Note: Intro -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background, and Redefinition of "Cryogenics" to Include All Temperatures Below 273 K -- 1.2 Early Experiments with Vapour Cooled Baffles and the Empty LOX Pot -- 1.3 Discovery of Unstable Evaporation of Liquid Nitrogen -- 1.4 The Contents of This Monograph -- 1.5 Definitions of Single Component Liquid States -- 1.5.1 The 1983 Definition of a Cryogenic Liquid, with Normal Boiling Point Below 273 K -- 1.5.2 Boiling Temperature -- 1.5.3 Saturation Temperature and Saturation Vapour Pressure -- 1.5.4 Normal Boiling Point NBP or Standard Boiling Point SBP at Standard Atmospheric Pressure of 1 Bar -- 1.5.5 Superheated Liquid -- 1.5.6 Liquid Superheat -- 1.5.7 Subcooled Liquid -- 1.5.8 Wall Superheat -- 1.5.9 Boil-off and Boil-off Rate -- 1.5.10 Heat Flux and Heat Flow -- 1.5.11 Mass Flux and Mass Flow -- 1.5.12 Liquid Terminology -- References -- 2 Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nucleate Boiling from Wall to Bulk Liquid -- 2.2.1 Heterogeneous Nucleate Pool-Boiling -- 2.2.2 High Efficiency Heterogeneous Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Using Falling Liquid Films -- 2.2.3 Homogeneous Nucleate Boiling -- 2.2.4 Quasi-homogeneous Nucleate Boiling, QHN Boiling -- 2.3 Convective Heat Transfer Without Evaporation at the Point of Heat Influx -- 2.4 Surface Evaporation -- 2.4.1 Surface Evaporation Mass Flux and Bulk Superheat -- 2.4.2 Impedances to Surface Evaporation: The 3 Regions in the Surface Sublayer -- 2.4.3 General Conclusions from Experimental Studies of Separate Impedance Terms -- 2.4.4 Schlieren Studies of the Surface Interface -- 2.4.5 The Delicate Evaporation Impedances of the Surface Sub-layer. , 2.5 Surface Sub-layer Agitation and Unstable Evaporation Phenomena -- 2.5.1 Agitation of the Surface Sub-layer -- 2.5.2 Continuous Irregular and Intermittent Boil-Off -- 2.5.3 Vapour Explosions -- 2.5.4 Rollover and Nucleate Boiling Hot Spots -- 2.5.5 QHN Boiling and Geysering -- 2.6 Summary of Evaporation Processes -- References -- 3 Heat Flows into a Cryogenic Storage System: Overall Picture -- 3.1 No Boiling -- 3.2 Overall Convective Circulation in the Liquid -- 3.3 Thermal Overfill: General Concept -- 3.4 Distinction Between 'A' and 'B' Heat In-Flows -- 3.5 Radiative Heat In-Flows -- 3.6 Conductive Heat In-Flows -- 3.7 Convective Heat In-Flows -- 3.8 Other Sources of Heat Flow into the Liquid -- 3.9 Summary of Heat In-Flows -- References -- 4 Insulation: The Reduction of 'A' and 'B' Heat In-Flows -- 4.1 Reduction and Control of Heat In-Flows -- 4.2 Radiation -- 4.2.1 Stefan's Law and Low Emissivity Materials -- 4.2.2 Vapour-Cooled Radiation Baffles -- 4.2.3 Plastic Foam Plugs -- 4.2.4 Floating Ball Blankets -- 4.3 Conduction Through the Insulation Space -- 4.3.1 Dewar's Dewar -- 4.3.2 Gas Purged Insulations at 1 bar -- 4.3.3 Evacuated Powder Insulations at 0.1 Torr -- 4.3.4 Multi-layer Reflective Insulations (MLI) at 0.0001 Torr -- 4.4 Conduction Down the Neck and Vapour Cooling -- 4.5 Optimum Design for Minimum Loss of Cryogenic Liquid in a Storage Container -- 4.6 Convective Heat Flows into the Vapour and Liquid -- 4.6.1 Convective Circulations -- 4.6.2 Circulation in the Vapour -- 4.6.3 Residual Heat Flow from Downward Flowing Vapour -- 4.6.4 Convective Circulation in the Liquid -- 4.7 