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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nectar concentration on butterfly feeding: measured feeding rates for Thymelicus lineola (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and a general feeding model for adult Lepidoptera (1985)
    Springer
    Oecologia 66 (1985), S. 226-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Field observations of the adult European skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs), feeding on concentrated nectars (40–65% sucrose) from a variety of flower species led us to question recent literature stating that butterflies feed primarily, and most effectively, on dilute nectars. Rate of sucrose solution intake, volume consumed and feeding duration were measured for males and females at 25 and 35°C under laboratory conditions. As sucrose concentration increased, the volume of solution ingested per meal first increased and then decreased gradually, while sucrose intake was highest at concentrations ≧40%. Females fed more than males at all concentrations 〉10% while temperature had no significant effect on meal size. Feeding duration increased with concentration, was shorter at 35 than at 25°C, and was longer for females than males. The rate of volume intake decreased as concentration incresed, but not nearly as rapidly as predicted by earlier models. Rates did not differ between the sexes but were faster at 35 than 25°C. This increase was contributed to equally by a reduction in viscosity and an increase in power output of the cibarial pump. The form of the relations was similar, with maximum rate of sucrose intake occurring at 40% sucrose. A new mathematical model was developed to describe the rate — concentration relation based on the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar fluid flow through pipes. Our model differs from previous models principally in that the power output of the insect's cibarial pump remains relatively constant while the pressure drop created by the pump to induce suction is highly variable. This change results in a very different feeding rate — sucrose concentration function with the optimal rate of sucrose intake at a concentration of approximately 40%. The model indicates that the same relation should hold for a wide range of proboscis shape and size and type of suction pump, and should therefore be applicable to all other nectar feeders with sucking mouth parts. Independent verifications of the model were carried out by measuring the rate of uptake of sucrose solutions of the adult common armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), and of human subjects using a volumetric pipette, both of which gave an excellent fit. Nectar concentrations which correspond to optimal rates of sucrose intake should be highly preferred by insects with high feeding costs, those which are time-limited, or which are very vulnerable while feeding. High transport costs and severe water stress may shift preferences to higher and lower concentrations respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379859
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Earthworm mucus stimulates oviposition in a predatory fly (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2045-2052 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coenosia tigrina ; Eisenia foetida ; Eisenia rosea ; Lumbricidae ; kairomone ; oviposition stimulant ; diurnal periodicity ; oviposition bioassay ; onion maggot ; Delia antiqua ; Anthomyiidae ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Coenosia tigrina larvae feed on earthworms. We hypothesized that earthworm mucus contains a kairomone that stimulates oviposition behavior in adultC. tigrina females, thus minimizing the search area in the soil required for newly eclosed larvae to find earthworms. In bioassays, adult females responded with extension of the ovipositor 25–43% of the time to earthworm-mucus-soaked filter paper disks compared to 6–7% in response to water-soaked disks. Ovipositor extension on mucus-soaked disks was followed by egg-laying 29% of the time and 0% of the time on water-soaked disks. Egg-laying byC. tigrina followed a diurnal periodicity, with most eggs laid in the latter half of the photophase even in the absence of earthworm mucus. More eggs were deposited from 1600 to 1800 hr by females given access to earthworm mucus during that period than were deposited by females not given access. There was no difference in the number of eggs deposited from 0600 to 0800 hr, by females given access to earthworm mucus or not. This is a time of day when few eggs are normally laid. This paper is the first report of an earthworm-produced kairomone in an insect-earthworm interaction. The kairomone may have potential for enhancing biological control of the onion maggot,Delia antiqua, which is a prey of adultC. tigrina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987990
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of flea beetles,Phyllotreta spp., to mustard oils and nitriles in field trapping experiments (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 863-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; Phyllotreta cruciferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trapping experiments were carried out near Winnipeg, Canada, in the spring of 1987 and 1988 to test attraction of crucifer-feeding flea beetles to volatile glucosinolate (GS) hydrolysis products released from glass vials. Nine isothiocyanates (IC) or mustard oils and three nitriles (CN) were tested. The pattern of attraction was the same for both flea beetle species,Phyllotreta cruciferae, andP. striolata. Captures in traps baited with allyl IC increased as release rates increased from 0.04 mg/day to 40 mg/day. The lowest rate that attracted large numbers of beetles was 4 mg/day; therefore this rate was used for further experiments. More beetles were captured in traps baited with allyl IC than with any other compound. In 1988 only, four IC in addition to allyl IC were attractive to both species; namely, benzyl IC, ethyl IC, and a mixture of ethyl and methyl 4-isothiocyanatobutyrate (ICB). When captures of the two species were pooled, 3-methylthiopropyl IC, methyl ICB, andn-butyl IC were also found to be significantly attractive. Nitriles were the least attractive compounds. The high release rates of mustard oils required to attract flea beetles indicate that fields ofBrassica crops would release sufficient quantities of IC to attract flea beetles from a distance but individual or small groups of plants normally would not. It is concluded thatBrassica varietal resistance to flea beetles is unlikely to be affected by manipulating IC release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988327
