Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Dedication -- Acknowledgements -- Illustration Credits -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Content -- 1.2 Watching and Wondering -- 1.3 Tinbergen's Four Questions: Function, Evolution, Causation and Development -- 1.4 Why Study Courtship Behaviour? -- 1.5 Observing and Recording Courtship Behaviour -- 1.6 Limitations and Boundaries -- 1.7 Process and Format -- 1.8 How to Present Such a Large Subject -- 2. Drosophila Courtship Behaviour -- 2.1 The Genus Drosophila -- 2.1.1 Courtship behaviour -- 2.2 Beginnings -- Case Study 2.1. The family Drosophilidae -- 2.2.1 Bastock and Manning -- 2.3 Mutants and Mutations -- 2.3.1 Genes linked to courtship behaviours -- 2.3.2 Behavioural elements -- 2.4 Visual Communication -- 2.4.1 The female response -- 2.5 Chemoreception -- 2.5.1 Tastes good! -- 2.5.2 Smells good! -- 2.6 Genes and Behaviour -- 3. Mate-finding Strategies I: Waiting and Seeking -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Perching and Patrolling or Waiting and Seeking: Two Complementary Strategies? -- 3.2.1 Factors influencing mate-location tactics -- 3.3 Territoriality as a Mate-finding Tactic -- 3.3.1 Factors affecting territoriality in Odonata -- 3.3.2 Territoriality in butterflies -- 3.3.3 Territorial hoverflies -- 3.3.4 Territoriality in bees -- 3.3.5 Costs and benefits of territorial mating strategies -- 3.4 Alternative Mating Tactics: Sneaks and Satellites -- 3.5 Scrambling for Mates -- 3.5.1 Scramble competition -- 3.5.2 Andromorphic female damselflies -- 3.6 A Symbolic Territory -- 3.6.1 Landmark-based mating systems -- 3.6.2 Lekking paper wasps on symbolic territories -- 3.6.3 Territorial pompilids on sites devoid of resources -- 4. Mate-finding Strategies II: Hilltopping, Guarding and Excavating -- 4.1 Hilltopping -- 4.1.1 Hilltopping in butterflies and moths -- 4.1.2 Niche segregation. , 4.1.3 Hilltopping in bees and wasps -- 4.1.4 Hilltopping in flies -- 4.1.5 Hilltopping beetles -- 4.2 Hovering, Guarding and Waiting -- 4.2.1 Defending a prospective mate -- 4.2.2 Defending a vital resource -- 4.2.3 Bumblebees (Bombus species): waiting for females to pass by -- 4.2.4 Sicilian snail-shell bees: owning the shell -- 4.3 Bees Digging Up Females -- 4.3.1 Dawson's burrowing bee and other Anthophorini -- 4.3.2 Centrid digger bees -- 4.3.3 Colletes mining bees -- 4.4 Wasps Digging Up Females -- 4.4.1 Sand wasps -- 4.5 Mating Balls in Bees, Wasps and Stoneflies -- 4.6 Pupal Mating and Scramble Competition for Emerging Females -- 4.6.1 Pupal mating in butterflies -- 4.6.2 Pupal mating in ants -- 4.6.3 Pupal grasping in crabhole mosquitos -- 4.6.4 Giant ichneumonid wasp aggregations -- 4.6.5 Within-host mating in parasitoids -- 5. Mate Calling (Long-range) -- 5.1 Acoustic Calling -- 5.1.1 Ultrasonic calling songs of moths -- 5.1.2 Ultrasonic calling songs of Orthoptera -- 5.1.3 Acoustic calling behaviour in tephritid fruit flies -- 5.1.4 Cicada male calling tymbalization songs -- 5.2 Chemical Calling -- 5.2.1 Female calling behaviour in moths via pheromones -- 5.2.2 Female calling in mantids and cockroaches -- 5.2.3 Female calling in beetles -- 5.2.4 Calling behaviour in termites -- 5.2.5 Male calling in moths -- 5.2.6 Male calling in cockroaches -- 5.2.7 Male calling behaviour in dung and burying beetles -- 5.2.8 Male calling in scorpionflies and other Mecoptera -- 5.2.9 Calling behaviour in male cerambycid beetles -- 5.2.10 Long-range attraction in hemipterans -- 5.2.11 Calling by tephritid fruit flies -- 6. Swarming and Lekking -- 6.1 Defining Leks -- 6.2 Female-preference and Hotspot Models -- 6.3 Some Examples of Lekking Insects -- 6.3.1 