Vapour Convection at the Unwetted Walls -- 4.8 Enhanced Convective Heat Transfer in Vertical Temperature Gradients -- 4.8.1 Use of Enhanced Convective Heat Transfer -- 4.8.2 Enhanced Cooling of Current Leads to Superconducting Magnets. , 4.8.3 Cryocooler/Condensers with Distributed Cooling -- 4.9 Multi-shielding: The Use of Multiple Vapour Cooled Shields in the Insulation -- 4.9.1 Converting 'A' Heat-Inflows to 'B' Heat Inflows -- 4.9.2 Enhanced Heat Transfer at Thermal Contact Rings -- 4.9.3 No LIN Shielding for LHe Systems -- 4.9.4 Assembly of Multi-shields in Insulation Space -- 4.9.5 Vapour Cooled Shields for LIN, LOX, and LNG Vessels -- 4.10 Other Sources of Heat into the Liquid -- 4.10.1 Radiation Funnelling -- 4.10.2 Low Conductivity Neck Tube Materials -- 4.10.3 Thermo-Acoustic Oscillations -- 4.10.4 Mechanical Vibrations -- 4.10.5 Eddy Current Heating -- 4.11 Summary of Insulation Techniques -- References -- 5 Multi-component Liquids -- 5.1 Differences Between Single-Component and Multi-component Liquids -- 5.2 The Difference Between Free-Boiling and Surface Evaporation (T-x) Data -- 5.3 Stratification in Cryogenic Liquid Mixtures -- 5.4 Double Diffusive Convection in Multi-component Cryogenic Liquids -- 5.5 Storage Behavior of Two Layers of Liquid Mixtures -- 5.5.1 The Dynamic Storage Behaviour of 2 Liquid Layers with Different Density Under Constant Isobaric Pressure -- 5.5.2 The Dynamic Storage of 2 Layers with Different Density Under Constant Isochoric Volume with Rising Pressure and Zero Boil-Off -- 5.6 Rollover -- 5.6.1 Basic Description of Rollover -- 5.6.2 Penetrative, Oscillating Convection Across the Interface, and Surface Evaporation Increase, During a Rollover -- 5.6.3 Release of Thermal Overfill During Rollover -- 5.6.4 Experimental Studies: The Two Modes or Types of Rollover -- 5.6.5 Experimental Studies: The Two Convective Mixing Mechanisms of Rollover -- 5.7 Factors Leading to Stratification and Hence Rollover -- 5.7.1 Custody Management Creating Two Layers -- 5.7.2 Auto-stratification in Mixtures -- 5.7.2.1 Mechanisms Due to Density Differences. , 5.7.2.2 High MW Volatile Component in the Mixture -- 5.7.2.3 Non-volatile Impurities in the Surface -- 5.7.2.4 Marangoni Film Flow Effect -- 5.7.3 Auto-stratification in Both Single Component Liquids and Mixtures -- 5.7.3.1 Self-pressurising Storage Tank -- 5.7.3.2 Tall, Thin Storage Tank, Freely Venting -- 5.7.3.3 Passing Atmospheric Weather Fronts -- 5.7.4 Custody Management Filling with Subcooled Liquid Creating Thermal Underfill -- 5.8 Prevention and Avoidance of Rollover -- 5.8.1 Detection of Stratification -- 5.8.2 Adequate Design of Tank Auxiliaries -- 5.8.3 Avoidance and Early Removal of Stratification -- 5.8.4 Possible Use of Internal Convective Devices to Destabilise Stratification -- 5.9 Path Dependent Mixing of Boiling Cryogenic Liquids, with Evaporation -- 5.9.1 Propane-Butane Mixing -- 5.9.2 Experimental Conclusions on the Forced Mixing of Propane and n-Butane -- 5.9.3 Some Consequences of Path-Dependent Mixing -- 5.10 Low Solubility Impurities in the Range 1-10 to 100 ppm -- 5.11 Water/Ice in Jet Fuel -- 5.12 Summary on Mixtures -- References -- 6 The Handling and Transfer of Cryogenic Liquids -- 6.1 General Remarks on Subcooled Liquids and 2-Phase Flow -- 6.2 What is 2-Phase Flow? -- 6.3 Occurrence of 2-Phase