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of olfactory cues used in host-plant finding by diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1407-1427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Brassica ; host plant attraction ; EAG ; bioassay ; host plant location ; plant volatiles ; mustard oils ; isothiocyanates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory attraction of female diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella) to odors of intact and homogenized host plants, as well as individual compounds characteristic of host plants, were investigated by behavioral and electrophysiological methods. Moths were attracted to odors ofBrassica juncea andB. napus seedlings in a Y-tube bioassay. Solvent fractions of homogenizedB. juncea leaves were attractive to moths whether or not isothiocyanates (IC) were present. Moths were attracted in Y-tube bioassays and to field traps baited with individual ICs. Volatiles fromB. juncea andB. napus elicited an electroantennogram (EAG) response and were attractive in the Y-tube bioassay. Allyl IC was shown to be the attractive component in homogenized plant volatiles but was found to be virtually absent from intact plant volatiles. Gas chromatographic fractionation of intact plant volatiles revealed a terpene-containing fraction to be most attractive to the moths. We were unable to isolate individual attractive compounds from this fraction. Our results suggest that certain elements of this fraction, possibly in combination, are important olfactory cues for host-plant finding by the diamondback moth with mustard oils playing an important and possibly synergistic role, particularly when plants are damaged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059870
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attraction of northern false chinch bugNysius niger (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) to mustard oils (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 931-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Isothiocyanate ; attractant ; Cruciferae ; host-plant location ; Brassicaceae ; ethyl 4-isothiocyanatobutyrate ; Nysius niger ; Heteroptera ; Lygaeidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Selected isothiocyanates (mustard oils) were tested as attractants for adultNysius niger Baker, a pest of mustard crops in the Canadian prairies. Individuals of both sexes, but predominantly females, were caught in yellow boll-weevil traps baited with certain mustard oils. Initial testing was done with compounds loaded on rubber septa, a procedure that resulted in a great disparity in release rates between compounds due to differences in volatility. In subsequent experiments, glass tubes of varying dimensions were used so that release rates of each compound could be controlled and maintained at a constant rate. Of mustard oils tested, ethyl 4-isothiocyanatobutyrate, the corresponding methyl ester of which is found in seeds in the cruciferous genusErysimum, was the most attractive. However, the methyl ester itself was either less attractive or not attractive at all. Allyl andn-propyl isothiocyanates were less attractive than ethyl 4-isothiocyanatobutyrate, and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate was not attractive. Insects were caught in traps almost exclusively when traps were in proximity to canola and mustard fields in bloom.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01395600
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of males to female sex pheromone in the orange wheat blossom midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1677-1689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; mating ; midge ; Diptera ; Cecidomyiidae ; trapping ; weather ; bioassay ; Sitodiplosis mosellana ; activity pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the orange wheat blossom midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were attracted by female but not by male extract in a Y-tube bioassay. In laboratory mating experiments, females exhibited typical calling behavior under all conditions tested. At 19
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982300
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response ofMeteorus leviventris, (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to mustard oils in field trapping experiments (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2075-2079 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mustard oils ; isothiocyanates ; kairomone ; biological control ; Hymenoptera Braconidae ; Meteorus leviventris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trapping experiments were carried out near Saskatoon, Canada, from May through August 1990 to assess the response of the braconid wasp,Meteorus leviventris, to four selected mustard oils or isothiocyanates (IC) at a release rate of 4 mg/day, and for allyl IC only, at 40 mg/day. Only allyl IC at 4 mg/day was significantly attractive when trap captures were compared to the captures in the control traps. The others (n-propyl IC, 2-phenylethyl IC., and ethyl IC) were not attractive, nor was allyl IC at the higher dose, although trap captures with the latter bait were the second highest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983809
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