Disilenes SiSi< -- -- 1.03.3.2.1.1.2 Digermenes GeGe< -- -- 1.03.3.2.1.1.3 Distannenes SnSn< -- -- 1.03.3.2.1.1.4 Diplumbenes PbPb< -- -- 1.03.3.2.1.2 Heteronuclear derivatives, EE′ (ESi, Ge, Sn, Pb) -- 1.03.3.2.1.2.1 EE′-(E=Group 14 element, E′=Group 13 element) -- 1.03.3.2.1.2.2 EE′< -- (E, E′=Group 14 element) -- 1.03.3.2.1.2.3 EE′ (E=group 14 element, E′=group 15 element) -- 1.03.3.2.1.2.4 EE′ (E=group 14 element, E′=group 16 element) -- 1.03.3.2.2 1,3-Diene analogues -- 1.03.3.2.2.1 Homonuclear derivatives EEEE< -- (ESi, Ge) -- 1.03.3.2.2.2 Heteronuclear derivatives EE′E′′E′′′< -- (E, E′, E′′, E′′′=group 14 element) -- 1.03.3.2.3 Allene analogues -- 1.03.3.2.3.1 Group 14 element derivatives EE′E< -- (E, E′C, Si, Ge, Sn) -- 1.03.3.2.3.2 Hybrid group 14/group 15 element derivatives EE′E′′ (E, E′=group 14 element, E′′=group 15 element) -- 1.03.3.2.4 Vinylidene analogues -- 1.03.3.2.5 E(0)E(0): Derivatives (ESi, Ge, Sn) -- 1.03.3.3 Triply bonded derivatives -- 1.03.3.3.1 Homonuclear derivatives EE (ESi, Ge, Sn, Pb) -- 1.03.3.3.1.1 Disilynes SiSi -- 1.03.3.3.1.2 Digermyne GeGe -- 1.03.3.3.1.3 Distannyne SnSn -- 1.03.3.3.1.4 Diplumbyne PbPb -- 1.03.3.3.2 Heteronuclear derivatives EC and EP -- 1.03.4 Low-coordinate compounds of heavier group 15 elements -- 1.03.4.1 Introduction -- 1.03.4.2 Diphosphene derivatives -- 1.03.4.3 Heavier dipnictene derivatives -- 1.03.5 Low-coordinate compounds of heavier group 16 elements. , 1.03.5.1 Multiple bonds between group 13 element and heavier group 16 element -- 1.03.5.2 Multiple bonds between group 14 element and heavier group 16 element -- 1.03.5.3 Multiple bonds between group 15 element and heavier group 16 element -- 1.03.5.4 Multiple bonds between group 16 element and heavier group 16 element -- 1.03.6 Summary -- References -- 1.04 -Biradicals in main group chemistry: Synthesis, electronic structure, and application in small-molecule activation -- 1.04.1 Introduction -- 1.04.2 Theoretical description of biradicals -- 1.04.2.1 Scope of this section -- 1.04.2.2 Dynamic vs. non-dynamic correlation -- 1.04.2.3 Two electrons in two orbitals -- 1.04.2.4 Two degenerate frontier orbitals -- 1.04.2.5 Energetic ordering of the biradical states -- 1.04.2.6 Chemical interpretation of the biradical states -- 1.04.2.7 Two nearly degenerate frontier orbitals -- 1.04.2.8 More orbital transformations -- 1.04.2.9 Non-symmetric biradicals -- 1.04.2.10 Biradical character -- 1.04.2.11 Different classifications of biradicals -- 1.04.3 Main group biradicals -- 1.04.3.1 General aspects -- 1.04.3.2 Main group analogs of cyclobutane-1,3-diyls -- 1.04.3.2.1 Niecke's 1,3-diphospha-cyclobutane-2,4-diyl -- 1.04.3.2.2 Hetero-cyclobutane-1,3-diyls with radical centers on elements of group 13 -- 1.04.3.2.2.1 Boron centered biradicals: [R12P(μ-BR2)2PR12] -- 1.04.3.2.2.2 Aluminum centered biradical: [R12P(μ-AlR2)2PR12] -- 1.04.3.2.3 Hetero-cyclobutane-1,3-diyls with radical centers on elements of group 14 -- 1.04.3.2.3.1 Carbon centered biradicals: [R1P(μ-CR2)2PR1] -- 1.04.3.2.3.2 Silicon centered biradicals: [R1N(μ-SiR2)2NR1] -- 1.04.3.2.3.3 Silicon centered biradicals: [R12C(μ-SiR2)2CR12] -- 1.04.3.2.3.4 Silicon centered biradicals: [R21Si(μ-SiR2)2SiR23] -- 1.04.3.2.3.5 Germanium centered biradicals: [R1N(μ-GeR2)2NR1]. , 1.04.3.2.3.6 Germanium centered biradicals: [O(μ-GeR2)2NR1] -- 1.04.3.2.3.7 Germanium centered biradicals: [R2Ga(μ-Ge)2GaR2] -- 1.04.3.2.3.8 Tin centered biradicals: [R1N(μ-SnR2)2NR1] -- 1.04.3.2.4 Hetero-cyclobutane-1,3-diyls with radical centers on elements of group 15 -- 1.04.3.2.4.1 Nitrogen/Pnictogen centered biradicals: [N(μ-NR2)2Pn] -- 1.04.3.2.4.2 Pnictogen centered biradicals: [Pn1(μ-NR)2Pn2] (Pn=P, As, Sb, Bi) -- 1.04.3.2.4.3 Phosphorus centered biradical dianions -- 1.04.3.2.4.4 NHC stabilized phosphorus centered biradicals -- 1.04.3.2.4.5 Pnictogen centered biradical anions: [Pn4]2− -- 1.04.3.2.5 Hetero-cyclobutane-1,3-diyls with radical centers on elements of group 16 -- 1.04.3.2.5.1 Sulfur-nitrogen centered biradical: [N(μ-S)2N] - -- 1.04.3.2.5.2 Chalcogen biradicals [E4]2+ (E=S, Se, and Te) -- 1.04.3.3 Main group 15 analogs of cyclopentane-1,3-diyls -- 1.04.3.3.1 Hetero-cyclopentane-1,3-diyls with radical centers on elements of group 14 -- 1.04.3.3.1.1 Carbon centered biradicals: 1,2-Diaza-cyclopentane-3,5-diyls -- 1.04.3.3.1.2 Carbon centered biradicals: 1,2-Diaza-4-silacyclopentane-3,5-diyls -- 1.04.3.3.1.3 Carbon-centered biradicals: 1,2-Dithiolylium-4-olates -- 1.04.3.3.2 Hetero-cyclopentane-1,3-diyls with radical centers on elements of group 15 -- 1.04.3.3.2.1 Phosphorus-centered heterocyclopentane-1,3-diyls - Generated by CO insertion -- 1.04.3.3.2.2 Pnictogen-centered heterocyclopentane-1,3-diyls - Generated by isonitrile insertion -- 1.04.3.3.2.3 Phosphorus-centered benzo-fused cyclopentane-1,3-diyls -- 1.04.3.3.2.4 Phosphorus-carbon-centered heterocyclopentane-1,3-diyl -- 1.04.4 Applications of biradicals as molecular switches -- 1.04.5 Outlook: Beyond four and five-membered heterocyclic biradicals -- References -- Further reading -- Relevant websites -- 1.05 -Nonclassical carbenes as noninnocent ligands -- 1.05.1 Introduction. , 1.05.1.1 Imidazol-4-ylidene.