Flow -- 6.4 Pumped Liquid Transfer Avoiding 2-Phase Flow -- 6.5 Liquid Transfer Techniques Avoiding 2-Phase Flow -- 6.6 Liquid Transfer with Transient 2-Phase Flow -- 6.7 Cooldown of a Long Pipeline with L/D Greater Than 2000 -- 6.8 Cooldown of a Cryostat with Minimum Loss of Liquid -- 6.9 Cooldown of a Tank -- 6.10 Cooldown of a Large Mass Such as a Superconducting Magnet -- 6.11 Insulation of Transfer Lines -- 6.12 Flashing Losses Due to Transfer at Unnecessarily High Pressures -- 6.13 Zero Delivery -- 6.14 Pressure Surges and the Need for Ten Second Opening and Closing Times for Liquid Valves -- 6.15 Care with Topping-Out. , References -- 7 Design: Some Comments on the Design of Low-Loss Storage Vessels, Containers and Tanks -- 7.1 General Remarks -- 7.1.1 Three Types of Insulation -- 7.1.2 Heat Break Materials -- 7.1.3 Isothermal Containment -- 7.2 Trouble-Free Joints and Materials -- 7.2.1 Avoiding Joints Between Materials with Dissimilar Thermal Contractions -- 7.2.2 Porosity and High Vacuum -- 7.2.3 Porosity Problems of Austenitic Stainless Steels Transforming to Martensite -- 7.2.4 Adsorbed Hydrogen and High Vacuum -- 7.2.5 Frost-Proof Cryogenic Concrete -- 7.2.6 Hydrogen Embrittlement -- 7.3 Thermal Considerations -- 7.3.1 Choice of Boil-off Rate -- 7.3.2 Some Practical Applications -- 7.3.3 Heat Fluxes Through Insulations in Practical Applications -- 7.4 Thermal Design of 12 Typical Cryogenic Liquid Applications -- 7.4.1 LIN Cooled Sample Holder, 10 mm Diameter, 60 mm Long -- 7.4.2 Laboratory LHe Cryostat with Isothermal Volume, 100 mm Diameter, 500 mm Long -- 7.4.3 500 Litre LHe Laboratory Storage Dewar -- 7.4.4 MRI Cryostat Without, and with, Cryocooler -- 7.4.5 12,600 Litre Static LHe Storage Vessel, 2 m Diameter, 4 m High -- 7.4.6 4000 Litre LHe Space Probe, 2 m Diameter, 3 Year Hold Time -- 7.4.7 LOX Rail Tank or VIT Vessel, 3 m Diameter, 8 m Long, 48 m3 Volume -- 7.4.8 Static LIN/LOX Tank, 13 m Diameter, 13 m High, 1720 m3: Dustbin Configuration -- 7.4.9 Static LIN/LA/LOX Tank, 13 m Diameter, 13 m High, 1142 m3: Cluster Configuration -- 7.4.10 Sea Tanker for 125,000 m3 LNG -- 7.4.11 Static LNG Tank, 75 m Diameter, 50 m High, 220,000 m3 Volume -- 7.4.12 LPG Tank, 100 m Diameter, 50 m High, 390,000 m3 Volume -- 7.5 Summary of Thermal Design of Cryogenic Liquid Vessels -- References, Specific -- References, General (in Reverse Order of Publication) -- 8 Safe Handling and Storage of Cryogenic Liquids -- 8.1 General Remarks -- 8.2 Health Concerns. , 8.2.1 Cold Burns.

Note: Front cover -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Approaching the Problem of Ecological Valuation -- Chapter 2. Sociocultural Valuation of Ecological Resources -- Chapter 3. Integrating Economics and Ecological Assessment -- Chapter 4. Valuation Methods -- Chapter 5. Complexity in Ecological Systems -- Chapter 6. Organizing and Integrating the Valuation Process -- Chapter 7. Synthesis, Recommendations, and Conclusions -- Case Study 1: National Park Establishment, Philippines -- Case Study 2: Large PCB-Contaminated River under Superfund -- Case Study 3 -- Case Study 4: 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill -- Case Study 5: Example of Valuing the Ecological Benefits from the Clean Air Act and 1990 Amendments -- Case Study 6: The CALFED Bay-Delta Program -- Index -- Back cover.

Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Preface -- Dedication -- Contents -- Chapter 1 The Material of Genetics -- 1.1 The Cell -- 1.1.1 The Contents of a Cell -- 1.1.2 The Differentiation of Cells: Stem Cells -- 1.1.3 The Lifetimes of Cells -- 1.2 DNA and RNA -- 1.2.1 DNA -- 1.2.2 The Interaction of the Bases between the Two Strands -- 1.2.3 Nucleotides -- 1.2.4 The Elongation of the Strand -- 1.2.5 Cellular DNA -- 1.2.6 Blocking DNA Replication in Pathogen Contaminants of Blood -- 1.2.7 RNA -- 1.2.8 Oligonucleotides -- 1.3 DNA Packaging in the Cell -- 1.3.1 Nuclear DNA -- 1.3.2 Compaction Details -- 1.3.3 Mitochondrial DNA -- 1.4 The Chromosome -- 1.4.1 Chromosome Numbers -- 1.4.2 Chromosome Types -- 1.4.3 Chromosome Imaging -- 1.4.4 The Value of Karyotypes -- 1.4.5 Giant Panda and Other Bears -- 1.4.6 The Chimpanzee and Human -- 1.4.7 Human Chromosome 21 -- 1.5 DNA Sequences -- 1.5.1 Tandem Repetitive DNA -- 1.5.2 Interspersed Repetitive DNA -- 1.6 The Gene -- 1.6.1 The Two Basic Classes of Genes -- 1.6.2 The Gene and the Allele -- 1.6.3 The Gene and the Eye -- 1.7 The Genome -- 1.7.1 General Features of the Human Genome -- 1.7.2 Some Features of Interest of 14 Animal Genomes -- 1.7.3 Aged Specimens -- 1.7.4 The Mitochondrial Genome -- Chapter 2 The Exogenous Manipulation of DNA -- 2.1 DNA Sequencing -- 2.1.1 The Chain Termination Method (Sanger Sequencing) -- 2.1.2 Pyrosequencing -- 2.1.3 Bisulfite Sequencing -- 2.1.4 Next Generation Sequencing -- 2.2 Gene Cloning -- 2.2.1 Gene Cloning with Vectors -- 2.2.2 Gene Cloning Without Vectors -- 2.3 The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) -- 2.3.1 The PCR Process -- 2.3.2 Primer Design -- 2.3.3 Emulsion PCR -- Chapter 3 The Endogenous Manipulation of DNA Within the Cell -- 3.1 Gene Expression -- 3.1.1 Types of RNA -- 3.1.2 Transcription -- 3.1.3 Post-transcriptional Processing: Splicing. , 3.1.4 Alternative Splicing -- 3.1.5 Translation -- 3.1.6 Post-translational Processing -- 3.1.7 Proteins -- 3.1.8 The Regulation of Gene Expression -- 3.1.9 Environmental Effects on Gene Expression -- 3.1.10 Mitochondrial DNA -- 3.2 The Cell Cycle -- 3.2.1 Exit and Checkpoints -- 3.2.2 Cell Division and Death -- 3.3 DNA Replication in the Interphase -- 3.3.1 Nuclear DNA Replication -- 3.3.2 Mitochondrial DNA Replication -- 3.3.3 Errors and Repair in DNA Replication -- 3.4 Mitosis and Cytokinesis -- 3.4.1 Departures from Normal Mitosis -- 3.4.2 Endoreplication -- 3.4.3 Aneuploidy -- 3.4.4 Mosaic Down Syndrome -- Chapter 4 DNA Mutations and Their Impact on Human and Animal Phenotypes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of Mutation -- 4.3 Small Changes in DNA -- 4.3.1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism -- 4.3.2 Missense Mutations -- 4.3.3 Nonsense Mutations -- 4.3.4 Insertions and Deletions (INDEL) Mutations -- 4.3.5 Small Three Nucleotides Deletion -- 4.3.6 Small Four Nucleotides Insertion -- 4.3.7 Cystic Fibrosis: Classes of Mutations -- 4.4 Largish and Large Changes in DNA -- 4.4.1 Duplication -- 4.4.2 Deletion -- 4.4.3 Translocations: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia -- 4.4.4 