Woodwasps -- 6.3.2 Lekking and swarming in Hepialidae -- 6.3.3 Aggregations of tiger moths. , 6.3.4 Lekking mole crickets -- 6.3.5 Lek-forming drosophilids -- 6.3.6 Fruit fly leks (Tephritidae) -- 6.4 Mating Swarms -- 6.4.1 Ants (Formicidae) -- 6.4.2 Honeybee drone congregations -- 6.4.3 Mayfly swarms -- 6.5 Swarming in Diptera -- 6.5.1 Soldier fly leks -- 6.5.2 Love bugs: larger males at the bottom of the swarm -- 6.5.3 Mosquito swarms -- 6.5.4 Bobbing and lekking crane flies -- 6.5.5 Empid dance flies -- 6.6 Synchronous Choruses -- 6.6.1 A preference for leading calls -- 6.6.2 Lek-mating system of periodical cicadas -- 6.6.3 Synchronous rhythmic flashing of fireflies -- 6.6.4 Katydid/bush-cricket choruses -- 7. Cues, Signals and Advertising -- 7.1 Cues and Signals -- 7.2 Visual Signals -- 7.2.1 Wing interference patterns -- 7.2.2 Light flashes and iridescence -- 7.3 Auditory Signals -- 7.4 Olfactory Signals -- 7.4.1 Scent-marking in bumblebees -- 7.4.2 Scent-marking in beewolves and other philanthine species -- 7.4.3 Solitary bee Colletes cunicularius -- 7.4.4 Territorial marking in castniid moths -- 7.4.5 Pheromonal marking by paper wasps -- 7.4.6 Pheromonal marks in fruit flies -- 7.5 Advertising Signals -- 7.6 Acoustic Duets -- 7.6.1 Predation and parasitization risks of signalling -- 7.7 Acoustic Duets in Insect Mating Systems -- 7.7.1 Duetting lacewings -- 7.7.2 Duetting bush-crickets -- 7.7.3 Vibrational duetting in stoneflies -- 7.7.4 Courtship duets in mosquitoes -- 7.7.5 Acoustic duets in psyllids -- 7.7.6 Three-signal vibratory duets in the pea leafminer -- 7.8 Calling and Duetting Behaviour in Leafhoppers and Treehoppers -- 7.8.1 Vibrational duetting in leafhoppers -- 7.8.2 Vibrational duetting in treehoppers -- 7.9 Multimodal Signalling -- 7.9.1 Sending different signals in different ways -- 7.9.2 Multiple meanings -- 7.9.3 Multimodal courtship in calliphorid flies -- 8. Sex Roles, Ornamentation and Role Reversals. , 8.1 Sex Roles -- 8.2 Ornaments and Ornamentation -- 8.2.1 Introduction -- 8.2.2 Fisherian runaway selection and good genes -- 8.3 Some Examples of Male Ornaments -- 8.3.1 Modified fore-tarsi in male dance flies -- 8.3.2 Leg 'paddle' ornaments of mosquito Sabethes cyaneus -- 8.3.3 Signalling in hover wasps: white stripes display -- 8.4 Condition-dependent Ornaments in Damselflies -- 8.4.1 Ornamentation in damselflies -- 8.4.2 Conspicuous wing colours in calopterygid damselflies -- 8.4.3 Red wing spots as indicators of quality -- 8.4.4 Tibial ornamentation in a chlorocyphid damselfly -- 8.5 Female Ornaments -- 8.5.1 Female empid dance flies -- 8.6 Sex Role Reversals -- 8.6.1 Katydids -- 8.6.2 Role reversing bush-crickets -- 8.6.3 Courtship role reversal in the honey locust bean weevil -- 8.6.4 Zeus bugs (Phoreticovelia spp.) -- 8.6.5 Cave psocids with a female penis -- 8.6.6 Incomplete sex role reversal in giant water bugs -- 9. Courtship I. Pre-copulatory Courtship Behaviour -- 9.1 What Is Courtship? -- 9.2 Courtship Repertoires -- 9.2.1 Initiation: who takes the lead? -- 9.2.2 Diversity and plasticity -- 9.2.3 Pre-, peri- and post-copulatory courtship - terms and definitions -- 9.3 Insects with No, or Minimal, Courtship Behaviour -- 9.3.1 Coccinellid beetles: watching and waiting -- 9.3.2 Scale insects and mealybugs -- 9.3.3 Aphids climbing on top -- 9.4 Insects with Very Rapid Courtship -- 9.4.1 The house fly courtship - over in a flash! -- 9.4.2 Dragonflies and damselflies -- 9.5 Insects with Short and Simple Courtship Routines -- 9.5.1 Pre-copulatory embraces in red mason bees -- 9.5.2 Grappling robber flies: from attack mode to copulation -- 9.5.3 Bee fly, fly-bys -- 9.6 Courtship in Moths: Variable in Complexity -- Case Study 9.1. Corematal androconial organs in moths and butterflies: abdominal hair-pencils. , Case Study 9.2. Non-corematal androconial organs on butterflies and moths -- Case Study 9.3. Coremata: Inflatable tubes -- 9.7 Simple or Primitive Courtship -- 9.8 Pre-copulatory Mate Guarding -- 10. Courtship II. Copulatory and Post-copulatory Courtship Behaviour -- 10.1 Copulatory Courtship -- 10.1.1 Copulatory courtship in velvet ants -- 10.1.2 Genital titillators and copulatory courtship in bush-crickets -- Case Study 10.1. Velvet ants (Mutillidae) -- 10.1.3 Copulatory courtship in chrysomelid beetles -- 10.1.4 Copulatory courtship in other beetles -- 10.1.5 Copulatory courtship songs in Australian Drosophila -- 10.1.6 Copulatory courtship in wasps -- 10.1.7 Copulatory courtship in flies -- 10.1.8 Copulatory courtship in bees -- 10.1.9 Copulatory courtship in lygaeid and coreid bugs: tapping and rubbing -- 10.2 Post-copulatory Courtship Behaviour -- 10.3 Post-copulatory Mate Guarding and other Post-insemination Associations -- 10.3.1 The function of mate guarding -- 10.3.2 Prolonged copulation -- 10.3.3 Post-copulatory mate guarding in parasitoid wasps -- 10.3.4 Post-copulatory aggression -- 10.4 Courtship Costs and Risks -- 10.4.1 Inherent costs of courtship -- 10.4.2 Courtship costs for males -- 10.4.3 Courtship costs for females -- 11. Attracting and Stimulating the Other Sex (Near-range Courtship) I. Songs and Instruments -- 11.1 Acoustic Courtship -- 11.1.1 Courtship hissing and whistling in cockroaches -- 11.1.2 Courtship singing in rhinoceros beetles -- 11.1.3 Bark beetles -- 11.1.4 Stridulation in other beetles -- 11.1.5 Courtship songs in crickets and grasshoppers -- 11.1.6 Copulatory courtship songs of Lutzomyia sand flies -- 11.1.7 Pulse train and wing vibrations in tephritid fruit flies -- 11.1.8 Ultrasonic (low-intensity) courtship songs in moths -- 11.2 Courtship Love Songs in Drosophila. , 11.2.1 Pulse songs in Drosophila melanogaster.

Note: Intro -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction -- Welcome to the Superfamily! -- Origins and evolution -- Butterfly Families -- Names and numbers -- Pioneering Investigations of Butterfly Courtship -- Tinbergen and the grayling -- Crane and 'irrelevant actions' in tropical heliconiids -- Stride and the danaid eggfly -- Magnus and the silver-washed fritillary -- Brower and the queen butterfly -- 2. Sexual Selection and Mate Choice -- Choosing a Mate - the Female Prerogative? -- Sexual selection -- Sexual conflicts -- Good genes and handicaps -- Identifying a Potential Mate -- Visual signals -- Female Choice -- Eyespots, ornamentation and ultraviolet light -- Active and passive choices -- Iridescent ornaments and a preference for flashy males! -- Females with a tendency to vary -- Mr Normal - stabilizing selection -- Male Choice -- The banded peacock -- Role Reversals -- The alba polymorphism in Colias species -- Sexual Dimorphism -- Differences in size -- Differences in shape -- Differences in colours and patterns -- Differences in ornamentation -- Differences in smell and taste -- 3. Strategies for Locating a Mate -- Perching and Patrolling -- Optimal search strategies -- Perching - Staying Put and Waiting for Females -- Territories -- Thermoregulation and site selection -- Patrolling - Moving Around and Searching for Mates -- Hill-topping - Sexual Rendezvous Points -- Niche segregation -- Leks - arenas for contests -- Pushing and shoving! -- Landmark mating systems -- Examples of Perching and Patrolling by Family -- Hesperiidae -- Lycaenidae -- Nymphalidae -- Riodinidae -- Papilionidae -- Pieridae -- Territoriality -- Territory