Inversion -- 4.4.5 Isochromosomes -- 4.4.6 Ring Chromosome -- 4.5 Rates of Mutations -- 4.6 Causes and Repair of Mutations -- 4.6.1 Base Excision Repair -- 4.6.2 Nucleotide Excision Repair -- 4.6.3 Double Strand Break Repair -- Chapter 5 The Generation and Bringing Together of the Sex Chromosomes -- 5.1 Meiosis -- 5.1.1 Crossing-over in Meiosis -- 5.1.2 Genetic Linkage -- 5.2 Gametogenesis -- 5.2.1 Horses and Mules -- 5.2.2 Errors in Gametogenesis -- 5.2.3 Aneuploidy -- 5.2.4 Human Disorders -- 5.2.5 Cattle Disorders -- 5.3 Fertilization -- 5.3.1 Pre-sperm Entry into an Egg Cell -- 5.3.2 Sperm Entry into an Egg Cell -- 5.3.3 Early Development of the Human Fetus. , 5.3.4 In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) -- Chapter 6 The Inheritance Patterns of DNA (Chromosomal) Mutations -- 6.1 Family Ties -- 6.1.1 Likely Sex of Offspring -- 6.1.2 Family Tree -- 6.2 Inheritance Patterns Involving Autosomes -- 6.2.1 Dominant Pedigree -- 6.2.2 Human Disorders: Dominant Traits -- 6.2.3 Animal Disorders -- 6.2.4 Lethal Alleles in Yellow Mice -- 6.2.5 Dihybrid Cross: Guinea Pigs (and Other Animals) -- 6.2.6 Codominant Pedigree -- 6.2.7 ABO Blood Group System -- 6.2.8 Animal Traits: Roan Cow -- 6.2.9 Incomplete Dominant Pedigree -- 6.2.10 Recessive Pedigree -- 6.2.11 Human Disorders: Recessive Traits -- 6.2.12 Animal Characteristics -- 6.3 Inheritance Patterns Involving the X Chromosomes -- 6.3.1 X-linked Dominant Pedigree -- 6.3.2 X-linked Dominant Human Disorders -- 6.3.3 Cattle Disorders -- 6.3.4 X-linked Recessive Pedigree -- 6.3.5 X-linked Recessive Human Disorders -- 6.3.6 Hemophilia in Animals -- 6.3.7 Y-linked Pedigree -- 6.3.8 Human Disorders: Testicular Disorder of Sex Development (46,XX) -- 6.3.9 Richard III -- 6.4 Mitochondrial Inheritance -- 6.4.1 Richard III (Again) -- 6.4.2 Human Disorders -- Chapter 7 Deviations from an Expected Phenotype -- 7.1 When There is an Overriding Role of One Partner -- 7.1.1 Sex-influenced Traits -- 7.1.2 Sex-limited Traits -- 7.1.3 X-inactivation -- 7.1.4 Genomic Imprinting -- 7.1.5 Uniparental Disomy -- 7.1.6 Human Disorders -- 7.2 The Tempering of the Impact of Mutations -- 7.2.1 Expressivity -- 7.2.2 Human Disorders: Expressivity -- 7.2.3 Animal Disorders -- 7.2.4 Penetrance -- 7.2.5 Human Disorders: Penetrance -- 7.2.6 Anticipation -- 7.3 One Gene/One Protein Variations -- 7.3.1 Pleiotropy -- 7.3.2 Human Disorders -- 7.3.3 Animal Disorders -- 7.3.4 Polygenes -- 7.3.5 Skin Pigmentation in Humans -- 7.3.6 Epistasis -- 7.3.7 Albinism -- 7.3.8 Animal Traits -- 7.3.9 Pigmentation. , 7.4 Epigenetics -- 7.4.1 More on the Agouti Mice -- 7.4.2 Role of Epigenetics in Cellular Processes -- 7.4.3 Human Disorders -- 7.4.4 Dutch Hunger Winter -- Chapter 8 Examples of the Impact of Genetics in Forensics, Agriculture and Medicine -- 8.1 DNA Profiling in Humans -- 8.1.1 DNA Analysis in Forensics -- 8.1.2 How does STR Fingerprinting Work in Practice? -- 8.1.3 Mitochondrial DNA -- 8.1.4 DNA Profiling in Animals -- 8.1.5 Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) -- 8.2 Genetic Engineering -- 8.3 Tinkering with Animal Genes: Cloned, Transgenic and Chimeric Animals -- 8.3.1 Cloned Animals -- 8.3.2 Twins -- 8.3.3 The Creation of Cloned Animals: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer -- 8.3.4 Transgenic Animals -- 8.3.5 The Creation of Transgenic Animals -- 8.3.6 Nuclear Transfer -- 8.3.7 Pronuclear Injection -- 8.3.8 Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells -- 8.3.9 Genetically Engineered Mosquitos -- 8.3.10 Chimera Animals -- 8.3.11 Creation of Chimera Animals: Whole Embryo Aggregation -- 8.3.12 Humans -- 8.4 Tinkering with Human Genes -- 8.4.1 Gene Therapy -- 8.4.2 Getting Rid of "Faulty" Mitochondria! -- 8.4.3 Maternal Spindle Transfer (Egg Repair) -- 8.4.4 Pronuclear Transfer (Embryo Repair) -- 8.4.5 Somatic Cell Gene Therapy -- 8.4.6 Direct Delivery (In Vivo) -- 8.4.7 Indirect Delivery (Ex Vivo) -- 8.4.8 Non-viral Vector Gene Therapy -- 8.4.9 Gene Therapy using CRISPR/Cas9 -- 8.4.10 Human Tissue-engineered Therapy -- 8.5 Gene-directed Drugs -- 8.5.1 Cancers -- 8.5.2 Epigenetic-based Drugs -- Some Thoughts from the Author -- Helpful Reading Material -- Subject Index.

Note: The Role Of Calcium And Comparable Cations In Animal Behaviour -- Contents -- GLOSSARY -- AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS -- CHAPTER 1 THE IONS -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Occurrence -- 1.2.1 Earth's Crust -- 1.2.2 The Seas -- 1.2.3 Biological Materials -- 1.3 Coordination Chemistry -- 1.3.1 Ion Sizes -- 1.3.2 Donor Atoms and Strength of Binding -- 1.3.3 Calcium Binding Domains -- 1.3.4 Geometry of Binding -- 1.3.5 Kinetic Lability -- 1.4 Solubility of Salts and Attendant Problems -- 1.5 Assay -- 1.5.1 Solution -- 1.5.2 Determination of Intracellular Calcium Ion Concentrations -- 1.5.3 Procedures -- 1.5.4 Caged Calcium -- 1.5.5 Solid State -- 1.6 Summary -- CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGICAL ROLES -- 2.1 Sodium -- 2.1.1 Impulse Transmission -- 2.1.2 Solute Transport -- 2.2 Potassium -- 2.2.1 Impulse Transmission -- 2.2.2 Enzyme Activation -- 2.3 Magnesium -- 2.3.1 Impulse Inhibition -- 2.3.2 Interactions with Biomolecules -- 2.3.3 Cell Walls Structure -- 2.3.4 Enzyme Activation -- 2.3.5 Photosynthesis -- 2.4 Calcium -- 2.4.1 Impulse Transmission -- 2.4.2 Second Messenger Action -- 2.5 Calcium Binding Proteins and Their Occurrence -- 2.5.1 Calmodulin -- 2.5.2 Lectins -- 2.5.3 Regulation of Gene Expression -- 2.5.4 Cell Birth and Death -- 2.5.5 Exocytosis and Endocytosis -- 2.5.6 Movement in Organisms -- 2.5.7 Blood Coagulation -- 2.5.8 Biomineralization -- 2.6 Clinical Aspects -- 2.6.1 Dietary Requirements -- 2.6.2 Deficiencies and Excesses -- 2.6.3 Medicines -- 2.7 Summary -- CHAPTER 3 MOVING IONS THROUGH MEMBRANES -- 3.1 Why and Where Channels Occur -- 3.2 Channel Stimuli and Types of Channels -- 3.3 Voltage Gated Channels -- 3.3.1 Sodium Channels -- 3.3.2 Potassium Channels -- 3.3.3 Calcium Channels -- 3.4 Structural Aspects -- 3.4.1 Topology of the α-subunit of Voltage Gated Ion Channels -- 3.4.2 The KcsA Channel Pore. , 3.5 Ligand Promoted Channel Opening -- 3.5.1 Ligands and Receptors -- 3.5.2 G-protein Linked Receptors -- 3.5.3 Mediated Transport Systems -- 3.6 Pumps -- 3.6.1 Primary Active Transport (ATPases) -- 3.6.2 Secondary Active Transport -- 3.7 Ion Homeostasis -- 3.7.1 pHi Regulation -- 3.7.2 Cellular Ca2+ ion Homeostasis -- 3.8 Moving Ions Between Cells -- 3.9 Summary -- CHAPTER 4 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING -- 4.1 Reflex Arc -- 4.2 Neuron Structure -- 4.3 Neuron Charge -- 4.4 Generation of Action Potentials -- 4.4.1 The Propagation of Action Potential Along an Axon -- 4.4.2 Patterns of Action Potential Firing -- 4.4.3 Myelin Covering -- 4.5 Malfunctioning of Neurons -- 4.5.1 Intracorporal Upset -- 4.5.2 Extracorporal Invasion (Neurotoxins) -- 4.6 Local Anaesthetics -- 4.7 Summary -- CHAPTER 5 INTERCELLULAR SIGNALLING -- 5.1 Exocytosis -- 5.1.1 Endocytosis -- 5.1.2 Neurotoxins That Target Exocytosis -- 5.1.3 Clostridial Toxins -- 5.2 The Chemical Nature of Neurosecretions -- 5.3 Neurotransmitters -- 5.3.1 Fate of Neurotransmitter After Use -- 5.3.2 Manipulation of Neurotransmitter by the Target Cell -- 5.4 Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) -- 5.5 Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) -- 5.6 Neuromuscular Diseases -- 5.7 Neurotoxins that Target Postsynaptic Receptors -- 5.8 Summary -- CHAPTER 6 MUSCLE -- 6.1 Muscle Types -- 6.2 Skeletal Muscle -- 6.2.1 Final Events Leading to Skeletal Muscle Contraction -- 6.2.2 Muscle Contraction -- 6.2.3 Summary of the Events Between Stimulation and Muscle Contraction -- 6.3 Muscle Functions -- 6.3.1 Posture and Movement of Bodies -- 6.3.2 Production of Sound -- 6.3.3 Insect Flight -- 6.4 Cardiac Muscle -- 6.4.1 Comparison with Skeletal Muscle -- 6.4.2 Generation of Action Potential -- 6.4.3 Electrocardiogram (ECG) -- 6.4.4 Cardiac Arrhythmias -- 6.4.5 Nervous Control of Heartbeat -- 6.5 Smooth Muscle. , 6.5.1 Mechanisms of Contraction -- 6.5.2 Catch Muscle -- 6.5.3 Abnormalities in Smooth Muscle -- 6.5.4 Non-muscle Cells -- 6.6 Ion Channelopathies Associated with Muscle Dysfunction -- 6.6.1 Myotonias -- 6.7 Summary -- CHAPTER 7 SENSES -- 7.1 Types of Sensations and Their General Processing -- 7.2 Touch and Hearing -- 7.2.1 Paramecia Respond to Touch -- 7.2.2 Cockroaches Respond to Wind -- 7.2.3 Spiders Respond to Vibrations -- 7.2.4 Alligators Respond to Ripples on the Surface of the Water -- 7.2.5 Humans Respond to a Tap on the Knee -- 7.3 Hearing in Humans -- 7.4 Sight -- 7.4.1 Vertebrate Eye -- 7.4.2 Conversion of Light to Electrical Signals -- 7.4.3 Electroreceptor Cells -- 7.5 Smell and Taste -- 7.5.1 Vertebrate Olfactory Receptor -- 7.5.2 Vertebrate Taste Receptors -- 7.5.3 Taste Modalities -- 7.6 Hot and Cold -- 7.7 Pain -- 7.7.1 Pain Signalling and Pain Moderation -- 7.7.2 Hot and Cold Pain -- 7.8 Summary -- CHAPTER 8 BIOMINERALIZATION -- 8.1 General Features -- 8.2 Importance of Biominerals to Organisms -- 8.3 Biomineralization in Invertebrates -- 8.3.1 Protoctista (Alternative, Protista) -- 8.3.2 Cnidaria -- 8.3.3 Crustacea -- 8.3.4 Mollusca -- 8.4 Biomineralization in Vertebrates -- 8.4.1 Otoliths -- 8.4.2 Bone -- 8.4.3 Teeth -- 8.5 Summary -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

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