formation and turnover -- Territorial contests -- Battling swallowtails -- Crepuscular contests -- Wars of attrition or mistaken identity?. , Persistence or endurance? -- Older males - experienced and more persistent? -- Case Study: The speckled wood -- 4. Seeing and Being Seen -- Butterfly Colour Vision -- The Structure of the Compound Eye -- Eye Shine and Differences Between the Sexes -- The Light-Gathering Molecules -- Gathering the Light in Different Ways -- Three-Colour and Four-Colour Vision -- Seeing Ultraviolet and Polarized Light -- Hindsight: Genital Photoreceptors -- Pseudopupils -- Butterflies Using Their Eyes -- 5. Courtship Behaviour -- What is Courtship? -- Courtship Patterns and Diversity -- Tabulating butterfly behaviour -- Lycaenids - Good Vibrations! -- The blues -- Three coppers -- Hairstreaks -- The apefly -- Pierids - Wing Buffeting -- Three little sulphurs -- Japanese small white -- A forest 'ghost' -- Hesperiids -- Hesperia skippers -- The fiery skipper -- Giant skippers -- The Essex skipper -- Nymphalids -- The buckeye -- Common and danaid eggflies - all of a quiver -- Banded and scarlet peacocks -- The squinting bushbrown, Bicyclus anynana -- Heliconius butterflies -- Fritillaries and checkerspot butterflies -- Satyrids -- Danaiids -- Monarch butterflies: hell's angels? -- Other examples of forced matings and aerial  'takedowns' -- Papilionids -- Birdwing butterflies -- Multimodal Displays - the Components  of Courtship -- Determinants of Success or Failure -- 6. Body Language -- Refusal and Rejection -- Playing possum: thanatosis -- Female Solicitation -- Clinging on and Standing Guard -- Pair clinging -- Mate guarding -- Antennal Contacts - Courtship Bowing -- Common graylings -- Rock and tree graylings -- Other species -- Proboscis Waving: Wood Whites -- Sonic Courtship: Do You Like My Click?! -- 7. The Mating Game -- Reproduction: A Battle of the Sexes, or a Tug of War? -- Mating Strategies -- Copulation -- Pair carrying in copula -- Copulation duration. , Post-nuptial flights and mate-guarding -- Sperm competition -- Protandry and female receptivity -- Sexual Conflicts and Confluences -- Polyandry - the Risks and Benefits of Multiple Matings -- Experience counts? Old male mating advantage -- Cryptic female choice: rewarding generous suitors -- Costs and benefits -- Pupal Mating -- Strange or Enigmatic Liaisons -- Incest and inbreeding -- Same-sex interactions -- Interspecific mating and hybridization -- 8. The Inside Story -- The Mechanics of Coupling -- Tickle sticks! -- Mating Plugs and Sphragides -- Sperm and Spermatophores -- The Female Side of the Story -- 9. Scents: Chemical Communication -- Aphrodisiac Pheromones -- Detectable odours -- Studies using Bicyclus anynana -- Heliconius butterflies -- Androconia -- Varieties of androconial structures -- Sex brands in skippers (Hesperiidae) -- Pierids -- The squinting bushbrown -- Abdominal Organs ('Hairpencils') -- Contact behaviour and perfuming -- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) -- Antiaphrodisiacs -- 10. Wing Colours and Iridescence -- The Different Functions of Butterfly Wing Surfaces -- Structural Colours and Nanoarchitecture -- Iridescence -- Black light-traps and solar collectors -- Hydrophobicity and self-cleaning wings -- Scales and Ridges -- Pigments -- Blue Morpho Wings -- Lycaenid Wings -- Partitioning the Function (Different Wings  for Different Things) -- Pierid Wings -- Colour Badges as Honest Signals -- Papilionoid Wings -- Birdwings -- Mixing it -- Nymphalid Wings -- Clearwings and Nanopillars -- Concluding Remarks -- Summing Up -- Glossary -- Annex 1 - Internet Links -- References -- Index -- Cabi -- Back.